Diferencia entre revisiones de «Medalla Copley»

Medalla Copley
	; La Medalla Copley en 1905.
Premio a	ciencias físicas, biológicas
Otorgado por	Real Sociedad de Londres
Ubicación	Reino Unido
Historia
Primera entrega	1731
	Medalla Copley Sitio web oficial
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Revisión del 22:42 19 may 2021

La Medalla Copley es un premio que otorga anualmente la Real Sociedad de Londres a una persona física como reconocimiento al trabajo científico por sus logros sobresalientes en las ciencias físicas o biológicas. Es el galardón más antiguo concedido por una institución académica, ya que la primera medalla se concedió en 1731.

Historia

El premio se creó tras el legado póstumo realizado a la Real Sociedad de Londres en 1709, por Godfrey Copley, próspero terrateniente de Sprotbrough, cerca de Doncaster, miembro por elección de la Real Sociedad de Londres desde 1691. El monto ascendía a 100 £, y el interés sobre el mismo se utilizaría para la realización de experimentos durante una serie de años.

Las condiciones de la medalla han variado varias veces a lo largo del tiempo. En 1736 se acordó conceder una medalla por valor de 5 £, ya fuera para el descubrimiento científico más importante o para el mayor aporte experimental, norma que se siguió hasta 1831, cuando las condiciones se modificaron de modo que la medalla se concediera al autor de la investigación que el Consejo de la Real Sociedad de Londres decidiera por mayoría que fuera el mayor merecedor de dicho honor. Joseph William Copley realizó en 1881 una segunda donación por valor de 1.666 £, 13 s y 4 d, de la que se destinaría la mitad de los intereses que rindieran dicha cantidad a cubrir los costos del galardón.

En su formato actual el galardón se concede anualmente y consiste en una medalla de plata dorada y un premio en metálico de 5.000 £. Los premiados, que en años consecutivos se alternan entre las ciencias físicas y biológicas, son elegidos por el Consejo de la Real Sociedad de Londres, a propuesta de los respectivos Comité de Premios en Ciencias Físicas y Comité de Premios en Ciencias Biológicas. El premio está abierto a los ciudadanos de un país de la Mancomunidad de Naciones o de la República de Irlanda, o de personas que habitualmente residan y trabajen en un país de la Mancomunidad de Naciones o en la República de Irlanda durante el período mínimo de los tres años inmediatamente anteriores a la que fecha de su propuesta. No hay limitaciones para el período en él se hayan realizado los logros de investigación y se puede conceder más de una vez a la misma persona. Las nominaciones son válidas durante cinco años, y el candidato no puede ser renominado hasta un año después de que haya expirado su nominación.^[1]

La Real Sociedad de Londres también instituyó en 1825 y 1965 la Medalla Real, de manera independiente a la Medalla Copley, que en sus tres modalidades galardona anualmente las contribuciones más importantes en las ciencias físicas (1825), en las ciencias biológicas (1825) y en las ciencias aplicadas (1965).^[2]

Galardonados

**Galardonados con la Medalla Copley**
º
Imagen	Año	Distinguido	Nacionalidad	Profesión	Notas	Ref.
	1731	Stephen Gray			«For his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge»	^[3]
	1732	Stephen Gray			«For the Experiments he made for the year 1732»	^[3]
—	1733	No entregada	—	—
	1734	John Theophilus Desaguliers			«In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society»	^[4]
—	1735	No entregada	—	—
	1736	John Theophilus Desaguliers			«For his experiments made during the year»	^[4]
	1737	John Belchier			«For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour»	^[5]
	1738	James Valoue			«For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society»	—
	1739	Stephen Hales			«For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea»	^[6]
	1740	Alexander Stuart			«For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein»	^[7]
	1741	John Theophilus Desaguliers			«For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year.»	^[4]
	1742	Christopher Middleton			«For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay»	^[8]
	1743	Abraham Trembley			«For his Experiments on the Polypus»	—
	1744	Henry Baker			«For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum»	^[9]
	1745	William Watson			«On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments»	^[10]
	1746	Benjamin Robins			«On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles»	^[11]
	1747	Gowin Knight			«On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets»	^[12]
	1748	James Bradley «	«»On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion»	^[13]
	1749	John Harrison			«On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time»	^[14]
	1750	George Edwards			«On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. – containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects.»	^[15]
	1751	John Canton			«On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones»	^[16]
	1752	John Pringle			«On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society»	^[17]
	1753	Benjamin Franklin			«On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity»	^[18]
	1754	William Lewis			«For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: – which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials»	^[19]
	1755	John Huxham			«For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society»	^[20]
—	1756	No entregada	—	—
	1757	Charles Cavendish, Lord Cavendish	«On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer»	^[12]
	1758	John Dollond			«On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society»	^[21]
	1759	John Smeaton			«On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills»	^[22]
	1760	Benjamin Wilson			«For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year»	^[23]
—	1761	No entregada	—	—
—	1762	No entregada	—	—
—	1763	No entregada	—	—
	1764	John Canton			«For his very ingenious and elegant Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids»	^[16]
—	1765	No entregada	—	—
	1766	William Brownrigg Edward Delaval Henry Cavendish			«For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit». (Brownrigg) «For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations». (Delaval) «For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air». (Cavendish)	^[24]
	1767	John Ellis			«For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands»	^[25]
	1768	Peter Woulfe			«For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances»	^[26]
	1769	William Hewson			«For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, – and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish»	—
	1770	William Hamilton			«For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna»	^[27]
	1771	Matthew Raper			«For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money»	—
	1772	Joseph Priestley			«On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations»
	1773	John Walsh			«For his Paper on the Torpedo»	^[28]
—	1774	No entregada	—	—
	1775	Nevil Maskelyne			«In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, – on Schehallien»	^[29]
	1776	James Cook			«For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public»	^[30]
	1777	John Mudge			«On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form»	—
	1778	Charles Hutton			«For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments»	^[31]
—	1779	No entregada	—	—
	1780	Samuel Vince			«For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions»	^[32]
	1781	William Herschel			«For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this star has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers»	^[33]
	1782	Richard Kirwan			«As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts»	^[32]
	1783	John Goodricke Thomas Hutchins			«For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. (Goodricke)" "For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. (Hutchins)"	^[32]
	1784	Edward Waring			«For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series»	^[34]
	1785	William Roy			«For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath»	^[35]
—	1786	No entregada	—	—
	1787	John Hunter			«For his three Papers, – On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787»	^[36]
	1788	Charles Blagden			«For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions»	^[37]
	1789	William Morgan			«For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions»	^[38]
—	1790	No entregada	—	—
	1791	James Rennell y Jean-André Deluc			«For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions». (Rennell) «For his Improvements in Hygrometry». (De Luc)	^[39]
	1792	Benjamin Thompson			«For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat»	^[40]
—	1793	No entregada	—	—
	1794	Alessandro Volta			«For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani»	^[39]
	1795	Jesse Ramsden			«For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates»	^[41]
	1796	George Atwood			«For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies»	^[42]
—	1797	No entregada	—	—
	1798	George Shuckburgh-Evelyn y Charles Hatchett			«For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Evelyn)" "For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Hatchett)"	^[43]
	1799	John Hellins			«For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers»	^[44]
Archivo:Edward Charles Howard.gif	1800	Edward Howard			«For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury»	^[45]
	1801	Astley Paston Cooper			«For his Papers – on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness»	^[46]
	1802	William Hyde Wollaston			«For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions»	^[47]
	1803	Richard Chenevix			«For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions»	^[48]
	1804	Smithson Tennant			«For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions»	^[49]
	1805	Humphry Davy			«For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions»	^[50]
	1806	Thomas Andrew Knight			«For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions»	^[51]
	1807	Everard Home			«For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions»	—
	1808	William Henry			«For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions»	—
	1809	Edward Troughton			«For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions»	^[52]
—	1810	No entregada	—	—
	1811	Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie			«For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons»	^[53]
—	1812	No entregada	—	—
	1813	William Thomas Brande			«For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions»	—
	1814	James Ivory			«For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions»	^[54]
	1815	David Brewster			«For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies»	^[55]
—	1816	No entregada	—	—
	1817	Henry Kater			«For his Experiments on the Pendulum»	^[56]
	1818	Robert Seppings			«For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions»	—
—	1819	No entregada	—	—
	1820	Hans Christian Orsted			«For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries»	^[57]
Archivo:Edward Sabine 1860s.jpg	1821	Edward Sabine John Herschel			«For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine)" "For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)"	^[58]
	1822	William Buckland			«For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale»	^[59]
	1823	John Pond			«For his various Communications to the Royal Society»	—
	1824	John Brinkley			«For his various Communications to the Royal Society»	^[60]
	1825	François Arago Peter Barlow			«For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago)" "For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)"	^[61]
	1826	James South			«For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions»	^[62]
	1827	William Prout Henry Foster	«For his Paper entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general. (Prout)" "For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port Bowen. (Foster)"	^[63]
—	1828	No entregada	—	—
—	1829	No entregada	—	—
—	1830	No entregada	—	—
	1831	George Biddell Airy			«For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, – On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society»	^[64]
	1832	Michael Faraday Simeon Poisson			«For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday)" "For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)"	^[65]
—	1833	No entregada	—	—
	1834	Giovanni Antonio Amedeo			«For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune»	^[66]
	1835	William Snow Harris			«For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834»	^[50]
	1836	Jöns Jacob Berzelius Francis Kiernan			«For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works». (Berzelius) «For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833». (Kiernan)	—
	1837	Antoine César Becquerel John Frederic Daniell			«For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires». (Becquerel) «For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836». (Daniell)	^[67]
	1838	Carl Friedrich Gauss Michael Faraday	«For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism». (Gauss) «For his researches in specific electrical induction». (Faraday)	^[68]
	1839	Robert Brown			«For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation»	^[69]
	1840	Justus Liebig and Jacques Charles François Sturm	«For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig)" "For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)"	^[70]^[71]
	1841	Georg Ohm			«For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet»	^[72]
	1842	James MacCullagh			«For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy»	^[73]
	1843	Jean Baptiste Dumas			«For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements»	—
	1844	Carlo Matteucci			«For his various researches in animal electricity»	^[74]
	1845	Theodor Schwann			«For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Pflanzen»	—
	1846	Urbain Le Verrier			«For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation»	^[75]
	1847	John Herschel			«For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825»	^[58]
	1848	John Couch Adams			«For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto»	^[76]
	1849	Roderick Murchison			«For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains»	—
	1850	Peter Andreas Hansen			«For his researches in physical astronomy»	^[50]
	1851	Richard Owen			«On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works»	^[77]
	1852	Alexander von Humboldt			«For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years»	^[78]
	1853	Heinrich Wilhelm Dove			«For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth»	—
	1854	Johannes Peter Müller			«For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin»	^[79]
	1855	Léon Foucault			«For his various researches in experimental physics»	^[50]
	1856	Henri Milne-Edwards			«For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology»	—
	1857	Michel Eugène Chevreul			«For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, and for his researches on the contrast of coulours»	^[50]
	1858	Charles Lyell			«For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology»	^[50]
	1859	Wilhelm Eduard Weber			«For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics»	^[80]
	1860	Robert Wilhelm Bunsen			«For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches»	^[50]
	1861	Louis Agassiz			«For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse»	^[50]
	1862	Thomas Graham			«For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861»	^[81]
	1863	Adam Sedgwick			«For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire»	^[82]
	1864	Charles Darwin			«For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology»	^[50]
	1865	Michel Chasles			«For his historical and original researches in pure geometry»	^[83]
	1866	Julius Plücker			«For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis»	^[84]
	1867	Karl Ernst von Baer			«For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology»	^[50]
	1868	Charles Wheatstone			«For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism»	^[50]
	1869	Henri Victor Regnault			«For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaires au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours»	^[50]
	1870	James Prescott Joule			«For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat»	^[50]
	1871	Julius Robert von Mayer			«For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: – 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat»	^[50]
	1872	Friedrich Woehler			«For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones»	^[50]
	1873	Hermann Helmholtz			«For his researches in physics and physiology»	^[85]
	1874	Louis Pasteur			«For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine»	^[50]
	1875	August Wilhelm Hofmann			«For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia»	^[86]
	1876	Claude Bernard			«For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology»	^[50]
	1877	James Dwight Dana			«For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published»	^[50]
	1878	Jean-Baptiste Boussingault			«For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry»	^[87]
	1879	Rudolf Clausius			«For his well-known researches upon heat»	^[88]
	1880	James Joseph Sylvester			«For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics»	^[89]
	1881	Karl Adolph Wurtz			«For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry»	—
	1882	Arthur Cayley			«For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics»	^[90]
	1883	William Thomson]], Lord Kelvin	«For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics»	^[91]
	1884	Carl Ludwig			«For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science»	—
	1885	Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz			«For his researches in organic chemistry»	^[50]
	1886	Franz Ernst Neumann			«For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics»	^[92]
	1887	Joseph Dalton Hooker			«For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller»	^[50]
	1888	Thomas Henry Huxley			«For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years»	^[50]
	1889	George Salmon			«For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author»	^[93]
	1890	Simon Newcomb			«For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy»	^[94]
	1891	Stanislao Cannizzaro			«For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory»	^[50]
	1892	Rudolf Virchow			«For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology»	^[50]
	1893	George Gabriel Stokes			«For his researches and discoveries in physical science»	^[95]
	1894	Edward Frankland			«For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry»	^[96]
	1895	Karl Weierstrass			«For his investigations in pure mathematics»	^[97]
	1896	Karl Gegenbaur			«For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc»	—
	1897	Rudolph Albert von Kölliker			«In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist»	—
	1898	William Huggins			«For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies»	^[50]
	1899	John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh			«In recognition of his contributions to physical science»	^[98]
	1900	Marcellin Berthelot			«For his brilliant services to chemical science»	^[50]
	1901	Willard Gibbs			«For his contributions to mathematical physics»	^[99]
	1902	Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister			«In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery»	^[100]
	1903	Eduard Suess			«For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'»	^[100]
	1904	William Crookes			«For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects»	^[100]
	1905	Dmitri Mendeleev			«For his contributions to chemical and physical science»	^[100]
	1906	Elias Metchnikoff			«On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology»	^[100]
	1907	Albert Abraham Michelson			«On the ground of his investigations in optics»	^[100]
	1908	Alfred Russel Wallace			«On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection»	^[100]
	1909	George William Hill			«On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy»	^[100]
	1910	Francis Galton			«On the ground of his researches in heredity»	^[100]
	1911	George Howard Darwin			«On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects»	^[100]
	1912	Felix Klein			«On the ground of his researches in mathematics»	^[101]
	1913	Ray Lankester			«On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him»	^[102]
	1914	Joseph John Thomson			«On the ground of his discoveries in physical science»	^[100]
	1915	Iván Pávlov			«On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system»	^[100]
	1916	James Dewar			«For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases»	^[100]
	1917	Pierre Paul Émile Roux			«On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy»	^[103]
	1918	Hendrik Lorentz			«On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics»	^[100]
Archivo:WilliamBayliss1.jpg	1919	William Bayliss			«On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics»	^[100]
	1920	Horace Brown			«On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c»	^[104]
	1921	Joseph Larmor			«For his researches in mathematical physics»	^[105]
	1922	Ernest Rutherford			«For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure»	^[100]
	1923	Horace Lamb			«For his researches in mathematical physics»	^[106]
	1924	Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer			«For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences»	—
	1925	Albert Einstein			«For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory»	^[100]
	1926	Frederick Hopkins			«For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry»	^[107]
	1927	Charles Sherrington			«For his distinguished work on neurology»	^[108]
	1928	Charles Algernon Parsons			«For his contributions to engineering science»	—
	1929	Max Planck			«For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory»	^[109]
	1930	William Bragg			«For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity»	^[110]
	1931	Arthur Schuster			«For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism»	^[111]
	1932	George Ellery Hale			«For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory»	^[112]
	1933	Theobald Smith			«For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man»	^[113]
	1934	John Scott Haldane			«In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering»	^[114]
	1935	Charles Thomson Rees Wilson			«For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties»	^[115]
	1936	Arthur Evans\|	«In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age»	^[116]
	1937	Henry Dale			«In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems»	^[117]
	1938	Niels Bohr			«In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure»	^[118]
	1939	Thomas Hunt Morgan			«For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution»	^[119]
	1940	Paul Langevin			«For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics»	^[120]
	1941	Thomas Lewis			«For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart»	^[121]
	1942	Robert Robinson			«For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry»	^[122]
	1943	Joseph Barcroft			«For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood»	^[123]
	1946	Geoffrey Taylor			«For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications»	^[124]
	1945	Oswald Theodore Avery			«For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases»	^[125]
	1946	Edgar Douglas Adrian			«For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions»	^[126]
	1947	G. H. Hardy			«For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years»	^[127]
	1948	Archibald Vivian Hill			«For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues»	^[128]
	1949	George Charles De Hevesy			«For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes»	^[129]
	1950	James Chadwick			«For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron»	^[130]
	1951	David Keilin			«For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes»	^[131]
	1952	Paul Dirac			«In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics»	^[132]
	1953	Albert Kluyver			«For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology»	—
	1954	Edmund Whittaker			«For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics»	^[133]
	1955	Ronald Fisher			«In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology»	^[134]
Archivo:Blackettlarge.jpg	1956	Patrick Blackett			«In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism»	—
	1957	Howard Florey			«In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine»	^[135]
	1958	John Edensor Littlewood			«In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and nonlinear differential equations"-	^[136]
	1959	Macfarlane Burnet			«In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology»	^[137]
	1960	Harold Jeffreys			«In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy»	^[138]
	1961	Hans Adolf Krebs			«In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles»	^[139]
	1962	Cyril Norman Hinshelwood			«In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy»	^[140]
	1963	Paul Fildes			«In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology.»	—
	1964	Sydney Chapman			«In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis»	^[141]
	1965	Alan Hodgkin			«In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology»	—
Archivo:Wlbragg.jpg	1966	William Lawrence Bragg			«In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by Xray diffraction"-	Error en la cita: La etiqueta de apertura `<ref>` es incorrecta o tiene el nombre malod2
	1967	Bernard Katz			«In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction»	—
Archivo:Thadeus Reichstein ETHBib Portr 10137.jpg	1968	Tadeus Reichstein			«In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the corticosteroids»	—
	1969	Peter Medawar			«In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance»	Error en la cita: La etiqueta de apertura `<ref>` es incorrecta o tiene el nombre malod2
	1970	Alexander Todd			«In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types»	Error en la cita: La etiqueta de apertura `<ref>` es incorrecta o tiene el nombre malod2
	1971	Norman Pirie			«In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses»	—
	1972	Nevill Mott			«In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics»	Error en la cita: La etiqueta de apertura `<ref>` es incorrecta o tiene el nombre malod2
	1973	Andrew Huxley			«In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction»	—
	1974	W. V. D. Hodge			«In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals»	Error en la cita: Error en la cita: existe un código de apertura <ref> sin su código de cierre </ref>
75px	1983	Rodney Porter			«In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins»	—
Archivo:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.gifArchivo:	1984	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar			«In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity»	^[142]
	1985	Aaron Klug			«In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them»	—
	1986	Rudolph Peierls			«In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials»	—
	1987	Robert Hill			«In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis»	—
	1988	Michael Francis Atiyah			«In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics»	^[143]
	1989	César Milstein			«In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response»	—
	1990	Abdus Salam			«In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces»	^[144]
	1991	Sydney Brenner			«In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project»	—
	1992	George Porter			«In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology»	^[145]
	1993	James D. Watson			«In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome»	^[146]
	1994	Charles Frank			«In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems»	—
	1995	Frank Fenner			«In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease»	—
	1996	Alan Cottrell			«In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects»	^[147]
	1997	Hugh Huxley			«In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology»	—
	1998	James Lighthill			«In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his groundbreaking work on both external biofluiddynamics analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying and internal biofluiddynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing"---––--	^[148]
	1999	John Maynard Smith			«In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth»	^[149]
	2000	Alan Battersby			«In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B"12	—
	2001	Jacques Miller			«For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells»	—
	2002	John Pople			«For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology»	^[150]
	2003	John Gurdon			«For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology»	—
	2004	Harold Kroto			«in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science»	^[151]
	2005	Paul Nurse			«for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division.»
	2006	Stephen Hawking			«For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. »	Error en la cita: La etiqueta de apertura `<ref>` es incorrecta o tiene el nombre malhaw
	2007	Robert May Roger Penrose			«for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance.»	—
Archivo:Roger Penrose6Nov2005.jpg¡	2008	Roger Penrose			«for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang.»	—
	2009	Martin Evans			«for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics.»	—
Archivo:Ncivol8182300 david cox.jpg	2010	David Cox Tomas LindahlError en la cita: Error en la cita: existe un código de apertura <ref> sin su código de cierre </ref>			«for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics.» «for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair.»	—
	2011	Dan McKenzie			«For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates.»	—
	2012	John E. Walker			«For his groundbreaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion.»	-	^[152]
Archivo:Andre Geim 20101.jpg	2013	Andre Geim			«For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures.»	—
	2014	Alec Jeffreys			«For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome.»	^[153]
	2015	Peter Higgs			«For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider.»	^[154]
	2016	Richard Henderson			«In recognition of his fundamental and revolutionary contributions to the development of electron microscopy of biological materials, enabling their atomic structures to be deduced.»	^[155]
Archivo:Andrew wiles13.jpg	2017	Andrew Wiles			«For his beautiful and unexpected proof of Fermat's Last Theorem which is one of the most important mathematical achievements of the 20th century.»	^[156]
	2018	Jeffery Gordon			«For his contributions to understanding the role of gut microbial communities to human health and disease.»	^[157]
	2019	John B. Goodenough			«In recognition of his exceptional contributions to the science and technology of materials, including his discovery that led to rechargeable lithium batteries.»	^[158]
	2020	Alan Fersht			«He has developed and applied the methods of protein engineering to provide descriptions of protein folding pathways at atomic resolution, revolutionising our understanding of these processes.»	^[159]

Notas

↑ «Copley Medal». En: The Royal Society.
↑ «Royal Medal». En: The Royal Society.
↑ ^a ^b «Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ ^a ^b ^c «Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Robins biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ ^a ^b Jungnickel, Christa; McCormmach, Russell (1996). Cavendish. American Philosophical Society. p. 71. ISBN 9780871692207. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You – Timeline – James Bradley». Florida State University. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ Jungnickel y McCormmach (1996)
↑ «RCP Heritage – George Edwards». Royal College of Physicians. Archivado desde el original el October 5, 2007. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ ^a ^b Jungnickel y McCormmach (1996)
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Franklin_Benjamin biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution. Manchester University Press. 1969. ISBN 9780719003707. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Engineering Timelines – John Smeaton». Engineering Timelines. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «The British Society for the History of Mathematics». British Society for the History of Mathematics. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England Ellis, John (c 1710–1776)». Aim25. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei» (PDF). The British Society for the History of Science. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Berkshire History: Biographies: Lieut-Col. John Walsh (1726–1795)». Nash Ford Publishing. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Maskelyne biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal». Trinity College, Cambridge. Archivado desde el original el 5 de diciembre de 2008. Consultado el 7 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ «Hutton summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ ^a ^b ^c «Digital Collections – Manuscripts – Item 15a – 15z, 15(1) – 15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal, 1778–1796.». National Library of Australia. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Friedrich William Herschel». Florida State University. Consultado el 7 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Waring summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «William Roy». Electric Scotland. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «John Hunter: 'Founder of Scientific Surgery' – HemOnc Today». HemOnc Today. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Morgan, William (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ ^a ^b «Copley Medal | Royal Society». royalsociety.org. The Royal Society. Consultado el 18 February 2015.
↑ «Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Ramsden summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Attwood summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ «British Society for the History of Mathematics». University of Warwick. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.
↑ Sears, Derek. «Edward Charles Howard». University of Arkansas. Archivado desde el original el 20 de marzo de 2009. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ «Cooper, Sir Astley Paston (1768–1841)». Aim25. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Wollaston». Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2009.
↑ Griffith, WP. «PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals». Platinum Metals Review. Archivado desde el original el 4 de julio de 2013. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ Griffith, WP. «PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals». Platinum Metals Review. Archivado desde el original el 4 de julio de 2013. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^ñ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x «Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ Darrow, GM. «Early Breeding in Europe». United States National Agricultural Library. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Troughton Summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2009.
↑ Buchanan, W.W. (2003). «Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862)». Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (British Society for Rheumatology) 42 (5): 689-91. PMID 12709547. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg002. Parámetro desconocido |doi-access= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ «Ivory summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Sir David Brewster (1781–1868)». University of St Andrews. Archivado desde el original el 4 de noviembre de 2008. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ «Henry Kater (1777–1835), Scientist». National Portrait Gallery. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «SpringerLink – Book Chapter». Hans Christian Ørsted and the Romantic Legacy in Science (SpringerLink): 417-432. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2987-5_19.
↑ ^a ^b «Herschel summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2009.
↑ «William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae». University of Minnesota. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «The British Society for the History of Mathematics». The British Society for the History of Mathematics. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Arago summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Lake County Astronomical Society». Lake County Astronomical Society. Archivado desde el original el June 4, 2008. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ The Gentleman's Magazine. The Gentleman's Magazine. 1832. p. 87. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. «Henry Foster copley medal.»
↑ «Airy summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Poisson summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2009.
↑ «Plana biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Chambers Search Chambers». Chambers Harrap. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Gauss summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ Brock, William H. (2002). Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521524735. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Sturm summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Ohm biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «MacCullagh summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ Morselli, Mario (1984). Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography. Springer. ISBN 978-90-277-1624-8. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Le Verrier biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Adams summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences». Wiley InterScience. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Humboldt – Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander – von – 1769–1859 – Baron – German naturalist, geologist and explorer». University of Edinburgh. Archivado desde el original el 23 de febrero de 2008. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ «BjS: Academic Lineage». Yale University. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Weber summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Darwin and the Copley Medal». American Philosophical Society. Archivado desde el original el December 16, 2005. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ «Adam Sedgwick Collection». American Philosophical Society. Archivado desde el original el 12 de mayo de 2008. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ «Chasles summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Plucker summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Helmholtz summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. Journal of Industrial Science. 1776. p. 13. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. «August Wilhelm Hofmann copley medal.»
↑ «Jean Baptiste Boussingault». Journal of Nutrition. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Clausius summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Sylvester summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Cayley summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Thompson summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Neumann_Franz summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Salmon summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Newcomb summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Stokes summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, c 1863–1883.». Science and Society Picture Library. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Weierstrass summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Rayleigh summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Gibbs summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^ñ ^o ^p «Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Klein summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester». National Marine Biological Laboratory. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Notes and Records of the Royal Society». Royal Society Publishing. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown». Biochemical Journal. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Larmour summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Lamb summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Sir Charles Sherrington – Biography». Nobel Foundation. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Planck summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «William Bragg – Biography». Nobel Foundation. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ Hale, George E. (1935). «Sir Arthur Schuster». The Astrophysical Journal 81: 97. Bibcode:1935ApJ....81...97H. doi:10.1086/143618.
↑ «George Ellery Hale: Acknowledgements». Franklin Institute. Archivado desde el original el 30 de diciembre de 2008. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ «Award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society to Professor Theobald Smith». Science (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) 78 (2035): 598. 1933. Bibcode:1933Sci....78R.598.. doi:10.1126/science.78.2035.598.
↑ «Oxford DNB article: Haldane, John Scott (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «C.T.R.Wilson – Biography». Nobel Foundation. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Sir Arthur Evans, F.R.S: Abstract». Nature 148: 46. Bibcode:1941Natur.148Q..46.. doi:10.1038/148046a0. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |doi-access= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ «Sir Henry Dale – Biography». Nobel Foundation. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Bohr_Niels summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Thomas H. Morgan – Biography». Nobel Foundation. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.
↑ «Medal Awards of the Royal Society». Nature 146 (3710): 750-752. 1940. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..750.. doi:10.1038/146750a0. Parámetro desconocido |doi-access= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ «Thomas Lewis». Cardiology Journal. Consultado el 20090205 ---. Uso incorrecto de la plantilla enlace roto (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).
↑ «Sir Robert Robinson Biography–». nobelprize.org. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge». Archives of Disease in Childhood. Consultado el 20090205---.
↑ «Taylor_Geoffrey summay». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.
↑ «The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information». United States National Library of Medicine. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Hardy summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Hill, Archibald Vivian (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Royal Society: Anniversary Address By Sir Robert Robinson, O.M., F.R.S». Nature 164 (4181): 10231030-. 1949. doi:10.1038/1641023a0. Parámetro desconocido |doiaccess= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Keilin, David (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Whittaker summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.
↑ «Fisher summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Littlewood summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.
↑ «Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Biography–». nobelprize.org. Consultado el 20090205---.
↑ «Jeffreys summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.
↑ «Sir Hans Adolf Krebs». nobelwinners.com-. Consultado el 20090205---.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Chandrasekhar biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Atiyah biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Copley Medal». Royal Society website. The Royal Society. Consultado el April 19, 2013-.
↑ «MRS Website: Award Presentations». Materials Research Society. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Lighthill summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.
↑ «John Maynard Smith January 6, 1920 April 19, 2004 –». Genetics. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «Obituary: John A. Pople». The Observer. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ «FSU highlights». Florida State University. Consultado el 20090215---.
↑ medals2012«John Walker». The Royal Society. Consultado el 20120906---.
↑ AJ2014«Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize». Leicester Mercury. 5 August 2014. Consultado el 5 August 2014-.
↑ Medal 2015
↑ Medal 2016
↑ «Andrew Wiles». The Royal Society. Consultado el 20180420---.
↑ Medal 2018
↑ Medal 2019
↑ Medal 2020

El contenido de este artículo incorpora material de una entrada de la Enciclopedia Libre Universal, publicada en español bajo la licencia Creative Commons Compartir-Igual 3.0.

Datos: Q28003
Multimedia: Copley Medal / Q28003

[1] «Copley Medal». En: The Royal Society.

[2] «Royal Medal». En: The Royal Society.

[odnb1-3] «Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[odnb2-4] «Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[5] «Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[6] «Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[7] «Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[8] «Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[9] «Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[10] «Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[11] «Robins biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[cav1-12] Jungnickel, Christa; McCormmach, Russell (1996). Cavendish. American Philosophical Society. p. 71. ISBN 9780871692207. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[13] «Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You – Timeline – James Bradley». Florida State University. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[cav2-14] Jungnickel y McCormmach (1996)

[15] «RCP Heritage – George Edwards». Royal College of Physicians. Archivado desde el original el October 5, 2007. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[cav3-16] Jungnickel y McCormmach (1996)

[17] «Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[18] «Franklin_Benjamin biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[19] Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution. Manchester University Press. 1969. ISBN 9780719003707. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[20] «Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[21] «Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[22] «Engineering Timelines – John Smeaton». Engineering Timelines. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[23] «Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[24] «The British Society for the History of Mathematics». British Society for the History of Mathematics. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.

[25] «AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England Ellis, John (c 1710–1776)». Aim25. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[26] «Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[27] «Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei» (PDF). The British Society for the History of Science. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[28] «Berkshire History: Biographies: Lieut-Col. John Walsh (1726–1795)». Nash Ford Publishing. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[29] «Maskelyne biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[haw-30] «Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal». Trinity College, Cambridge. Archivado desde el original el 5 de diciembre de 2008. Consultado el 7 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[31] «Hutton summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[nla-32] «Digital Collections – Manuscripts – Item 15a – 15z, 15(1) – 15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal, 1778–1796.». National Library of Australia. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[33] «Friedrich William Herschel». Florida State University. Consultado el 7 de febrero de 2009.

[34] «Waring summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[35] «William Roy». Electric Scotland. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[36] «John Hunter: 'Founder of Scientific Surgery' – HemOnc Today». HemOnc Today. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2009.

[37] «Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[38] «Oxford DNB article:Morgan, William (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[RoyalSocCitations-39] «Copley Medal | Royal Society». royalsociety.org. The Royal Society. Consultado el 18 February 2015.

[40] «Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2009.

[41] «Ramsden summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[42] «Attwood summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[43] «Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[44] «British Society for the History of Mathematics». University of Warwick. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2009.

[45] Sears, Derek. «Edward Charles Howard». University of Arkansas. Archivado desde el original el 20 de marzo de 2009. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[46] «Cooper, Sir Astley Paston (1768–1841)». Aim25. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[47] «Wollaston». Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2009.

[48] Griffith, WP. «PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals». Platinum Metals Review. Archivado desde el original el 4 de julio de 2013. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[49] Griffith, WP. «PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals». Platinum Metals Review. Archivado desde el original el 4 de julio de 2013. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[od-50] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^ñ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x «Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[51] Darrow, GM. «Early Breeding in Europe». United States National Agricultural Library. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[52] «Troughton Summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2009.

[53] Buchanan, W.W. (2003). «Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862)». Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (British Society for Rheumatology) 42 (5): 689-91. PMID 12709547. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg002. Parámetro desconocido |doi-access= ignorado (ayuda)

[54] «Ivory summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2009.

[55] «Sir David Brewster (1781–1868)». University of St Andrews. Archivado desde el original el 4 de noviembre de 2008. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[56] «Henry Kater (1777–1835), Scientist». National Portrait Gallery. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[57] «SpringerLink – Book Chapter». Hans Christian Ørsted and the Romantic Legacy in Science (SpringerLink): 417-432. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2987-5_19.

[her1-58] «Herschel summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2009.

[59] «William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae». University of Minnesota. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2009.

[60] «The British Society for the History of Mathematics». The British Society for the History of Mathematics. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[61] «Arago summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2009.

[62] «Lake County Astronomical Society». Lake County Astronomical Society. Archivado desde el original el June 4, 2008. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[63] The Gentleman's Magazine. The Gentleman's Magazine. 1832. p. 87. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. «Henry Foster copley medal.»

[64] «Airy summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2009.

[65] «Poisson summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2009.

[66] «Plana biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[67] «Chambers Search Chambers». Chambers Harrap. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[68] «Gauss summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2009.

[69] «Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[70] Brock, William H. (2002). Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521524735. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[71] «Sturm summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[72] «Ohm biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[73] «MacCullagh summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[74] Morselli, Mario (1984). Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography. Springer. ISBN 978-90-277-1624-8. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[75] «Le Verrier biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[76] «Adams summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[77] «Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences». Wiley InterScience. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[78] «Humboldt – Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander – von – 1769–1859 – Baron – German naturalist, geologist and explorer». University of Edinburgh. Archivado desde el original el 23 de febrero de 2008. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[79] «BjS: Academic Lineage». Yale University. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[80] «Weber summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[81] «Darwin and the Copley Medal». American Philosophical Society. Archivado desde el original el December 16, 2005. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[82] «Adam Sedgwick Collection». American Philosophical Society. Archivado desde el original el 12 de mayo de 2008. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[83] «Chasles summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[84] «Plucker summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[85] «Helmholtz summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[86] Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. Journal of Industrial Science. 1776. p. 13. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. «August Wilhelm Hofmann copley medal.»

[87] «Jean Baptiste Boussingault». Journal of Nutrition. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[88] «Clausius summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[89] «Sylvester summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[90] «Cayley summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[91] «Thompson summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[92] «Neumann_Franz summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[93] «Salmon summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[94] «Newcomb summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[95] «Stokes summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[96] «Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, c 1863–1883.». Science and Society Picture Library. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[97] «Weierstrass summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[98] «Rayleigh summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2009.

[99] «Gibbs summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[od2-100] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^ñ ^o ^p «Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[101] «Klein summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[102] «Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester». National Marine Biological Laboratory. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[103] «Notes and Records of the Royal Society». Royal Society Publishing. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[104] «Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown». Biochemical Journal. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[105] «Larmour summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[106] «Lamb summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[107] «Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[108] «Sir Charles Sherrington – Biography». Nobel Foundation. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009.

[109] «Planck summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[110] «William Bragg – Biography». Nobel Foundation. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[111] Hale, George E. (1935). «Sir Arthur Schuster». The Astrophysical Journal 81: 97. Bibcode:1935ApJ....81...97H. doi:10.1086/143618.

[112] «George Ellery Hale: Acknowledgements». Franklin Institute. Archivado desde el original el 30 de diciembre de 2008. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[113] «Award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society to Professor Theobald Smith». Science (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) 78 (2035): 598. 1933. Bibcode:1933Sci....78R.598.. doi:10.1126/science.78.2035.598.

[114] «Oxford DNB article: Haldane, John Scott (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[115] «C.T.R.Wilson – Biography». Nobel Foundation. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[116] «Sir Arthur Evans, F.R.S: Abstract». Nature 148: 46. Bibcode:1941Natur.148Q..46.. doi:10.1038/148046a0. Consultado el 5 de febrero de 2009. Parámetro desconocido |doi-access= ignorado (ayuda)

[117] «Sir Henry Dale – Biography». Nobel Foundation. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[118] «Bohr_Niels summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[119] «Thomas H. Morgan – Biography». Nobel Foundation. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2009.

[120] «Medal Awards of the Royal Society». Nature 146 (3710): 750-752. 1940. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..750.. doi:10.1038/146750a0. Parámetro desconocido |doi-access= ignorado (ayuda)

[121] «Thomas Lewis». Cardiology Journal. Consultado el 20090205 ---. Uso incorrecto de la plantilla enlace roto (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).

[122] «Sir Robert Robinson Biography–». nobelprize.org. Consultado el 20090215---.

[123] «Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge». Archives of Disease in Childhood. Consultado el 20090205---.

[124] «Taylor_Geoffrey summay». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.

[125] «The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information». United States National Library of Medicine. Consultado el 20090215---.

[126] «Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.

[127] «Hardy summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.

[128] «Oxford DNB article:Hill, Archibald Vivian (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.

[129] «Royal Society: Anniversary Address By Sir Robert Robinson, O.M., F.R.S». Nature 164 (4181): 10231030-. 1949. doi:10.1038/1641023a0. Parámetro desconocido |doiaccess= ignorado (ayuda)

[130] «Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.

[131] «Oxford DNB article:Keilin, David (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.

[132] «Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.

[133] «Whittaker summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.

[134] «Fisher summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.

[135] «Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.

[136] «Littlewood summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.

[137] «Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Biography–». nobelprize.org. Consultado el 20090205---.

[138] «Jeffreys summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.

[139] «Sir Hans Adolf Krebs». nobelwinners.com-. Consultado el 20090205---.

[140] «Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.

[141] «Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.

[142] «Chandrasekhar biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090215---.

[143] «Atiyah biography». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090215---.

[144] «Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.

[145] «Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed)». Oxford University Press. 2004. Consultado el 20090215---.

[146] «Copley Medal». Royal Society website. The Royal Society. Consultado el April 19, 2013-.

[147] «MRS Website: Award Presentations». Materials Research Society. Consultado el 20090215---.

[148] «Lighthill summary». University of St Andrews. Consultado el 20090205---.

[149] «John Maynard Smith January 6, 1920 April 19, 2004 –». Genetics. Consultado el 20090215---.

[150] «Obituary: John A. Pople». The Observer. Consultado el 20090215---.

[151] «FSU highlights». Florida State University. Consultado el 20090215---.

[140-152] s2012«John Walker». The Royal Society. Consultado el 20120906---.

[141-153] AJ2014«Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize». Leicester Mercury. 5 August 2014. Consultado el 5 August 2014-.

[154] Medal 2015

[155] Medal 2016

[156] «Andrew Wiles». The Royal Society. Consultado el 20180420---.

[157] Medal 2018

[158] Medal 2019

[159] Medal 2020

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

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