Usuario:MarioGom/Programa de Entrenamiento y Equipamiento de Siria

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Programa de Entrenamiento y Equipamiento de Siria
Parte de Guerra Civil Siria
Fecha 2013–presente
Lugar Siria
Beligerantes
{{flag|United States}} ---- '''In northwestern Syria:''' *{{Flagicon|Syrian opposition}} [[Free Syrian Army]] *{{Flag|Turkey}} *{{Flag|Qatar}} ---- '''In southern Syria:''' *{{Flagicon|Syrian opposition}} [[New Syrian Army]] *{{Flag|Jordan}} *{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} ---- '''In eastern Syria:''' *{{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg}} [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] {{flag|EI}}
Unidades militares
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} US-trained FSA groups: *{{Flagicon image|Flag of the al-Moutasem Brigade.png}} [[Al-Moutasem Brigade]] *{{flagicon image|Logo of the Hamza Division.jpg}} [[Hamza Division (Aleppo)|Hamza Division]] *51st Brigade *[[Division 30]] <small>(2015)</small> *[[New Syrian Army]]

El Programa de Entrenamiento y Equipamiento de Siria es una operación militar en curso de Estados Unidos que identifica, entrena y equipa a fuerzas opositoras sirias en Turquía y otros países aliados, para volver a Siria y combatir a Estado Islámico. El coste de la operación está estimado en 500 millones de dólares.

Trasfondo[editar]

Véase también: Timber Sycamore

Tras el estallido de la Guerra Civil Siria en 2011, la Administración Obama comenzó a dar apoyo para derrocar al Presidente Bashar al-Ásad. El presidente de los Estados Unidos, Barack Obama, puso a la Agencia Central de Inteligencia (CIA) a cargo de las operaciones para armar a las fuerzas antigubernamentales en Siria, con un presupuesto de unos 1000 millones de dólares anuales [1]​[2]​[3]​[4]​ durante la etapa inicial de la Guerra Civil Siria. Inicialmente, la CIA sólo aportó ayuda no letal a los rebeldes del Ejército Libre Sirio, pero pronto empezó a proveer entrenamiento, financiación e inteligencia a una selección de comandantes rebeldes.[5]​[6]​[7]​

Aunque los programas de la CIA para armar y entrenar a facciones de la oposición siria ya habían empezado en 2013,[8]​ el 17 de septiembre de 2014, la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos aprobó la autorización de la rama ejecutiva para entrenar y equipar a rebeldes sirios contra Estado Islámico.[9]​ Uno de los grupos que Estados Unidos pretendía entrenar y armar era el islamista Ejército Muyahidín [10]​[11]​ mientras que el Movimiento Hazm ya estaba siendo apoyado.[10]​ There were indications that the Army of Mujahedeen was still being vetted for support.[12]​ The United States was set to send 400 troops and hundreds of support staff to countries neighboring Syria to train 5,000 opposition soldiers a year for the next three years.[13]​ The countries taking part in the train-and-equip program were to include Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey.[14]​ The Pentagon confirmed that it had selected 1,200 Syrian opposition members to begin training in March 2015, with 3,000 to complete training by the end of 2015.[14]​ However of that number only about 200 actually began training, the majority of whom left after being required to agree to fight only against ISIL and not the Assad government.[15]​ As of mid-2015, only a group of 54 such fighters (Division 30) had been deployed, which was quickly routed by al-Nusra.[16]​

The successful experience in Kobanî had informed U.S. policy in regards to arming Syrian opposition groups other than the Kurdish YPG, with plans to give other groups technicals equipped with radio and GPS equipment to call in airstrikes.[8]​ John R. Allen, President Obama's envoy to the international coalition against ISIL, has said "It is clearly part of our plan, that not only we will train them, and we will equip them with the latest weapons systems, but we will also protect them when the time comes," alluding to aiding the opposition with air support and no fly zones.[17]​ The United Kingdom announced it will send around 75 military instructors to train Syrian opposition forces.[18]​ The train-and-equip programme started on 9 May.[19]​ On 25 May, Turkey and the U.S. agreed "in principle" on the necessity to support these forces with air support.[20]​

By 2013, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant had become the dominant faction in the Syrian opposition. Washington could no longer offer broad-based support to the opposition because so much material was falling into Islamist hands, and began searching for specific rebel factions to partner with.

The US government earlier attempted to partner with the Hazzm Movement, but they fell to Islamic extremists and their stores of advanced American weapons were looted in late 2014.

Planning and training[editar]

As of 4 November 2014, the United States Department of Defense was preparing for the establishment of the program. Trainers were being contributed by various countries in the counter-ISIL coalition.[21]​ The Obama Administration hoped to identify reliable non-Islamist Syrian rebels currently in Turkey. The Pentagon identified 7,000 potential candidates for the program.[22]​ After verifying their identities and passing initial tests, the candidates are trained in tactics and advanced weapons systems by the Department of Defense. The rebels are then outfitted with American equipment, and sent back over the border to Syria. Washington hopes to train an army of 15,000 rebels to fight ISIS.[23]​

Turkey allowed about 1,000 US troops involved in the training program to enter Turkey.[24]​ The United Kingdom announced in March 2015 that it would send 75 military personnel to Turkey as part of the US-led effort.[25]​

Deployment[editar]

A hundred men completed a 54-day training program in Jordan and returned to Syria in late June 2015.[26]​

On 12 July 2015, the first class of 54 fighters of the New Syrian Forces trained in Turkey crossed the border back into Syria.[26]​ Despite extensive US-air support,[27]​ within the first 24 hours of their deployment the majority of the recruits were either dead or missing and their leader had been captured by the Al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Nusra Front. Al-Nusra Front posted photos on social media the next day showing American weapons and equipment that they had captured from the group.[28]​ By September, the Pentagon acknowledged that there were only "four or five" US-backed rebels left.[29]​[30]​

Seventy five Syrian rebels trained by the United States and its allies to fight Islamic State have entered northern Syria since Friday, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said on Sunday, 20 September 2015. Reuters reported that Rami Abdulrahman, director of the Observatory, said the rebels had crossed into Syria from Turkey with 12 vehicles equipped with machine guns.[31]​ Soon afterwards however, there were reports that the group handed over their brand-new trucks, weapons and ammunition to the al Nusra Front, almost immediately after crossing the border back into Syria.[32]​

Uncertain future[editar]

The elimination of the first wave of US-backed rebels affected recruitment of new candidates.[33]​ The program has proven very controversial in Congress and faces an uncertain future.[34]​ Some rebels left the program after being asked to sign an agreement pledging not to attack pro-Assad forces.[35]​ However, the Washington Post’s Missy Ryan and Greg Jaffe reported on Monday, 21 September 2015, that the Executive Office of the President is working on a plan to provide weapons "to a wider array of rebel groups in Syria and relaxing vetting standards, effectively deepening America’s involvement in the ongoing civil war."[36]​

The next year, at the end of September 2016, the US spokesman for the Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve confirmed that the Syrian Democratic Forces, led by the People's Protection Units, is also part of the "vetted forces" in the train and equip program. The president of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan condemned this and claimed that the SDF are "endangering our future".[37]​

On 31 January 2017, the SDF received a number of armoured personnel carriers produced by ArmorGroup. US military official Col. John Dorrian confirmed that the armoured vehicles were supplied by the US.[38]​

Véase también[editar]

References[editar]

  1. ↑ «US axes $500m scheme to train Syrian rebels, says NYT». The Guardian. 9 October 2015. Consultado el 13 October 2015. 
  2. ↑ «Secret CIA effort in Syria faces large funding cut». The Washington Post. 10 June 2015. Consultado el 13 October 2015. 
  3. ↑ U.S. Considers Resuming Nonlethal Aid to Syrian Opposition, By MARK LANDLER, 9, January 2014
  4. ↑ «U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia». The New York Times. 12 October 2015. Consultado el 14 October 2015. 
  5. ↑ Bowman, Tom; Fordham, Alice (April 23, 2014). «CIA Is Quietly Ramping Up Aid To Syrian Rebels, Sources Say». NPR. Consultado el September 20, 2014. 
  6. ↑ Spencer, Richard (February 17, 2014). «US-backed head of Free Syria Army voted out». The Daily Telegraph. Consultado el September 20, 2014. 
  7. ↑ Youssef, Nancy A. (26 de mayo de 2014). «Syrian Rebels Describe U.S.-Backed Training in Qatar». PBS – Frontline. Archivado desde el original el September 20, 2014. Consultado el September 20, 2014. 
  8. ↑ a b Barnes, Julian E.; Entous, Adam (February 17, 2015). «U.S. to Give Some Syria Rebels Ability to Call Airstrikes». The Wall Street Journal. Consultado el February 17, 2015. 
  9. ↑ «House Grudgingly Approves Arms for Syrian Rebels». New York Post. Associated Press. September 17, 2014. Consultado el September 19, 2014. 
  10. ↑ a b Amos, Deborah (September 17, 2014). «After A Long Wait, Syrian Rebels Hope The Weapons Will Now Flow». NPR. Consultado el September 19, 2014. 
  11. ↑ «Syria opposition says it backs rebel fight against al-Qaeda». Al Arabiya. January 4, 2014. Consultado el September 24, 2014. 
  12. ↑ Perry, Tom; Stewart, Phil (September 30, 2014). «U.S.-led air strikes pose problem for Assad's moderate foes». En Nakhoul, Samia, ed. Reuters (Reyhanlı, Turkey). Consultado el September 30, 2014. 
  13. ↑ «US to send 400 troops to train Syrian rebels». BBC News. January 16, 2015. Consultado el January 16, 2015. 
  14. ↑ a b «U.S. identifies 1,200 potential fighters for Syria training». Reuters. February 19, 2015. Consultado el February 19, 2015. 
  15. ↑ «Syrian Opposition Fighters Withdraw from US 'Train and Equip' Program». The Syrian Observer. June 22, 2015. Consultado el September 6, 2015. 
  16. ↑ «Syrian commander of U.S.-trained fighters is kidnapped by Al-Qaida affiliate». New York Times. July 30, 2015. Consultado el September 6, 2015. 
  17. ↑ «US will 'protect' Syrian rebels when time comes: envoy». The Daily Mail. AFP. February 22, 2015. Consultado el March 3, 2015. 
  18. ↑ «UK to give military training to 'moderate Syria forces'». BBC News. 26 March 2015. Consultado el 3 April 2015. 
  19. ↑ «Turkey, US to start train-and-equip plan for Syria rebels May 9: Ankara». TDS. Reuters. 2 de mayo de 2015. Consultado el 2 de mayo de 2015. 
  20. ↑ Afanasieva, Dasha (25 de mayo de 2015). «Turkey says deal with US on air support for Syria rebels». The Daily Star. Reuters. Consultado el 26 de mayo de 2015. 
  21. ↑ Roulo, Claudette (4 November 2014). «DOD, coalition working out details for Syrian opposition training program». US Department of Defense. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  22. ↑ «Carter's unwelcome news: Only 60 Syrian rebels fit for training». Politico. 7 July 2015. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  23. ↑ Dettmer, Jamie (7 July 2015). «Unreliable Syrian recruits for an unworkable Obama army to fight ISIS». The Daily Beast. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  24. ↑ «Train-and-equip Syrian fighters held by Nusra: Pentagon». Anadolu Agency. 5 August 2015. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  25. ↑ «UK to send 75 military trainers to help moderate Syrian rebels». The Guardian. 26 March 2015. Consultado el 17 September 2015. 
  26. ↑ a b Mehmed Cavid Barkçin (15 July 2015). «First group of FSA soldiers trained by US, Turkey enters Syria». Daily Sabah. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  27. ↑ «Syria crisis: US 'support fire' to defend American-trained fighters». BBC News. 3 August 2015. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  28. ↑ David Ignatius (20 August 2015). «Lessons from the Bay of Pigs in the Syrian ‘Division 30’ debacle». Washington Post. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  29. ↑ Jim Miklaszewski (16 September 2015). «Small number of U.S.-trained Syrian rebels still fighting». NBC News. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  30. ↑ «Rebel training program in Syria yields '4 or 5' fighters». MilitaryTimes. 16 September 2015. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  31. ↑ «Syrian monitor: 75 U.S.-trained Syrian rebels enter Syria from Turkey». Reuters. 20 September 2015. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  32. ↑ foreignpolicy.com/2015/09/23/u-s-trained-rebels-in-syria-surrender-weapons-to-terrorist-group/
  33. ↑ «Pentagon turns its anti-ISIS rebels into cannon fodder». The Daily Beast. 30 July 2015. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  34. ↑ Starr, Barbara (9 September 2015). «Pentagon reviews troubled program to train Syrian rebels». CNN. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  35. ↑ Hamidi, Ibrahim (22 June 2015). «Syrian opposition fighters withdraw from US 'train and equip' program». The Syrian Observer. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  36. ↑ Ryan, Missy; Jaffe, Greg (21 September 2015). «With fight against the Islamic State in Iraq stalled, U.S. looks to Syria for gains». Washington Post. Consultado el 26 September 2015. 
  37. ↑ «US sending arms to Kurdish-led SDF in Syria, Turkey’s Erdogan outraged». ARA News. 25 September 2016. 
  38. ↑ «Kurd-led Syrian militia says Trump sent it armoured vehicles». Middle East Eye. 31 January 2017. 

[[Category:2015 in the Syrian Civil War]] [[Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations]] [[Category:Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration]] [[Category:Operations involving American special forces]] [[Category:Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the United States]] [[Category:War on Terror]] [[Category:Operation Inherent Resolve]]

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