Diferencia entre revisiones de «Haplogrupo R1b del cromosoma Y»

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Explorar historial interactivamente
← Ir a diferencia anteriorIr a siguiente diferencia →
Contenido eliminado Contenido añadido
VisualWikitexto
Deshecha la edición 37730272, falta referencia gallega
Línea 12: Línea 12:


=== Europa occidental ===
=== Europa occidental ===
Las frecuencias más altas se encuentran en poblaciones de [[Europa Atlántica]] principalmente en [[galeses]] 89% y [[vascos]] 88%.<ref name = "Semino2002" /> Seguidamente en los [[irlandeses]] 81%, [[portugueses]] del norte y [[gallegos]] 81%, [[catalanes]] 79%,<ref name = "Semino2002" /> [[escoceses]] 77%, [[ingleses]] 75%, [[holandeses]] 70%, otros [[españoles]] 70%,<ref>582/1002, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19061982 The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula], Adams et al. 2008</ref> [[belgas]]: 63.0%,<ref name="rosser" /> y [[portugueses]] del sur 60%.<ref>395/657, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16626329 Micro-Phylogeographic and Demographic of Portuguese Male Lineages], Beleza et al. 2005</ref> Encontramos menos frecuencia en los [[italianos]] (''Italia continental''): 40%,<ref>280/699, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275346 Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter], Capelli et al. 2007</ref> [[alemanes]]: 39%,<ref>473/1215, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15959808 Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis], Kayser et al. 2005</ref> [[checos]] 35.6%,<ref name = "Semino2002" /> [[Sicilia|sicilianos]]: 24.5%,<ref>57/232, [http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v17/n1/abs/ejhg2008120a.html Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome], Gaetano et al. 2008</ref> [[Noruega|noruegos]]: 25.9%,<ref name = "Helgason2000">[http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63256-X] Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic Ancestry in the Male Settlers of Iceland - Agnar Helgason et al., 2000, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67:697–717, 2000</ref> [[suecos]]: 20%.,<ref name = "Helgason2000" /> [[sardos]]: 19%,<ref>174/930, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18183308 Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans], Contu et al. 2008</ref> y [[croatas]]: 15.7%.<ref name = "Pericic2005">{{cita publicación| apellido = Pericic | nombre = M | coautores = Lauc LB, Klaric IM, Rootsi S, Janicijevic B, Rudan I, Terzic R, Colak I, Kvesic A, Popovic D, Sijacki A, Behluli I, Dordevic D, Efremovska L, Bajec DD, Stefanovic BD, Villems R, Rudan P | título = High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations | url = http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964 | revista = Mol. Biol. Evol. | año = 2005 | volumen = 22 | número = 10 | páginas = 1964–75 | pmid = 15944443 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi185}} Haplogroup frequency data in [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1 table 1]</ref>
Las frecuencias más altas se encuentran en poblaciones de [[Europa Atlántica]] principalmente en [[galeses]] 89% y [[vascos]] 88%.<ref name = "Semino2002" /> Seguidamente en los [[irlandeses]] 81%, [[portugueses]] del norte 81%, [[catalanes]] 79%,<ref name = "Semino2002" /> [[escoceses]] 77%, [[ingleses]] 75%, [[holandeses]] 70%, otros [[españoles]] 70%,<ref>582/1002, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19061982 The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula], Adams et al. 2008</ref> [[belgas]]: 63.0%,<ref name="rosser" /> y [[portugueses]] del sur 60%.<ref>395/657, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16626329 Micro-Phylogeographic and Demographic of Portuguese Male Lineages], Beleza et al. 2005</ref> Encontramos menos frecuencia en los [[italianos]] (''Italia continental''): 40%,<ref>280/699, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275346 Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter], Capelli et al. 2007</ref> [[alemanes]]: 39%,<ref>473/1215, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15959808 Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis], Kayser et al. 2005</ref> [[checos]] 35.6%,<ref name = "Semino2002" /> [[Sicilia|sicilianos]]: 24.5%,<ref>57/232, [http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v17/n1/abs/ejhg2008120a.html Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome], Gaetano et al. 2008</ref> [[Noruega|noruegos]]: 25.9%,<ref name = "Helgason2000">[http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63256-X] Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic Ancestry in the Male Settlers of Iceland - Agnar Helgason et al., 2000, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67:697–717, 2000</ref> [[suecos]]: 20%.,<ref name = "Helgason2000" /> [[sardos]]: 19%,<ref>174/930, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18183308 Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans], Contu et al. 2008</ref> y [[croatas]]: 15.7%.<ref name = "Pericic2005">{{cita publicación| apellido = Pericic | nombre = M | coautores = Lauc LB, Klaric IM, Rootsi S, Janicijevic B, Rudan I, Terzic R, Colak I, Kvesic A, Popovic D, Sijacki A, Behluli I, Dordevic D, Efremovska L, Bajec DD, Stefanovic BD, Villems R, Rudan P | título = High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations | url = http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964 | revista = Mol. Biol. Evol. | año = 2005 | volumen = 22 | número = 10 | páginas = 1964–75 | pmid = 15944443 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi185}} Haplogroup frequency data in [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1 table 1]</ref>


=== Europa oriental y Cáucaso ===
=== Europa oriental y Cáucaso ===

Revisión del 13:21 4 jun 2010

Distribución del haplogrupo R1b del cromosoma Y.

El haplogrupo R1b del cromosoma Y (previamente llamado Hg1 y Eu18) es el más común entre los habitantes de Europa Occidental, especialmente de las áreas más próximas al Océano Atlántico, donde llega a alcanzar el 90% de los pobladores. Actualmente también es frecuente entre los habitantes de América y Oceanía, debido a la emigración. Porcentajes menores pueden encontrarse en Europa del Este, Anatolia y en ciertos grupos de África, como los árabes argelinos, donde alcanza el 10%[1]​ y en el norte de Camerún. En Asia se encuentra en el Medio Oriente, Asia Central y Subcontinente Indio.

El haplogrupo R1b se define por la presencia del polimorfismo de nucleótido simple M343, descubierto en 2004.[2]​

Origen

Si bien R1b tiene la mayor frecuencia en Europa Occidental, éste se habría originado en Anatolia (actual Turquía) donde está la mayor diversidad, durante Edad de hielo y se le relaciona con la cultura auriñaciense[3]​ (32.000 - 21.000 AC). La evidencia arqueológica parece demostrar la llegada de la cultura auriñacience a Anatolia desde Europa durante el Paleolítico superior en lugar de tener un origen en la meseta iraní.[4]​ Esta cultura se asocia tradicionalmente con el Hombre de cromañón, quienes fueron los primeros humanos modernos en entrar a Europa; de tal manera que los europeos de las costas del Atlántico con mayor frecuencia de R1b, conservarían el linaje de los primeros pobladores de Europa,[5]​ en especial aquellos de origen celta (irlandeses, escoceses) o vascos.

Sin embargo, algunas variantes de R1b al este, hace postular en algunos genetistas un origen en Asia Central[6]​ o Medio Oriente[7]​ y se le da una antigüedad de 18.500 años.[8]​

Distribución

Europa occidental

Las frecuencias más altas se encuentran en poblaciones de Europa Atlántica principalmente en galeses 89% y vascos 88%.[9]​ Seguidamente en los irlandeses 81%, portugueses del norte 81%, catalanes 79%,[9]​ escoceses 77%, ingleses 75%, holandeses 70%, otros españoles 70%,[10]​ belgas: 63.0%,[11]​ y portugueses del sur 60%.[12]​ Encontramos menos frecuencia en los italianos (Italia continental): 40%,[13]​ alemanes: 39%,[14]​ checos 35.6%,[9]​ sicilianos: 24.5%,[15]​ noruegos: 25.9%,[16]​ suecos: 20%.,[16]​ sardos: 19%,[17]​ y croatas: 15.7%.[18]​

Europa oriental y Cáucaso

Encontramos en eslovacos: 35.6%,[9]​ polacos: 11.6%[19]​-16.4%,[9]​ letones: 15%,[20]​ húngaros: 13.3%,[20]​ griegos: 13.5%[21]​-22.8%,[9]​ albanos: 17.6%,[9]​ rumanos: 13%,[22]​ eslovenos: 21%,[20]​ búlgaros: 17.0%,[11]​ serbios: 10.6%[18]​ y rusos: 2.8%.[23]​-21.3%,[24]​

En el Cáucaso se presenta 43% en osetios[20]​ y 32.4% en armenios.[25]​

Asia

En Asia encontramos 37% en turcomanos,[26]​ 40% en la zona del Mar Muerto (en Jordania)[27]​ y 8% en general en Jordania. 16.3% en Turquía,[28]​ 11.3% en Iraq,[29]​ 11.2% en kurdos[30]​ 9.9% en sirios,[31]​ 9.8% en uzbekos (Wells2001), 7.4% en Pakistán y menor frecuencia en otras poblaciones.

África

En el noreste de África hay una frecuencia del 40% en los hausas de Sudán[32]​ y en general en Sudán 10%.[33]​ En el noroeste hay 10.8% en Argelia[34]​ y menor presencia en otras poblaciones de Noráfrica.

El subclado R1b1* se presenta en alta frecuencia en el norte de Camerún (60.7–94.7%),[35]​ especialmente en los uldeme.[36]​

Subclados

Principales grupos según ISOGG 2009:


Haplogrupos del cromosoma Y humano

Adán cromosómico
A
BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
C1   C2 G H IJK
IJ K
I J LT K2
L T MS P NO
M S Q R N O
R1 R2
R1a R1b


Enlaces externos

Referencias

  1. ↑ 11/102, «Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample». , Robino et al. 2008
  2. ↑ Cinnioglu, Cengiz; et al (January de 2004). «Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia». Human Genetics 114 (2): 127-148. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4.  Parámetro desconocido |fechaaceso= ignorado (se sugiere |fechaacceso=) (ayuda)
  3. ↑ The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective - Ornella Semino et al., 2000
  4. ↑ Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Cinnioglu et al., 2003
  5. ↑ Distribución de R1b, del Proyecto Genográfico de la National Geographic
  6. ↑ «Variations of R1b Ydna in Europe: Distribution and Origins». 
  7. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) - Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades - 2009
  8. ↑ Tatiana M. Karafet et al., New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Genome Research, 2008. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase the resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g Ornella Semino, A. Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti, Francesco Falaschi, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Peter A. Underhill, "Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny," The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 70, Issue 1, 265-268, 1 January 2002.
  10. ↑ 582/1002, The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula, Adams et al. 2008
  11. ↑ a b Rosser et al. (2000)
  12. ↑ 395/657, Micro-Phylogeographic and Demographic of Portuguese Male Lineages, Beleza et al. 2005
  13. ↑ 280/699, Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter, Capelli et al. 2007
  14. ↑ 473/1215, Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis, Kayser et al. 2005
  15. ↑ 57/232, Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome, Gaetano et al. 2008
  16. ↑ a b [1] Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic Ancestry in the Male Settlers of Iceland - Agnar Helgason et al., 2000, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67:697–717, 2000
  17. ↑ 174/930, Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans, Contu et al. 2008
  18. ↑ a b Pericic, M; Lauc LB, Klaric IM, Rootsi S, Janicijevic B, Rudan I, Terzic R, Colak I, Kvesic A, Popovic D, Sijacki A, Behluli I, Dordevic D, Efremovska L, Bajec DD, Stefanovic BD, Villems R, Rudan P (2005). «High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations». Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (10): 1964-75. PMID 15944443. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185.  Haplogroup frequency data in table 1
  19. ↑ 106/913, Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis, Kayser et al. 2005
  20. ↑ a b c d Oxford Journals [2]
  21. ↑ R. J. King, S. S. Özcan, T. Carter, E. Kalfoğlu, S. Atasoy, C. Triantaphyllidis, A. Kouvatsi, A. A. Lin, C-E. T. Chow, L. A. Zhivotovsky, M. Michalodimitrakis, P. A. Underhill (2008), "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic," Annals of Human Genetics 72 (2), 205–214 doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x
  22. ↑ Alexander Varzari, "Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from Alu Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms" (2006)
  23. ↑ Balanovsky
  24. ↑ Tambets et al. (2004).
  25. ↑ 238/734, Weale et al. (2004)
  26. ↑ R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 28, 2001)
  27. ↑ 18/45, Flores et al. (2005), Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis. of Y- chromosome variation in Jordan
  28. ↑ 76/523, Y-Chromosome Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Cinnioglu et al. 2004
  29. ↑ 16/139, Zaheri et al. 2003,Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq
  30. ↑ Wells et al. (2001), Nebel et al. (2001), Nasidze et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004)
  31. ↑ Semino et al. (2000), Hammer et al. (2000), Di Giacomo et al. (2004), Cruciani et al. 2004
  32. ↑ 13/32, Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese:Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History, Hassan et al. 2008
  33. ↑ 43/445, Hassan et al. 2008
  34. ↑ 11/102, Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample
  35. ↑ [3] Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes - Elizabeth T. Wood et al., European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 867–876
  36. ↑ [4] A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes Fulvio Cruciani et al.,Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:1197–1214, 2002
  37. ↑ Hassan et alHassan, HY; Underhill, PA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Ibrahim, ME (2008). «Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history.». American journal of physical anthropology 137 (3): 316-23. PMID 18618658. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. «13/32». 
  38. ↑ Flores et alFlores, C; Maca-Meyer, N; Larruga, JM; Cabrera, VM; Karadsheh, N; Gonzalez, AM (2005). «Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan.». Journal of human genetics 50 (9): 435-41. PMID 16142507. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4. 
  39. ↑ Cinniog˘luCinnioğlu, C; King, R; Kivisild, T; Kalfoğlu, E; Atasoy, S; Cavalleri, GL; Lillie, AS; Roseman, CC et al. (2004). «Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia.». Human genetics 114 (2): 127-48. PMID 14586639. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. 
  40. ↑ a b Cruciani et al. (2010), «Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages», European Journal of Human Genetics, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231 .
  41. ↑ a b A. S. Lobov et al. (2009), "Structure of the Gene Pool of Bashkir Subpopulations" (original text in Russian)
  42. ↑ Sengupta et al Sengupta, S; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, R; Mehdi, SQ; Edmonds, CA; Chow, CE; Lin, AA; Mitra, M et al. (2006). «Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists». American journal of human genetics 78 (2): 202-21. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607. doi:10.1086/499411. «8/176 R-M73 and 5/176 R-M269 for a total of 13/176 R1b in Pakistan and 4/728 R-M269 in India». 
  43. ↑ M.E. Hurles et al, Recent Male-Mediated Gene Flow over a Linguistic Barrier in Iberia, Suggested by Analysis of a Y-Chromosomal DNA Polymorphism, 1999
  44. ↑ Z.H. Rosser et al, Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language, 2000
  45. ↑ Irish Type III
Obtenido de «https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogrupo_R1b_del_cromosoma_Y&oldid=37735332»