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Revisión del 01:15 31 oct 2014

Para la biología y cultivo ver Biología y cultivo de Cucurbita pepo, C. maxima, C. moschata y C. argyrosperma.
Si su cultivo no se encuentra aquí quizás esté interesado en Calabazas, calabacines, zapallos, zapallitos y nombres afines

En Estados Unidos existen variedades tradicionales de calabazas y zapallos (Cucurbita y otros frutos de cáscara dura), muchas de ellas precolombinas, que revisten importancia en el mundo de habla hispana porque suelen ser encontradas en los catálogos de semillas o bien variedades locales pueden ser nombradas como "de tipo..." alguna variedad estadounidense. La variabilidad de nombres a lo largo de tan extenso territorio es muy amplia, encontrándose consensos en trabajos de taxónomos que fueron muy utilizados para facilitar la comunicación, como los de HS Paris (1986[1]​) para Cucurbita pepo y de Castetter (1925[2]​) para Cucurbita maxima. Estos trabajos suelen intentar aplicarse también fuera del territorio estadounidense.

Zapallos de Halloween

Cucurbita pepo "Zapallo de Halloween" (o "calabaza de Halloween" donde no se utiliza el término zapallo). Es un zapallo comestible pero de pulpa acuosa, insípida y que tiende a fibrosa[3]​. Pulpa y cáscara son muy blandas porque se seleccionan para poder esculpir el fruto el día de Halloween, por lo que el fruto se conserva sólo por 1 mes. El uso decorativo es su uso principal, ya que para pulpa los estadounidenses prefieren otros cultivos, al día siguiente de Halloween en general desaparece del mercado y se procesa.

En el mundo hispano se conoce principalmente por las películas y obras estadounidenses en las que se festeja Halloween. Se pueden conseguir las semillas como curiosidad, en el sur del Ecuador la cosecha es en abril, y Halloween es en octubre, que es el otoño de Estados Unidos. La variedad más difundida y clásica es Cucurbita pepo "Connecticut Field". En algunas traducciones las llaman "calabazas de Halloween", como en México.

Para el día de Halloween se esculpen lámparas de Halloween (jack o' lanterns), típicamente caras grotescas que se iluminan por dentro con una vela.[cita 1][cita 2]​. Aparentemente es un cultivo de épocas precolombinas en que los indios lo seleccionaban para cortarlo en tiras y secarlas al sol[cita 3]​ Al día siguiente de la celebración la pulpa y semillas se consumen, se ofrecen a los animales o se compostan, y las calabazas sobrantes, no abiertas, se almacenan para consumir como una calabaza comestible; en comparación a otros cultivos su capacidad de almacenamiento es baja (alrededor de un mes) y su pulpa es acuosa.[9]

Variedades. Desde tiempos coloniales y que todavía se encuentra en los catálogos de semillas es 'Connecticut Field'[cita 4]

Los "mini pumpkin", mucho más pequeños, son populares desde la década de 1990.[cita 5]​ Se esculpen con dificultad debido al tamaño, pero pueden dibujárseles caritas con marcador, o pueden ser consumidos en comidas de Halloween (por ejemplo rellenos), son "los preferidos de los más chicos".[10]

Variedades. 'Jack Be Little', 'Munchkin', 'Baby Bear' son ejemplos de cultivares[cita 5]​.

Los zapallos de Halloween son el grupo más representativo de Cucurbita pepo Pumpkin Group ("grupo de cultivares Pumpkin") cuya descripción formal (inamovible[cita 6]​) es: "Cucurbita pepo de frutos esféricos, oblados u ovalados, redondos o aplanados en los extremos"[cita 7]​. Son considerados raros dentro del grupo Pumpkin los de cáscara dura, los crespos, y los de pulpa gruesa[cita 8]​, son parte del grupo el "aceitero de Styria" (no elegido por morfología sino para aceite, europeo), los "summer pumpkin"[cita 8]​ (cosechados inmaduros para consumir como verdura de estación) y los "mini pumpkin"[cita 8][cita 5]

Calabazas ornamentales

Calabacitas decorativas.

Calabazas de Lagenaria siceraria:

Otros zapallos (variedades comestibles)

Calabazas silvestres

Notas

Citas

  1. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 77: "In the USA, the most familiar use of pumpkins of Cucurbita pepo is for Halloween jack-o'-lanterns. Every autumn, the orange, round or oval fruits are carved into grotesque faces and illuminated from within by candles".
  2. Schultheis JR. 2006:[5]​ "Pumpkins are grown primarily for decorative/display purposes. The fruit are used to adorn the home and festivals and are one indicator that the autumn season has arrived. In addition, the primary use of pumpkins by US citizens is as jack o’lanterns. Jack o’lanterns are used for display or are carved at Halloween. The primary species used for jack o’lanterns is Cucurbita pepo. C. maxima and C. moschata are also used, but to a lesser extent."
  3. Paris (1989[6]​): "Pumpkins are consumed when the fruits are fully mature. Their fruit rinds are not lignified, enabling easy slicing of the fruits. This characteristic apparently was important to Native Americans, for it has been suggested (Kay et al. 1980[7]​, Whitaker and Cutler 1965[8]​) that it was common practice to slice the fruits into strips and then hang the strips to dry, for preservation of the flesh."
  4. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 79: "'Connecticut Field' pumpkin has been grown in the USA since Colonial times and is still listed in some seed catalogues today."
  5. a b c Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 79: "Miniature pumpkins of Cucurbita pepo (e.g. 'Jack Be Little', 'Munchkin', and 'Baby Bear'), with fruits looking like 'Jack O'Lantern' but much smaller, have become popular in recent years. They are used for decoration and are edible as well."
  6. a b c d e f Código Internacional de Plantas Cultivadas (Brickell et al. 2009[29]​) "Art. 3.5. When a Group is divided or when two or more Groups are united or when the circumpscription of a Group is otherwise significantly re-defined in such a way that the resulting Group no longer has the same circumpscription a new name must be given for the resulting Group(s). Ex. 11. In the example given above, Solanum tuberosum Maincrop Group and S. tuberosum Red-skinned Group may be united to form a re-circumscribed Solanum tuberosum Maincrop Red-skinned Group. Ex. 12. Tulipa Dutch Breeders Group and T. English Breeders Group were united into the newly circumscribed T. Breeders Group (see J. F. Ch. Dix, A classified list of tulip names 4, 1958). Ex. 13. Recent breeding programmes in Begonia have led to the recognition of separate Groups within the existing Elatior Group. In due course these may be given new Group names instead of being referred to the Eliator Group as currently circumscribed. Ex 14. In the 1950s, a number of Magnolia hybrids were developed by D. T. Gresham and these have been referred to as Gresham Hybrids or as the Gresham Group. The inclusion of these hybrids in such a Group is unsatisfactory, the Group name being merely a statement of origin with individual members not showing characters in common. Two distinct Groups of Gresham's hybrids have, however, been recognized as Svelte Brunette Group and Buxom Nordic Blonde Group, each of which has a distinct set of characteristics (see J. M. Gardiner, Magnolias 118-120. 1989)".
  7. El autor del nombre, Paris (1986[1]​): "1. Cucurbita pepo Pumpkin Group. Fruits spherical, oblate or oval, round or flattened at ends. Cultivars include: C. pepo 'Connecticut Field', C. pepo 'Jack O'Lantern', C. pepo 'Small Sugar', C. pepo 'Spookie'. C. pepo L. var. pepo Bailey." Si bien la descripción es inamovible[cita 6]​, Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 78: "For Cucurbita pepo, we will use the classification by Paris (1986), which is based primarily on fruit shape; his groupings of cultivares are: (...) Pumpkin: Fruit orange, round or oval."
  8. a b c Paris (1989[6]​): "Some rare pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo Pumpkin Group) cultivars have lignified rinds and even warts. Expression of lignified rind is conditioned by the dominant gene Hr (hard rind) and of warts by the dominant gene Wt. Both Hr and Wt must be present for wartiness to develop (Schaffer et al. 1986a[11]​). Primitive forms from Mexico, exemplified by PIs 442315 and 442325, have smooth but thick lignified rinds; these forms may be representative of an earlier stage in evolution under domestication, an early offshoot, or a separate line of domestication from the pumpkin line. The South African cultivar 'Little Gem' is a miniature pumpkin having a smooth, thin, but lignified rind. 'Nantucket', a pumpkin cultivar of the 19th century (Burr 1863[12]​, Goff 1888[13]​), had warts. The reportedly very high quality of 'Little Gem' and 'Nantucket' indicates that these pumpkins are well advanced from primitive stocks. Their hard rinds would suggest that they were derived through hybridization between pumpkins and hard-rinded forms".
  9. Paris (1989[6]​): "Some of the ornamental gourd cultivars, such as 'Flat', 'Miniature Ball', and 'Pear', differ little from wild and feral C. pepo in their phenotypic characteristics, including small fruit size and striped fruit color pattern."
  10. Decker-Walters (1996[14]​): "Swan (Goose, Speckled Swan, sometimes "Swan" is mis-applied as a synonym for Maranka) - Vendor: Park Seeds. Parentage: native Americans. Characteristics: large dipper shaped fruit with an enlargement near the stem-end of the neck, fruit 14-18" long with a 6" diameter bowl, rind mottled green, 100-120 day maturity. Similar: Indonesian Bottle. 1989."
  11. Decker-Walters (1996[14]​): "Birdhouse (Purple Martin House, Bird's Nest) - Characteristics: large bilobal with slender neck, thick rind, large blossom end bowl, 8-14" diameter, suitable for making birdhouse, 95-120 day maturity. Whitaker and Davis's Cucurbits, 1962."
  12. Decker-Walters (1996[14]​): "Purple Martin (Martin, Bird's Nest, sometimes called Birdhouse which is applied to a wider range of fruit types) - Vendor: Rocky Ford Gourds. Parentage: native to Southeast U.S. where the fruit were used as outdoor nesting containers for purple martins. Characteristics: fruit with swollen blossom end measuring 12-16" diameter and a thick variably elongated neck, rind thick and hard. Speck's Gourds of the Southeastern Indians. 1941."
  13. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 80: "Three horticultural groupings of C. moschata cultivars are recognized in the commercial trade of North America: (...) Bell. Fruit bell-shaped to almost cylindrical."
  14. a b Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 80: "The bell squash 'Butternut' is an important winter squash with excellent quality. It was selected for better fruit shape from the heirloom cultivar 'Canada Crookneck' and introduced by the Breck Seed Company in 1936. The elongated neck of the buff-coloured 'Butternut' fruit is generally straight but occasionally curved. The neck is entirely usable because the small seed cavity is confined to the bulbous base of the fruit. 'Waltham Butternut' is similar, but produces a higher proportion of fruits with straight necks. It was obtained by crossing 'New Hampshire Butternut' with an African plant introduction to the USA, and has been a very popular cultivar ever since its commercial introduction in 1970".
  15. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 80: "Three horticultural groupings of C. moschata cultivars are recognized in the commercial trade of North America: (...) Crookneck. Fruit round at the blossom end with a long straight or curved neck."
  16. Andres (2004b[22]​): "(In Cucurbita moschata), as in C. pepo, a number of landraces and cultivars, often long-fruited, are grown partly or primarily for culinary use of the young fruit (Paris 1989), these include some landraces from tropical America, the European cultivars 'Rampicante Trombocino' and 'Longue de Nice', and the Korean cultivars 'Aehobag', 'Sangol', 'Seoulmadi' and 'Sigol'."
  17. (1997[28]​) p. 81: "In Mexico, fruits with large, edible seeds rather than edible fruits [pulp] have been selected. The seeds are sold commercially in Mexico and Guatemala. Farther south the immature fruits are used as a vegetable. In northern Mexico, selections have been made for both edible seeds and fruits (Merrick 1990)."
  18. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) (...) Not all of the localized landraces of Cucurbita maxima that have evolved can be placed in the following informal classification scheme, which is based on Castetter (1925): Hubbard. Fruit oval, tapering to curved necks at both ends, with a very hard rind and white seeds.
  19. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas hubbard cultivar robinson
  20. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) (...) Not all of the localized landraces of Cucurbita maxima that have evolved can be placed in the following informal classification scheme, which is based on Castetter (1925): Banana. Fruit long, pointed at both ends, with a soft rind and brown seeds. (...)
  21. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 80: " (...) Not all of the localized landraces of Cucurbita maxima that have evolved can be placed in the following informal classification scheme, which is based on Castetter (1925): (...) Marrow. Fruit oval to pyriform, tapering quickly at the apex and gradually towards the base, with white seeds".
  22. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 80: " (...) Not all of the localized landraces of Cucurbita maxima that have evolved can be placed in the following informal classification scheme, which is based on Castetter (1925): (...) Show. Fruit large, orange, with a soft rind and white seeds".
  23. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 81-82: "Show pumpkins are grown for forage in India, where there is much diversity. In various countries, cultivars producing massive, orange fruits, such as 'Atlantic Giant' and 'Big Max', are cultivated for entry into contests for large fruits."
  24. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 78: "For Cucurbita pepo, we will use the classification by Paris (1986), which is based primarily on fruit shape; his groupings of cultivares are: (...) Acorn. Fruit small, top-shaped, furrowed, pointed at the blossom end."
  25. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 79: "'Table Queen', one of the few winter squash cultivars of Cucurbita pepo, was introduced in 1913 by the Iowa Seed Company. This acorn squash produces small, ribbed fruits which are often cut in half and baked. It is similar to a landrace grown by Native Americans before the Discovery. 'Table Queen' and its antecedents have a vining plant habit, but 'Table Ace' and other bush cultivars with fruit shape similar to 'Table Queen' have been bred."
  26. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 80: "Three horticultural groupings of Cucurbita moschata cultivars are recognized in the commercial trade of North America: (..) Cheese. Fruit variable, but usually oblate with a buff-coloured rind."
  27. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) 'Cheese', one of the oldest C. moschata cultivars grown in the USA, has a flattened, ribbed fruit similar in shape to a cheese box, with buff-coloured rind and deep orange flesh. It was popular for canning and stock feed during the nineteenth century.
  28. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) (...) Not all of the localized landraces of Cucurbita maxima that have evolved can be placed in the following informal classification scheme, which is based on Castetter (1925): (...) Delicious. Fruit turbinate, shallowly ribbed, with a hard rind and white seeds.
  29. Paris (1989[6]​): "Other cultivars, such as 'Delicata', are more or less unique and are not readily classifiable in any one modern group. 'Delicata' was first introduced by a seedsman in the USA in 1894 (Tapley et al. 1937[30]​), but a fruit very much like those of this cultivar was illustrated by Naudin (1856[31]​)."
  30. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 79: "'Delicata', another winter squash, was introduced by the Peter Hendersn Company in 1894 and is still grown today. The cylindrical fruits, which are cream-coloured with green stripes, are of good culinary quality."
  31. Backyardgardener[32]​: " 'Delicata' is an heirloom variety squash. The trailing vines bear heavy yields of 8-10 inch long, thin-skinned fruits with orange-yellow, sweet flesh. The vines can be trained up trellises. Does not store well, possibly owing to the thinness of its skin."
  32. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 79: "'Vegetable Spaghetti', an unusual member of this (Vegetable Marrow) group, is said to have originated in Manchuria and was introduced into North American commerce in 1936. When mature, the yellow, oval fruit can be cooked intact, after which, it is cut open to serve the thin strands of flesh resembling spaghetti."
  33. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 79: "Scientists from Israel selected an orange hybrid cultivar called 'Orangetti' in 1986. In addition to having a higher concentration of carotenoids in the orange flesh, this cultivar differs from the viny 'Vegetable Spaghetti' by having a semi-bush habit."
  34. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 78: "For C. pepo, we will use the classification by Paris (1986), which is based primarily on fruit shape; his groupings of cultivares are: (...) Crookneck. Fruit elongated with a curved neck."
  35. Paris (1989[6]​): "The crooknecks and the straightnecks are the only groups of cultivars (excluding some ornamental gourds) that, at least nowadays, are comprised mainly of forms having fruits that are both warted and yellow". (...) "Both the crooknecks and straightnecks are characterized by warted rinds (Hr, Wt) and yellow immature fruit color (Y), characteristics occurring in relatively few other culinary forms of C. pepo."
  36. Paris (1989[6]​): "The accounts of Sturtevant (Hedrick 1919[33]​) and Tapley et al. (1937[30]​) suggest that crooknecks existed long before 1828. This and other literature (Nuttall 1818[34]​) would also suggest that the appearance of the crooknecks in recorded history was delayed because they were cultivated in interior regions of North America, which were inaccessible to early explorers. Thus, the possibility exists that this group is an ancient and separate line of domestication, like the pumpkins and the scallops. Unlike the other two groups, the crookneck was not widely distributed nor did it consist of a number of distinct variants. As crooknecks have been cultivated continuously in North America at least since 1828, it seems safe to assume that the modern crookneck cultivars are the direct descendants of those cultivated over 150 yr ago".
  37. Paris (1989[6]​): "The earliest use of the word crookneck for a form of C. pepo appears to be that referred to by Stustevant (Hedrick 1919[33]​) and Tapley et al. (1937[30]​), who stated that a cultivar by the name of 'Summer Crookneck' first appeared in a North American seed catalog as early as 1828."
  38. a b c Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 79: "'Yellow Crookneck' and similar cultivars with a curved neck and hard, warty rind when mature are popular in southern USA. Cultivars of the straightneck group were probably originally selected from these crookneck squashes."
  39. a b Paris (1989[6]​): "The lone cultivar of the straightneck type described by Tapley et al. (1937[30]​) is 'Giant Summer Straighneck', reportedly a selection from 'Giant Crookneck' and introduced in 1896. In addition, the well-known cultivar 'Early Prolific Straightneck', introduced in 1896. In addition, the well-known cultivar 'Early Prolific Straightneck', introduced in 1938 by Ferry-Morse, was reportedly a selection from 'Summer Crookneck' (Minges 1972[37]​)".
  40. Paris (1989[6]​): "All modern forms of crookneck are of bush habit, but according to Tapley et al. (1937[30]​), viney forms of crookneck were once common".
  41. Paris (1989[6]​): "Alefeld (1866[36]​) assigned the Latin name C. pepo torticollis to the crooknecks".
  42. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 78: "For C. pepo, we will use the classification by Paris (1986[1]​), which is based primarily on fruit shape; his groupings of cultivares are: (...) Straightneck. Fruit cylindrical with a straight, slightly constricted neck."
  43. Paris (1989[6]​): "The origin of the straightnecks of today appears to be quite recent, American, and separate from the incipient form depicted by Tournefort (1700[39]​). To the best of my knowledge, the straightnecks have been and are grown almost exclusively in North America."
  44. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 79: "'Yellow Crookneck' and similar cultivars with a curved neck and hard, warty rind when mature are popular in southern USA. Cultivars of the straightneck group were probably originally selected from these crookneck squashes. 'Early Prolific Straightneck', an important yellow-coloured summer squash, was introduced by the Ferry Morse Seed Company in 1938."
  45. The modern straightneck generally resemble the modern crooknecks with regard to foliage and plant characteristics.
  46. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 78: "For C. pepo, we will use the classification by Paris (1986[1]​), which is based primarily on fruit shape; his groupings of cultivares are: (...) Scallop. Fruit small, flattened, typically with scalloped edges."
  47. Paris (1989[6]​): "The scallops are grown for culinary use of their immature fruits. (...) The scallops are woody and inedible as mature fruits, but are firm and quite pleasant as young fruits".
  48. Robinson y Decker-Walters (1997[4]​) p. 79: "The fruit of 'White Bush Scallop' summer squash is similar to that depicted in anient European herbals. It differs from the medieval squash, however, by having a bush habit."

Referencias citadas

  1. a b c d Paris, H. S. (1986). A proposed subspecific classification for Cucurbita pepo. Phytologia, 61(3), 133-138. http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/4480599
  2. Castetter EF. 1925. Horticultural groups of cucurbits. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. 510: 95-100.
  3. "For pumpkin pie, moschata squash like Long Island Cheese is favored. We never use pepo squash like the standard Halloween pumpkin. Pepo squashes often cook up stringy, insipid, and watery." The Long Island Seed Project. http://www.liseed.org/moschata.html
  4. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Robinson, R. W.; Decker-Walters, D. S. 1997. Cucurbits. CAB INTERNATIONAL.
  5. a b c Schultheis JR. 2006. CUCURBITS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN NORTH CAROLINA. En: Cucurbitaceae 2006 Proceedings.
  6. a b c d e f g h i j k l Paris HS. 1989. Historical Records, Origins, and Development of the Edible Cultivar Groups of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae). Economic Botany 43,4:423-443. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4255187
  7. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Kay et al. 1980
  8. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Whitaker and Cutler 1965
  9. Wikihow. How to Use Your Old Jack O Lantern. http://www.wikihow.com/Use-Your-Old-Jack-O-Lantern
  10. Victoriana Nursery Gardens. Pumpkin Seed 'Jack Be Little'. http://www.victoriananursery.co.uk/Pumpkin_Seed_Jack_Be_Little/
  11. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Schaffer et al. 1986a
  12. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Burr 1863
  13. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Goff 1888
  14. a b c Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Decker-Walters 1996
  15. H Teppner. 2004. Notes on Lagenaria and Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) - Review and New Contributions. Phyton (Horn, Austria) 44.2:245-308.
  16. a b D Decker-Walters, J Staub Aa López-Sesé, E Nakata. 2001. Diversity in landraces and cultivars of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria; Cucurbitaceae) as assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 48-4:369-380
  17. Erickson D, Smith B, Clarke A, Sandweiss D, Turss N (2005) An Asian origin for a 10.000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas. PNAS 102(51):18315–18320 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509279102
  18. "Zapallo angola", "zapallo anko", "zapallo criollo" cultivos de Argentina en: Medina, M. y S. Pastor. 2006. Chacras Dispersas. Una Aproximación Etnográfica y Arqueológica al Estudio de la Agricultura Prehispánica en la Región Serrana de Córdoba (Argentina). Comechingonia 9: 103-121. Córdoba.
  19. "Tipo Butternut" en Chile: http://www.sla.cl/products-page/zapallo-cucurbita-maxima-y-moschata/
  20. Las recetas de Laylita, "Dulce de Zapallo". En Ecuador, la receta se realiza con la variedad tradicional de zapallo "sambo", es verde y similar en proporciones al acorn y al kabocha aunque más firme. También llama "calabaza" a una variedad que no describe pero de la que muestra foto: es una "calabaza de Halloween".
  21. a b c d e f g h Ferriol M, Picó B. (2008) Pumpkin and Winter squash. En: J Prohens, F Nuez (eds) Handbook of Plant Breeding Springer New York. pp 317-349.
  22. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Andres 2004b
  23. a b Pro Huerta Manual de cultivos para la huerta orgánica familiar. INTA.
  24. The Novice Chef. How to clean it and how to use it.
  25. a b c Seeking Simple in the Suburbs. How to prepare green striped cushaw to make a pie better than pumpkin.
  26. a b Friends Drift Inn. Just what is a cushaw? It's not a lawn ornament.
  27. Diana Gabriela Lope-Alzina. Supervisión de la investigación: Prof. Dr. Patricia L. Howard. 2004. Gender relations as a basis for varietal selection in production spaces in Yucatán, Mexico. MSc thesis. Management of Agro-ecological Knowledge and Social Change (MAKS). Wageningen University.
  28. Munro D y E Small (1997) Vegetables of Canada. National Research Council of Canada. http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=z_yezcnaUHQC
  29. a b C.D. Brickell et al. 2009. International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. 8th edition. Scripta Horticulturae (International Society of Horticultural Science) 10: pp. 1–184. http://www.actahort.org/chronica/pdf/sh_10.pdf
  30. a b c d e Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Tapley et al. 1937
  31. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Naudin 1856
  32. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas backyardgardener delicata
  33. a b Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Hedrick 1919
  34. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Nuttall 1818
  35. a b http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=1996%2FHU%2FHU96002.xml%3BHU9600147
  36. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Alefeld 1866
  37. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Minges 1972
  38. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas warted yellow summer squash
  39. Error en la cita: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Tournefort 1700
  40. Korzaniewska A, Niemirowicz-Szczytt K. 2012. Undulate leaf blade margin of patty pan (Cucurbita pepo var. patisonina Greb.) new spontaneous mutation. Cucurbitaceae 2012 Proceedings.
  41. a b c d Y-H ZHENG, AJ ALVERSON, Q-F WANG y JD PALMER. 2013. Chloroplast phylogeny of Cucurbita: Evolution of the domesticated and wild species. Journal of Systematics and Evolution. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12006/full

Plantilla:Calabazas, calabacines, zapallos, zapallitos y nombres afines