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El deismo ( /ˈdiːɪzəm/ DEE-iz-əmPlantilla:Px1^[1]^[2] or /ˈdeɪ.ɪzəm/ DAY-iz-əm; De la palabra latina deus, que significa "dios")^[3]^[4] es la postura filosófica y teología racionallista^[5] que por lo general rechaza la relevación como fuente del conocimiento divino, y sostiene que la razón empírica y la observación del mundo natural son exclusivamente lógicas, confiables y suficientes para determinar la existencia de una deidad suprema como el creador del Universo.^[3]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Deism is also defined as the belief in the existence of God solely based on rational thought, without any reliance on revealed religions or religious authority.^[3]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Deism emphasizes the concept of natural theology, that is, God's existence is revealed through nature.^[3]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[9]

En general, un deísta es aquella persona que asegura la existencia de por lo menos una divinidad, pero no necesariamente practica una religión y niega la intervención divina en el mundo.^[10] En este caso, quienes siguen el deísmo creen en una deidad creadora pero que no se involucra en ámbito alguno.^[11]

Hay una variante del deísmo de la voz latina Deus otiosus ("dios inactivo"). Este concepto es empleado para describir la creencia en un dios creador pero que en algún momento se retira y deja de involucrarse en su creación, lo que constituye un principio central para el deísmo. Está difundido ampliamente en África, Melanesia y América del Sur.^[12]

Historia del deísmo

El deísmo como tal aparece en Europa durante el siglo XVII, junto con la revolución científica copernicana. Surgido como derivación de las disputas teológicas de la Reforma, fue acusado de ser una postura "atea" por sus adversarios ya que ponía en duda incluso los dogmas aceptados por las distintas confesiones religiosas de la época. Ejerció su mayor influencia, sin embargo, en el siglo siguiente como la postura predominante entre los filósofos de la Ilustración.^[13]

Antecedentes

El pensamiento de tipo deísta puede encontrarse en diversas culturas alrededor del mundo, a menudo expresado en la noción que los antropólogos llaman deus otiosus.^[14] No obstante, el deísmo como pensamiento sistemático hunde sus raíces en la filosofía clásica, si bien en ésta no existe tal movimiento. La puesta en cuestión de los mitos y los cultos tradicionales permitió a los primeros filósofos griegos concebir la existencia de una divinidad inefable y oculta, así como, en algunos casos negar que tuviera intervención en los asuntos humanos. Así Heráclito menciona al Logos como el fundamento del cosmos y Platón habla de un dios supremo, alejado del mundo de las apariencias, en el cual actúa el Demiurgo como su agente. La concepción más cercana al deísmo, sin serlo, fue la de Epicuro quien sostenía la posibilidad de conocer a los dioses por medio de la razón y que estos moraban en un mundo ultraterreno sin cuidarse de la humanidad o incluso de la Naturaleza. Esta postura fue compartida por sus seguidores, notablemente por Lucrecio, pero nunca alcanzó a convertirse en una teología y ciertamente fue rechazada por la mayor parte de los pensadores grecorromanos.

Durante el medioevo si bien no cuestionó la existencia de una divinidad, que se identificaba con el Dios de las religiones abrahámicas, hubo pensadores que lo concibieron como ajeno a la Revelación, a la cual veían como una impostura.^[15]

Aparición del deísmo

El Renacimiento, con su interés en los autores clásicos, así como el Humanismo y la Reforma pusieron en duda la creencia aceptada en una fe revelada cuya custodia se había confiado a la Iglesia. Al mismo tiempo, los viajes de descubrimiento mostraban a los viajeros europeos sociedades muy diferentes a las propias, e incluso a la que era considerada como paradigma de la "diferencia", la islámica.

Autores como Spinoza con su Tratado teológico-político, donde esbozaba los principios de la crítica bíblica, o Edward Herbert de Cherbury en su obra Sobre la Verdad (De Veritate) sientan las bases del deísmo.

En la época de la Ilustración, a partir del siglo XVII, el movimiento deísta llega a su apogeo a partir de los escritos de autores ingleses y franceses, como Thomas Hobbes, Jean Jacques Rousseau y Voltaire.^[16]

Durante el período jacobino (1793-1794) de la Revolución Francesa, Robespierre decretó el deísta «culto al Ser Supremo» frente al ateo. Al mismo tiempo influyó en los escritos de los padres fundadores norteamericanos, como John Adams, Ethan Allen, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, George Washington y, sobre todo, Thomas Paine. Concretamente los principios deístas tuvieron un efecto en las estructuras políticas y religiosas de EE. UU., como son la separación de la Iglesia y el Estado, y la libertad religiosa. Con el tiempo el deísmo también llevó al desarrollo de grupos religiosos, tales como el Unitarismo que se convirtió más tarde en el Unitarismo universalista.

El deísmo continúa hasta la actualidad en las formas de deísmo clásico y deísmo moderno.

Conceptos generales

Uno de los principales postulados de esta posición está basado en la consolidación de que Dios existe y creó el universo físico, pero no interfiere con él (postulado que incluye a la evolución teísta). Este postulado se relaciona y origina con una filosofía y movimiento religioso que deriva la existencia y naturaleza de Dios mediante la razón. Por ello no toma posición sobre lo que hace Dios fuera del universo, en contraste con el fideísmo (a diferencia de la fe) que se encuentra en muchas enseñanzas del cristianismo,^[17] islamismo y el judaísmo que sostienen que la religión depende de la revelación de las sagradas escrituras o del testimonio de otras personas sin usar el intelecto racional sino lo que sería una "fe ciega".

Los deístas típicamente también tienden a rechazar los acontecimientos sobrenaturales (milagros, profecías, etc.) y las interpretaciones de los libros religiosos. Por ello, a menudo utilizan la analogía de las divinidades como reloj, o la idea de un Dios cósmico. Lo que para las religiones organizadas son revelaciones divinas y libros sagrados, la mayoría de deístas entiende como interpretaciones deducidas por otros seres humanos, más que como fuentes autorizadas, pero podrían aceptarlas como inspiración espiritual, recibidas en una búsqueda personal. Los deístas aseguran que el mayor don divino a la humanidad no es la religión, sino «la capacidad de razonar».

Los deístas, en general, rechazan la religión organizada y los dioses personales «revelados», argumentando que las divinidades no intervienen de forma alguna en los quehaceres del mundo. Para ellos, se revelan a sí mismos indirectamente a través de las leyes de la naturaleza descritas por las ciencias naturales.

Para afirmar el uso de la razón en la religión, el deísmo permite utilizar en mayor o menor medida el argumento científico, el argumento teológico y otros aspectos de la llamada «religión natural».

Las corrientes filosóficas deístas tienen una concepción cosmológica de un Dios o más, este creó el Universo que es una manifestación de sí mismo. El Universo sería el gran reloj cuyo funcionamiento se ajusta a unas leyes establecidas, donde determinados acontecimientos se desarrollan en función a su propia naturaleza, pero no pueden ser alterados por sus creadores.

Posturas

Los deístas aceptan la existencia de Dios, pero se encuentran fuertemente insatisfechos o no concuerdan con todos los postulados de las religiones y cuestionan constantemente sus principales afirmaciones.

Se considera que el deísta:

Asegura la existencia de un dios, pero no acepta los credos de ninguna religión particular.
Considera que un dios creó las leyes de la naturaleza, pero no acepta que esté representado total o parcialmente en libros o escritos sagrados.
Usa la razón para reflexionar acerca de cómo puede ser la naturaleza de ese dios, en lugar de aceptar que lo adoctrinen sobre él.
Prefiere guiar sus opciones éticas a través de su conciencia y reflexión racional, en lugar de adecuarlas a lo dictado en libros sagrados o autoridades religiosas.
Disfruta de la libertad de buscar la espiritualidad por sí mismo, y su vida espiritual no se ha formado por la tradición o la autoridad religiosa.
Prefiere considerarse racional antes que religioso o ateo.
Considera que hay creencias básicas que son muy racionales tras eliminar lo que pueda haber de superstición.

Véase también

Referencias

↑ R. E. Allen (ed) (1990). The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
↑ «Deist – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary». Merriam-webster.com. 2012. Consultado el 10 de octubre de 2012.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Harper, Leland Royce (2020). «Attributes of a Deistic God». Multiverse Deism: Shifting Perspectives of God and the World. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 47-68. ISBN 978-1-7936-1475-9. LCCN 2020935396.
↑ Peters, Ted (2013). «Models of God: Deism». En Diller, Jeanine; Kasher, Asa, eds. Models of God and Alternative Ultimate Realities. Dordrecht and Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. pp. 51-52. ISBN 978-94-007-5219-1. LCCN 2012954282. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5219-1_5.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Smith, Merril D., ed. (2015). «Deism». The World of the American Revolution: A Daily Life Encyclopedia 1. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, imprint of ABC-Clio. pp. 661-664. ISBN 978-1-4408-3027-3. LCCN 2015009496.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Bristow, William (Fall 2017). «Religion and the Enlightenment: Deism». En Zalta, Edward N., ed. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 643092515. Archivado desde el original el 11 December 2017. Consultado el 3 August 2021. «Deism is the form of religion most associated with the Enlightenment. According to deism, we can know by the natural light of reason that the universe is created and governed by a supreme intelligence; however, although this supreme being has a plan for creation from the beginning, the being does not interfere with creation; the deist typically rejects miracles and reliance on special revelation as a source of religious doctrine and belief, in favor of the natural light of reason. Thus, a deist typically rejects the divinity of Christ, as repugnant to reason; the deist typically demotes the figure of Jesus from agent of miraculous redemption to extraordinary moral teacher. Deism is the form of religion fitted to the new discoveries in natural science, according to which the cosmos displays an intricate machine-like order; the deists suppose that the supposition of God is necessary as the source or author of this order. Though not a deist himself, Isaac Newton provides fuel for deism with his argument in his Opticks (1704) that we must infer from the order and beauty in the world to the existence of an intelligent supreme being as the cause of this order and beauty. Samuel Clarke, perhaps the most important proponent and popularizer of Newtonian philosophy in the early eighteenth century, supplies some of the more developed arguments for the position that the correct exercise of unaided human reason leads inevitably to the well-grounded belief in God. He argues that the Newtonian physical system implies the existence of a transcendent cause, the creator God. In his first set of Boyle lectures, A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God (1705), Clarke presents the metaphysical or “argument a priori” for God’s existence. This argument concludes from the rationalist principle that whatever exists must have a sufficient reason or cause of its existence to the existence of a transcendent, necessary being who stands as the cause of the chain of natural causes and effects.» Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ ^a ^b ^c Manuel, Frank Edward; Pailin, David A.; Mapson, K.; Stefon, Matt (13 March 2020) [26 July 1999]. «Deism». Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archivado desde el original el 9 June 2021. Consultado el 3 August 2021. «Deism, an unorthodox religious attitude that found expression among a group of English writers beginning with Edward Herbert (later 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury) in the first half of the 17th century and ending with Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, in the middle of the 18th century. These writers subsequently inspired a similar religious attitude in Europe during the second half of the 18th century and in the colonial United States of America in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In general, Deism refers to what can be called natural religion, the acceptance of a certain body of religious knowledge that is inborn in every person or that can be acquired by the use of reason and the rejection of religious knowledge when it is acquired through either revelation or the teaching of any church.» Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ ^a ^b Kohler, Kaufmann; Hirsch, Emil G. (1906). «Deism». Jewish Encyclopedia. Kopelman Foundation. Archivado desde el original el 15 January 2013. Consultado el 3 August 2021. «A system of belief which posits God's existence as the cause of all things, and admits His perfection, but rejects Divine revelation and government, proclaiming the all-sufficiency of natural laws. The Socinians, as opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity, were designated as deists [...]. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries deism became synonymous with "natural religion," and deist with "freethinker." England and France have been successively the strongholds of deism. Lord Herbert of Cherbury, the "father of deism" in England, assumes certain "innate ideas," which establish five religious truths: (1) that God is; (2) that it is man's duty to worship Him; (3) that worship consists in virtue and piety; (4) that man must repent of sin and abandon his evil ways; (5) that divine retribution either in this or in the next life is certain. He holds that all positive religions are either allegorical and poetic interpretations of nature or deliberately organized impositions of priests.» Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
↑ ^a ^b Gomes, Alan W. (2012) [2011]. «Deism». The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405157629. doi:10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0408. «Deism is a rationalistic, critical approach to theism with an emphasis on natural theology. The deists attempted to reduce religion to what they regarded as its most foundational, rationally justifiable elements. Deism is not, strictly speaking, the teaching that God wound up the world like a watch and let it run on its own, though that teaching was embraced by some within the movement.»
↑ Julián Pérez Porto y Ana Gardey, «Deísmo», Definición de, 2012.
↑ «Portal deísmo». Archivado desde el original el 19 de agosto de 2018. Consultado el mayo de 2019.
↑ Enciclopedia Británica
↑ González, Justo L. (1984). The Reformation to the present day (en inglés). HarperCollins. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-06-063316-5.
↑ Eliade, Mircea (1978). Eliade, Mircea. (1978). A History of Religious Ideas: From the Stone Age to the Eleusinian Mysteries (en inglés). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 57.
↑ Willey, Basil (1940). «1». The Eighteenth Century Background: Studies on the Idea of Nature in the Thought of the Period (en inglés).
↑ Dawes, Gregory W. (2001). Westminster: John Knox Press, ed. "The Challenge of the Seventeenth Century" in The Historical Jesus Question (en inglés).
↑ The knowledge of God according to the Church, Vatican.va.

Enlaces externos

Datos: Q620629
Multimedia: Deism / Q620629

[1] R. E. Allen (ed) (1990). The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press.

[2] «Deist – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary». Merriam-webster.com. 2012. Consultado el 10 de octubre de 2012.

[Harper_2020-3] Harper, Leland Royce (2020). «Attributes of a Deistic God». Multiverse Deism: Shifting Perspectives of God and the World. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 47-68. ISBN 978-1-7936-1475-9. LCCN 2020935396.

[Peters_2013-4] Peters, Ted (2013). «Models of God: Deism». En Diller, Jeanine; Kasher, Asa, eds. Models of God and Alternative Ultimate Realities. Dordrecht and Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. pp. 51-52. ISBN 978-94-007-5219-1. LCCN 2012954282. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5219-1_5.

[Smith_2015-5] Smith, Merril D., ed. (2015). «Deism». The World of the American Revolution: A Daily Life Encyclopedia 1. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, imprint of ABC-Clio. pp. 661-664. ISBN 978-1-4408-3027-3. LCCN 2015009496.

[Stanford_2017-6] Bristow, William (Fall 2017). «Religion and the Enlightenment: Deism». En Zalta, Edward N., ed. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 643092515. Archivado desde el original el 11 December 2017. Consultado el 3 August 2021. «Deism is the form of religion most associated with the Enlightenment. According to deism, we can know by the natural light of reason that the universe is created and governed by a supreme intelligence; however, although this supreme being has a plan for creation from the beginning, the being does not interfere with creation; the deist typically rejects miracles and reliance on special revelation as a source of religious doctrine and belief, in favor of the natural light of reason. Thus, a deist typically rejects the divinity of Christ, as repugnant to reason; the deist typically demotes the figure of Jesus from agent of miraculous redemption to extraordinary moral teacher. Deism is the form of religion fitted to the new discoveries in natural science, according to which the cosmos displays an intricate machine-like order; the deists suppose that the supposition of God is necessary as the source or author of this order. Though not a deist himself, Isaac Newton provides fuel for deism with his argument in his Opticks (1704) that we must infer from the order and beauty in the world to the existence of an intelligent supreme being as the cause of this order and beauty. Samuel Clarke, perhaps the most important proponent and popularizer of Newtonian philosophy in the early eighteenth century, supplies some of the more developed arguments for the position that the correct exercise of unaided human reason leads inevitably to the well-grounded belief in God. He argues that the Newtonian physical system implies the existence of a transcendent cause, the creator God. In his first set of Boyle lectures, A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God (1705), Clarke presents the metaphysical or “argument a priori” for God’s existence. This argument concludes from the rationalist principle that whatever exists must have a sufficient reason or cause of its existence to the existence of a transcendent, necessary being who stands as the cause of the chain of natural causes and effects.» Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[Britannica-7] Manuel, Frank Edward; Pailin, David A.; Mapson, K.; Stefon, Matt (13 March 2020) [26 July 1999]. «Deism». Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archivado desde el original el 9 June 2021. Consultado el 3 August 2021. «Deism, an unorthodox religious attitude that found expression among a group of English writers beginning with Edward Herbert (later 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury) in the first half of the 17th century and ending with Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, in the middle of the 18th century. These writers subsequently inspired a similar religious attitude in Europe during the second half of the 18th century and in the colonial United States of America in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In general, Deism refers to what can be called natural religion, the acceptance of a certain body of religious knowledge that is inborn in every person or that can be acquired by the use of reason and the rejection of religious knowledge when it is acquired through either revelation or the teaching of any church.» Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[JE-8] Kohler, Kaufmann; Hirsch, Emil G. (1906). «Deism». Jewish Encyclopedia. Kopelman Foundation. Archivado desde el original el 15 January 2013. Consultado el 3 August 2021. «A system of belief which posits God's existence as the cause of all things, and admits His perfection, but rejects Divine revelation and government, proclaiming the all-sufficiency of natural laws. The Socinians, as opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity, were designated as deists [...]. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries deism became synonymous with "natural religion," and deist with "freethinker." England and France have been successively the strongholds of deism. Lord Herbert of Cherbury, the "father of deism" in England, assumes certain "innate ideas," which establish five religious truths: (1) that God is; (2) that it is man's duty to worship Him; (3) that worship consists in virtue and piety; (4) that man must repent of sin and abandon his evil ways; (5) that divine retribution either in this or in the next life is certain. He holds that all positive religions are either allegorical and poetic interpretations of nature or deliberately organized impositions of priests.» Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

[Gomes_2012-9] Gomes, Alan W. (2012) [2011]. «Deism». The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405157629. doi:10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0408. «Deism is a rationalistic, critical approach to theism with an emphasis on natural theology. The deists attempted to reduce religion to what they regarded as its most foundational, rationally justifiable elements. Deism is not, strictly speaking, the teaching that God wound up the world like a watch and let it run on its own, though that teaching was embraced by some within the movement.»

[10] Julián Pérez Porto y Ana Gardey, «Deísmo», Definición de, 2012.

[11] «Portal deísmo». Archivado desde el original el 19 de agosto de 2018. Consultado el mayo de 2019.

[12] Enciclopedia Británica

[13] González, Justo L. (1984). The Reformation to the present day (en inglés). HarperCollins. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-06-063316-5.

[14] Eliade, Mircea (1978). Eliade, Mircea. (1978). A History of Religious Ideas: From the Stone Age to the Eleusinian Mysteries (en inglés). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 57.

[15] Willey, Basil (1940). «1». The Eighteenth Century Background: Studies on the Idea of Nature in the Thought of the Period (en inglés).

[16] Dawes, Gregory W. (2001). Westminster: John Knox Press, ed. "The Challenge of the Seventeenth Century" in The Historical Jesus Question (en inglés).

[17] The knowledge of God according to the Church, Vatican.va.

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@@ Línea 3: / Línea 3: @@
 {{otros usos|Deísmo (gramática)|el vulgarismo gramatical}}
+El '''deismo''' ({{IPAc-en|Audio=En-uk-deism.ogg|ˈ|d|iː|ɪ|z|əm}} {{respell|DEE|iz-əm}}{{px1}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary |author=R. E. Allen (ed) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deist |title=Deist – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |year=2012 |access-date=2012-10-10}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|eɪ|.|ɪ|z|əm}} {{respell|DAY|iz-əm}}; De la palabra [[latin]]a ''[[deus]]'', que significa "[[dios]]")<ref name="Harper 2020">{{cite book |last=Harper |first=Leland Royce |year=2020 |title=Multiverse Deism: Shifting Perspectives of God and the World |chapter=Attributes of a Deistic God |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWnnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |pages=47–68 |isbn=978-1-7936-1475-9 |lccn=2020935396}}</ref><ref name="Peters 2013">{{cite book |author-last=Peters |author-first=Ted |year=2013 |chapter=Models of God: Deism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZhEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |editor1-last=Diller |editor1-first=Jeanine |editor2-last=Kasher |editor2-first=Asa |title=Models of God and Alternative Ultimate Realities |location=[[Dordrecht]] and [[Heidelberg]] |publisher=[[Springer Verlag]] |pages=51–52 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-5219-1_5 |isbn=978-94-007-5219-1 |lccn=2012954282}}</ref> es la postura [[filosofía|filosófica]] y [[teología]]  [[Racionalismo|racionallista]]<ref name="Smith 2015">{{cite book |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Merril D. |year=2015 |chapter=Deism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqxmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA661 |title=The World of the American Revolution: A Daily Life Encyclopedia |location=[[Santa Barbara, California]] |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]], imprint of [[ABC-Clio]] |volume=1 |pages=661–664 |isbn=978-1-4408-3027-3 |lccn=2015009496}}</ref> que por lo general rechaza la [[relevación]] como fuente del conocimiento divino, y sostiene que la razón empírica y la observación del mundo natural son exclusivamente lógicas, confiables y suficientes para determinar la existencia de una   [[Dios|deidad suprema]] como el [[Deidad creadora|creador del Universo]].<ref name="Harper 2020"/><ref name="Smith 2015"/><ref name="Stanford 2017">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bristow |first=William |date=Fall 2017 |title=Religion and the Enlightenment: Deism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/enlightenment/#RelEnl |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-link=Edward N. Zalta |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Center for the Study of Language and Information]], [[Stanford University]] |issn=1095-5054 |oclc=643092515 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211080212/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/enlightenment/ |archive-date=11 December 2017 |access-date=3 August 2021 |quote=Deism is the form of religion most associated with [[Age of Enlightenment|the Enlightenment]]. According to deism, we can know by the natural light of reason that the universe is created and governed by a supreme intelligence; however, although this supreme being has a plan for creation from the beginning, the being does not interfere with creation; the deist typically rejects miracles and reliance on special revelation as a source of religious doctrine and belief, in favor of the natural light of reason. Thus, a deist typically rejects the divinity of Christ, as repugnant to reason; the deist typically demotes the figure of Jesus from agent of miraculous redemption to extraordinary moral teacher. Deism is the form of religion fitted to the new discoveries in natural science, according to which the cosmos displays an intricate machine-like order; the deists suppose that the supposition of God is necessary as the source or author of this order. Though not a deist himself, [[Isaac Newton]] provides fuel for deism with his argument in his ''Opticks'' (1704) that we must infer from the order and beauty in the world to the existence of an intelligent supreme being as the cause of this order and beauty. [[Samuel Clarke]], perhaps the most important proponent and popularizer of Newtonian philosophy in the early eighteenth century, supplies some of the more developed arguments for the position that the correct exercise of unaided human reason leads inevitably to the well-grounded belief in God. He argues that the Newtonian physical system implies the existence of a transcendent cause, the creator God. In his first set of Boyle lectures, ''A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God'' (1705), Clarke presents the metaphysical or “argument a priori” for God’s existence. This argument concludes from the rationalist principle that whatever exists must have a sufficient reason or cause of its existence to the existence of a transcendent, necessary being who stands as the cause of the chain of natural causes and effects.}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Manuel |first1=Frank Edward |last2=Pailin |first2=David A. |last3=Mapson |first3=K. |last4=Stefon |first4=Matt |date=13 March 2020 |origyear=26 July 1999 |title=Deism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Deism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609065121/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Deism |archive-date=9 June 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2021 |quote=Deism, an unorthodox religious attitude that found expression among a group of English writers beginning with [[Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury|Edward Herbert (later 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury)]] in the first half of the 17th century and ending with [[Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke]], in the middle of the 18th century. These writers subsequently inspired a similar religious attitude in Europe during the second half of the 18th century and in the colonial United States of America in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In general, Deism refers to what can be called [[Natural theology|natural religion]], the acceptance of a certain body of religious knowledge that is inborn in every person or that can be acquired by the use of reason and the rejection of religious knowledge when it is acquired through either revelation or the teaching of any church.}}</ref><ref name="JE">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5049-deism |title=Deism |last1=Kohler |first1=Kaufmann |author1-link=Kaufmann Kohler |last2=Hirsch |first2=Emil G. |author2-link=Emil G. Hirsch |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Kopelman Foundation]] |year=1906 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115134854/https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5049-deism |archive-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2021 |quote=A system of belief which posits God's existence as the cause of all things, and admits His perfection, but rejects Divine revelation and government, proclaiming the all-sufficiency of natural laws. The [[Socinianism|Socinians]], as [[Antitrinitarianism|opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity]], were designated as deists [...]. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries deism became synonymous with "natural religion," and deist with "[[Freethought|freethinker]]." [[Deism in England and France in the 18th century|England and France]] have been successively the strongholds of deism. Lord Herbert of Cherbury, the "father of deism" in England, assumes certain "innate ideas," which establish five religious truths: (1) that God is; (2) that it is man's duty to worship Him; (3) that worship consists in virtue and piety; (4) that man must repent of sin and abandon his evil ways; (5) that divine retribution either in this or in the next life is certain. He holds that all positive religions are either allegorical and poetic interpretations of nature or deliberately organized impositions of priests.}}</ref><ref name="Gomes 2012">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gomes |first=Alan W. |title=Deism |year=2012 |origyear=2011 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization |location=[[Chichester, West Sussex]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |doi=10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0408 |isbn=9781405157629 |quote=Deism is a rationalistic, critical approach to theism with an emphasis on [[natural theology]]. The deists attempted to reduce religion to what they regarded as its most foundational, rationally justifiable elements. Deism is not, strictly speaking, the teaching that God wound up the world like a watch and let it run on its own, though that teaching was embraced by some within the movement.}}</ref> Deism is also defined as the belief in the [[existence of God]] solely based on rational thought, without any reliance on revealed religions or religious authority.<ref name="Harper 2020"/><ref name="Smith 2015"/><ref name="Stanford 2017"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="JE"/> Deism emphasizes the concept of [[natural theology]], that is, God's existence is revealed through nature.<ref name="Harper 2020"/><ref name="Smith 2015"/><ref name="Stanford 2017"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="Gomes 2012"/>
-El '''deísmo'''  (del [[latín]] ''deus'': «dios») es la postura [[filosofía|filosófica]] que tiene la [[creencia]] de la existencia y la naturaleza de deidades o [[Dios|deidad suprema]] a través de la razón y la experiencia personal, en lugar de hacerlo a través de elementos comunes como [[Religión|religiones]], [[Revelación divina|revelaciones]], [[fe]] o [[tradición|tradiciones]].<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://definicion.de/deismo/|título=Definición de deísmo — Definicion.de|fechaacceso=2021-07-03|sitioweb=Definición.de|idioma=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://designificados.com/deismo/|título=Significado de Deísmo - Qué es, Definición y Concepto|fechaacceso=2021-07-03|apellido=Tilio|nombre=por Anto|fecha=2021-04-21|sitioweb=De Significados|idioma=es}}</ref>
 En general, un deísta es aquella persona que asegura la existencia de por lo menos una divinidad, pero no necesariamente practica una religión y niega la intervención divina en el mundo.<ref>Julián Pérez Porto y Ana Gardey, [http://definicion.de/deismo/ «Deísmo»], Definición de, 2012.</ref> En este caso, quienes siguen el deísmo creen en una [[deidad creadora]] pero que no [[Divina providencia|se involucra]] en ámbito alguno.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://deism.com/deism_defined.htm|fechaacceso=mayo de 2019|título=Portal deísmo|urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819045105/http://www.deism.com/deism_defined.htm|fechaarchivo=19 de agosto de 2018}}</ref>