Diferencia entre revisiones de «Pueblo pastún»
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Los ''' |
Los '''pashtunes''' son un grupo etnolingüístico de lengua [[lenguas iranias|irania]] |
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[[Archivo:AbdurRahmanKhan-A.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Abdur Rahman Khan|Amir Abdur Rahman Khan]], gobernante de Afganistán (1844-1901) que acordó la [[Linea Durand]] que dividió a los territorios pashtún.]] |
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[[File:Konferenz Pakistan und der Westen - Imran Khan.jpg|thumb|600px upright|left| [[imran khan]]. de origen pastún jugador de cricket [[paquistaní]] retirado que jugó internacionales de este deporte durante dos décadas en el siglo XX y ha sido un [[político]] desde mediados de la década de 1990. En la actualidad, además de su activismo [[político]], Khan es también un trabajador social y comentarista de [[cricket]]. ]] |
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[[Archivo:Zarinekhan.jpg|thumb|400px upright|left|[[Zarine Khan]], actriz de [[Bollywood]], de origen pastún.]] |
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[[Archivo:Pashtun girl.jpg|thumb|200px|Una joven pashtún.]] |
[[Archivo:Pashtun girl.jpg|thumb|200px|Una joven pashtún.]] |
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[[Archivo: |
[[Archivo:Shah rukh khan wiki1.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Shahrukh Khan]] (famoso actor indio de [[Bollywood]]), es pashtún a través de su padre (de [[Peshawar]]).]] |
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Tiene poblaciones ubicadas básicamente en el este y sur de [[Afganistán]], en las provincias [[Pakistán|pakistaníes]] de [[Frontera del Noroeste]], [[Baluchistán]] y [[áreas tribales (Pakistán)|áreas tribales bajo administración federal]]. |
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En general los pashtún se caracterizan por su [[idioma pashto|pashto]] y la observancia tanto del [[pashtunwali]] (un código de honor religioso y cultural, pre[[islámico]])<ref name="Women and Pashtunwali">Palwasha Kakar: [http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/ilsp/kakar.pdf «Tribal Law of Pashtunwali and Women’s Legislative Authority»]. Escuela de Leyes de la [[Harvard University|Universidad de Harvard]], consultado en junio de 2006.</ref> como del [[islam]]. |
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[[Archivo:Sharbat Gula the "Afghan girl" - stencil on rock - 01-15-2009.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sharbat Gula]]es una mujer [[Afganistán|afgana]] de la etnia [[pashtún]] fue fotografiada por un fotógrafo de la [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] llamado [[Steve McCurry]] en junio de 1985 y debido a su expresivo rostro de ojos verdes,]] |
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[[Archivo:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F009528-0017, Staatspräsident von Pakistan in München.jpg|thumb|[[Ayub Khan]] (presidente de Pakistán) en Alemania (22 de enero de 1961).]] |
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En general los pastunes se caracterizan por su [[idioma pashto|pashto]] y la observancia tanto del [[pashtunwali]] (un código de honor religioso y cultural, pre [[islámico]])<ref name="Women and Pashtunwali">Palwasha Kakar: [http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/ilsp/kakar.pdf «Tribal Law of Pashtunwali and Women’s Legislative Authority»]. Escuela de Leyes de la [[Harvard University|Universidad de Harvard]], consultado en junio de 2006.</ref> como del [[islam]]. |
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A la persona de esta etnia se la llama |
A la persona de esta etnia se la llama |
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* |
*pastún |
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*pashtún (en [[idioma pashto|pashto]], [[urdu]] y [[idioma persa|persa]]: پشتون {{Unicode|''paštūn''}} o پختون {{Unicode|''paxtūn''}} |
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* jan |
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*khan |
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* pashtún (en [[idioma pashto|pashto]], [[urdu]] y [[idioma persa|persa]]: پشتون {{Unicode|''paštūn''}} o پختون {{Unicode|''paxtūn''}}) |
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* |
*pushtún |
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* |
*pakhtún |
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* |
*pukhtún |
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* |
*patán (en [[urdu]]: پٹھان, y en [[hindi]]: पठान {{Unicode|''paṭhān''}}) |
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* |
*afgano étnico (en persa: افغان {{Unicode|''afğān''}})<ref name="ISBN Social Politics">Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1994. ''The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)'', [[Syracuse University]] Press. ISBN 0-8156-2608-8 (consultado en junio de 2006).</ref> |
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'''Khan''' es un apellido típico en la etnia pastún. |
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Muy pocas veces los pashtunes han estado unidos políticamente. Su pasado reciente comenzó con el crecimiento del [[Imperio |
Muy pocas veces los pashtunes han estado unidos políticamente. Su pasado reciente comenzó con el crecimiento del [[Imperio Durrani]] en [[1747]]. Los pashtunes jugaron un rol destacado durante la [[Invasión soviética de Afganistán]] (1979-1989), ya que muchos se unieron a los [[muyahid|muyahidín]]. Los pashtunes ganaron la atención del mundo durante el crecimiento y posterior caída de los [[talibán]], dado que eran el principal grupo étnico del movimiento. Los pashtún son también una muy importante comunidad de Pakistán, donde por su cantidad son el segundo grupo étnico. |
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[[Archivo:Shahrukh Khan 2004.jpg|thumb|200px upright|left|[[Shahrukh Khan ]], actro de [[Bollywood]], de origen pastún.]] |
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Los pashtún forman el mayor grupo tribal patriarcal ([[linaje segmentado]]) del mundo.<ref name=pakhtunkhwa>[http://www.khyberwatch.com/English/node/3 Ethnic, Cultural and Linguistic Denominations in Pakhtunkhwa], KhyberWatch.com (retrieved 7 June 2006).</ref> |
Los pashtún forman el mayor grupo tribal patriarcal ([[linaje segmentado]]) del mundo.<ref name=pakhtunkhwa>[http://www.khyberwatch.com/English/node/3 Ethnic, Cultural and Linguistic Denominations in Pakhtunkhwa], KhyberWatch.com (retrieved 7 June 2006).</ref> |
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La población total del grupo se estima en por lo menos 40 millones, aunque es difícil un censo preciso debido a la característica [[nómada]] de muchas tribus, la práctica de ocultar a las mujeres, y a que el censo oficial más reciente en Afganistán data de 1979.<ref name="UNFPA Afghanistan">[http://afghanistan.unfpa.org/projects.html Afghanistan Census of Population and Housing: Phase one Household Listing], ''UNFPA Projects in Afghanistan'' (retrieved 18 February 2007).</ref> |
La población total del grupo se estima en por lo menos 40 millones, aunque es difícil un censo preciso debido a la característica [[nómada]] de muchas tribus, la práctica de ocultar a las mujeres, y a que el censo oficial más reciente en Afganistán data de 1979.<ref name="UNFPA Afghanistan">[http://afghanistan.unfpa.org/projects.html Afghanistan Census of Population and Housing: Phase one Household Listing], ''UNFPA Projects in Afghanistan'' (retrieved 18 February 2007).</ref> |
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==Tribus pashtunas== |
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Las tribus pashtún se dividen en cuatro grandes confederaciones tribales: |
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== como se vean == |
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los [[Pukhtuns]] que viven en los cerros, Son muy parecidos como los [[Europeos]],con ojos de color avellana claro o azul grisáceo, y con frecuencia el pelo castaño y barba rojiza. Los que viven en las tierras bajas cerca del Indo son más oscuras. Todos son fuertes y los hombres activos, y tienen la reputación de ser buenos soldados y partidarios acérrimos. |
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la nación [[pukhtuns]] son muy racistas. no aceptan otro nacion,solamente la gente acepte son pukkhuns,de su sangre y origen, la gente de estas tribus están muy orgullosos Aunque algunas personas de estas tribus han olvidado su lengua original es Pukhtu pero su linaje se Pukhtuns, no se cuentan en cualquier otra nación, seguir estrictamente '''" [[PUKHTUNWALI]] "''' como su código de flor de la vida de su cultura y tradiciones, |
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== Tribus de Khan == |
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Tribus se dividen en cuatro grandes grupos tribales: Hay más de 400 Subclanes.[[Sarbans]], [[Batans]], [[Ghurghusht]] et [[Karlans]]. |
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{| |
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|- valign=top |
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| |
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* [[Ahmadzai]] |
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* [[Achakzai]] |
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* [[Afridi (pachtounes)|Afridi]] |
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* [[Akakhel]] |
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* [[Akbarzai]] |
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* [[Akhunzada]] |
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* [[Alekozai]] |
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* [[Alizai]] |
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* [[Amerkhel]] / [[Amarkhel]] |
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* [[Aminzai]] |
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* [[Baburkhel]] |
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* [[Bahadurzai]] |
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* [[Bangash]] |
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* [[Barakzai]] |
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* [[Bazai]] |
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* [[Bhittani]] |
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| |
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* [[Chamkanni]] |
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* [[Daftanai]] |
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* [[Daudzai]] |
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* [[Daulatzai]] |
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* [[Darpa Khel]] |
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* [[Dilazak]] |
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* [[Dostikhal]] |
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* [[Durrani]] |
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* [[Edo-Khel]] |
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* [[Ferozkhel]] |
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* [[Gandapur]] |
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* [[Gigiani]] |
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* [[Ghilzai]] |
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* [[Ghoriakhel]] |
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* [[Hakimzai]] |
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| |
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* [[Orakzail]] |
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* [[Ibrahimkhel]] |
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* [[Ishaqzai]] |
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* [[Jabarkhel]] |
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* [[Jahangiri]] |
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* [[Jadoon]] |
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* [[Kakar]] |
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* [[Kakazai]] |
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* [[Katawazi]] |
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* [[Karimzai]] |
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* [[Khalils]] |
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* [[Kundi]] |
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* [[Kharoti]] |
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* [[Khattak]] |
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* [[khawrin]] |
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* [[Lodhi]] |
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| |
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* [[Mahsud]] |
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* [[Mallagori]] |
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* [[Mangal (Pashtun)|Mangal]] |
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* [[Marwat]] |
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* [[Miankhel]] |
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* [[Mirzakhel]] |
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* [[Mashwanis]] |
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* [[Mohabbat]] |
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* [[Mohamedzai]] |
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* [[Mohmand|Mohmand/Moomand]] |
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* [[Musazai]] |
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* [[Musakhel]] |
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* [[Nasseri/Nasiri]] |
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* [[Nayebkhel]] |
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| |
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* [[Niazi]] |
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* [[Noorzai]] |
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* [[Nuhani]] |
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* [[Omarkhel]] |
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* [[Orakzai]] |
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* [[Popalzay]] |
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* [[Pyarokhel]] |
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* [[Sapai]] |
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* [[Safi (Pachtounes)]] |
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* [[Salarzai]] |
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* [[Shahbazkhel]] |
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* [[Shamalzai]] |
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* [[Swati (Pachtounes)]] |
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* [[Sherzai]] |
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* [[Shilmani]] |
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| |
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* [[Shinwari]] |
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* [[Shirani]] |
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* [[Stanekzai]] |
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* [[Suleimonkhel]] |
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* [[Suri (Pashtun)|Suri]] |
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* [[Tanoli (Pashtun)|Tanoli]] |
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* [[Taraki (tribu)|Taraki]] |
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* [[Tarkani]] |
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* [[Tareens]] |
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* [[Umarzai]] |
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* [[Utman Khel]] |
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* [[Wardak]] |
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* [[Wazirs]] |
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| |
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* [[Wur]] |
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* [[Yousafzai|Yousafzai/Esapzey]] |
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* [[Zadran]] |
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* [[Zazi (Dzadzi)]] |
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|} |
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*[[Sarbani]] |
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---- |
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**[[Tareen]] |
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**[[Yusafzai]] |
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**[[Tarkalani]] |
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**[[Mohmand]] |
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**[[Mohammadzai]] |
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*[[Qais Abdur Rashid|Batani]] |
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**[[Seyani]] |
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**[[Dotaani]] |
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**[[Niazi]] |
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**[[Ghilzai]] |
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**[[Lodhi]] |
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**[[Turks]] |
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**[[Suri]] |
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**[[Marwat]] |
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**[[Lohani]] |
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**[[Nuhrani]] |
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*[[Ghourghushti]] |
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**[[Kakar]] |
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**[[Mando (tribu)|Mando]] |
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**[[Jadoon]] |
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**[[Safi]] |
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**[[Naghar]] |
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**[[Panai]] |
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**[[Deavi]] |
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**[[Ans]] |
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**[[Tarik]] |
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**[[Parman]] |
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**[[Abdul Rahman]] |
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**[[Selaha]] |
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**[[Damsan]] |
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*[[Karlani]] o [[Karlanri]] |
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**[[Mahsud]] |
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**[[Waziri]] |
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**[[Khattak]] |
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**[[Afridi]] |
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**[[Tanoli]] |
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**[[Orakzai]] |
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**[[Dawar]] |
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**[[Bangash]] |
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== |
==Demografía== |
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[[Archivo:Girls of Kandahar in 2009.jpg|thumb|400px upright|left|Niñas de origen pastún en [[Kandahar]]. ]] |
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{{AP|Demografía de Afganistán}} |
{{AP|Demografía de Afganistán}} |
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{{Ficha de autoridad |
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|nombre = [[Hamid Karzai]]<br />حامد کرزي |
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|imagen = Hamid Karzai in February 2009.jpg |
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|cargo = [[Presidente de Afganistán]] |
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|inicio = [[22 de diciembre]] de [[2001]] |
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|religión = [[Sunismo]] |
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}} |
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La gran mayoría de los pastunes se encuentran en una zona que se extiende desde el sureste de [[Afganistán]], al noroeste de [[Pakistán]]. Adicionales comunidades [[pastunes]] se encuentran en las zonas del norte de [[Pakistán]] y en la provincia de [[Khorasan]] [[Irán]] oriental. Hay también una considerable comunidad en la [[India]], que es en gran parte de las comunidades ancestry.Smaller supuesta pastún se encuentran en los países de la [[Península Arábiga]], [[Europa]] y las [[Américas]], especialmente en [[América]] del Norte. |
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La gran mayoría de los pasthún se encuentra en un área que va desde el oeste de Pakistán hasta el suroeste de Afganistán. También se encuentran algunas otras comunidades pashtún en las zona norte de Pakistán, [[Azad Kashmir]], y la provincia [[Sindh]] de Pakistán como también a lo largo de Afganistán. Existen algunas comunidades más pequeñas en [[Irán]], [[India]],<ref name="pbu">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu Northern Pashto], ''Ethnologue.com'' (retrieved 7 June 2006)</ref><ref name="Indian Pathans">[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=107748&rog3=IN Pushtun, Northern of India], ''Joshua Project'' - ''figures taken from UNESCO through UNEP/GRID'' (retrieved 03 May 2007)</ref> y una comunidad grande de trabajadores migratorios en los países de la [[península árabe]]. [[Peshawar]] y [[Kandahar]] son grandes ciudades de la cultura pashtún. Además, [[Quetta]] y [[Kabul]] si bien son ciudades étnicamente diversas poseen una gran población pashtún. Karachi con una población de 1,5 millones de pashtún étnicos es la mayor ciudad pashtún del mundo.<ref name="How the Taliban keep their coffers full"> {{Cita web|título=How the Talibanm kept their coffers full|url=http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IA10Df02.html}}</ref> |
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Importantes centros metropolitanos de la cultura pastún incluyen [[Kandahar]], [[Quetta]], [[Peshawar]], [[Jalalabad]] y [[Swat]]. [[Kabul]], [[Ghazni]], y [[Kunduz]] son étnicamente mixtos ciudades con una gran población pastún. La ciudad de [[Karachi]] en [[Pakistán]] alberga una de las mayores poblaciones de [[pashtunes]] en la adición world.In, [[Rawalpindi]], [[Islamabad]], [[Lahore]] y también tiene la población pastún de tamaño considerable. |
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Los pashtúnes representan más del 15,42% de la [[Demografía de Pakistán|población de Pakistán]] o 25,6 millones de personas. |
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Los pastunes representan aproximadamente el 15,42% de la población de [[Pakistán]], o 25,6 millones people.In [[Afganistán]], que constituyen aproximadamente el 42% de la población, según el CIA World Factbook. El número exacto sigue siendo incierto, en particular en [[Afganistán]], y son afectados por aproximadamente 1,7 millones de refugiados [[afganos]] que permanecen en [[Pakistán]], la mayoría de los cuales son pashtunes, Otra 937.600 afganos registrados viven en [[Irán]], según el Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR). Una evaluación de la población acumulada sugiere un total de alrededor de 42 millones en toda la región. |
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En [[Demografía de Afganistán|Afganistán]], representan el 42% de la población o 12.5 millones de personas. Aunque es preciso considerar estas cifras con cierto recelo, particularmente las de Afganistán, además se debe tener en cuenta que unos tres millones de [[refugiado]]s afganos (de los cuales 81,5% o 2,49 millones son pashtún étnicos) permanecen en Pakistán. |
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Un número indeterminado de refugiados residen en Irán.<ref name="irin">[http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=50927&SelectRegion=Asia Iran-Pakistan: Refugees], ''IRIN Asia, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs'' (retrieved 7 June 2006).</ref> |
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Se estima que el total de la población de étnia pashtún supera los 40 millones de personas. |
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== |
==Historia y orígenes== |
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{{AP|Historia de Afganistán|Historia de Pakistán}} |
{{AP|Historia de Afganistán|Historia de Pakistán}} |
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La historia de los pashtún se remonta a la antigüedad, y queda aún mucho por investigar. Desde el segundo milenio antes de Cristo hasta el presente, las regiones pashtunas han sido objeto de numerosas invasiones y migraciones incluyendo las realizadas por [[Indo-Iranios|tribus arias]] ([[pueblos iranios]], [[indoarios]]), [[medos]], [[persas]], [[imperio mauria|maurias]], [[escitas]], [[imperio |
La historia de los pashtún se remonta a la antigüedad, y queda aún mucho por investigar. Desde el segundo milenio antes de Cristo hasta el presente, las regiones pashtunas han sido objeto de numerosas invasiones y migraciones incluyendo las realizadas por [[Indo-Iranios|tribus arias]] ([[pueblos iranios]], [[indoarios]]), [[medos]], [[persas]], [[imperio mauria|maurias]], [[escitas]], [[imperio kushan|kushanos]], [[heftalitas]], [[reino grecobactriano|griegos]], [[pueblo árabe|árabes]], [[pueblos túrquicos|turcos]] y [[mongol (etnia)|mongoles]]. |
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Existen numerosas teorías contrapuestas sobre los orígenes del pueblo pashtún, algunas modernas y otras arcaicas, tanto entre los historiadores como entre los mismos pashtunes. |
Existen numerosas teorías contrapuestas sobre los orígenes del pueblo pashtún, algunas modernas y otras arcaicas, tanto entre los historiadores como entre los mismos pashtunes. |
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=== |
===Referencias antiguas=== |
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El historiador griego [[Heródoto]] mencionó por primera vez a un pueblo que llamó ''pactyans'', que ya habitaban en la frontera este de la [[satrapía]] persa de [[Aracosia]] a principios del primer milenio antes de Cristo.<ref name="Heredotus">[http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html Chapter 7] of ''The History of Herodotus'' (traducido por [[George Rawlinson]]; originalmente escrito en el [[años 440 a. C.|440 a. C.]]) (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
El historiador griego [[Heródoto]] mencionó por primera vez a un pueblo que llamó ''pactyans'', que ya habitaban en la frontera este de la [[satrapía]] persa de [[Aracosia]] a principios del primer milenio antes de Cristo.<ref name="Heredotus">[http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html Chapter 7] of ''The History of Herodotus'' (traducido por [[George Rawlinson]]; originalmente escrito en el [[años 440 a. C.|440 a. C.]]) (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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Adicionalmente, el ''[[Rig Vedá]]'' ([[ |
Adicionalmente, el ''[[Rig Vedá]]'' ([[siglo VII a. C.]]) menciona que una tribu llamada los ''[[paktha]]s'' vivían en la zona este de [[Pakhat]] (que podría ser la actual [[Afganistán]]), y hay quienes piensan que estos podrían ser los antepasados de los pashtunes.<ref name="Rig Veda">[http://www.politicalgateway.com/documents/religions/rigveda7.html Rig Veda Book Seven], ''Political Gateway'' (retrieved 7 June 2006).</ref> Otros pueblos antiguos relacionados con los pashtunes son los [[bactriano]]s que hablaban un lenguaje relacionado con el [[iranio medio]]. |
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Históricamente, a los pashtunes se les dice [[demografía de Afganistán|afgano]]s étnicos, ya que los vocablos pashtún y afgán eran sinónimos hasta la creación de la moderna Afganistán y la división de los pashtunes por la [[Linea Durand]] que es una frontera creada por los británicos hacia finales del [[siglo XIX]]. Según V. Minorsky, W. K. Frazier Tyler, M. C. Gillet y otros estudiosos, "La palabra afgán aparece por primera vez en la historia en el ''Hudud-al-Alam'' en el año 982".<ref name="Khalaj">[http://www.khyber.org/articles/2005/TheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml The Khalaj West of the Oxus]; excerpts from "The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj", ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies'', University of London, Vol 10, No 2, pp 417-437 (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
Históricamente, a los pashtunes se les dice [[demografía de Afganistán|afgano]]s étnicos, ya que los vocablos pashtún y afgán eran sinónimos hasta la creación de la moderna Afganistán y la división de los pashtunes por la [[Linea Durand]] que es una frontera creada por los británicos hacia finales del [[siglo XIX]]. Según V. Minorsky, W. K. Frazier Tyler, M. C. Gillet y otros estudiosos, "La palabra afgán aparece por primera vez en la historia en el ''Hudud-al-Alam'' en el año 982".<ref name="Khalaj">[http://www.khyber.org/articles/2005/TheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml The Khalaj West of the Oxus]; excerpts from "The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj", ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies'', University of London, Vol 10, No 2, pp 417-437 (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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Era utilizada por los pashtunes y se refiere a un antecesor legendario comun conocido como ''Afgana''. |
Era utilizada por los pashtunes y se refiere a un antecesor legendario comun conocido como ''Afgana''. |
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It is believed that the Pashtuns emerged from the area around [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]] and the [[Sulaiman Mountains]], and began expanding millennia ago.<ref name="ISBN Social Politics" |
It is believed that the Pashtuns emerged from the area around [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]] and the [[Sulaiman Mountains]], and began expanding millennia ago.<ref name="ISBN Social Politics"/>In this geographic location they would have often been in close contact with the ancient [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] and [[Maurya Empire|Indians]],<ref name="Indo-Afghan Culture">[http://www.afghan-network.net/Culture/mati4.html Afghan's Share in Indian Art and Culture], ''Afghan Network'' (retrieved 63 May 2007)</ref> and may have been [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Hinduism|Hindus]], and [[Judaism|Jews]] prior to the arrival of [[Muslim]] Arabs in the [[7th century]].<REF>[http://www.zharov.com/dupree/chapter17.html Nancy Hatch Dupree - An Historical Guide to Afghanistan: Chapter 17]</ref><ref>[http://www.zharov.com/dupree/chapter09.html Nancy Hatch Dupree - An Historical Guide to Afghanistan: Chapter 9]</ref><ref>[http://www.zharov.com/dupree/chapter03.html Nancy Hatch Dupree - An Historical Guide to Afghanistan: Chapter 3]</ref> |
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===Antropología y lingüística=== |
===Antropología y lingüística=== |
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Hence the [[tribal name]] '[[Yusufzai|Yusef Zai]]' in Pashto translates to the 'sons of Joseph'. A similar story is told by Iranian historian [[Firishta|Ferishta]].<ref name="Ferishta">[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=10 Introduction]: [[Firishta|Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah]], ''History Of The Mohamedan Power In India'', The [[Packard Humanities Institute]] Persian Texts in Translation (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
Hence the [[tribal name]] '[[Yusufzai|Yusef Zai]]' in Pashto translates to the 'sons of Joseph'. A similar story is told by Iranian historian [[Firishta|Ferishta]].<ref name="Ferishta">[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=10 Introduction]: [[Firishta|Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah]], ''History Of The Mohamedan Power In India'', The [[Packard Humanities Institute]] Persian Texts in Translation (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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Maghzan-e-Afghani's Bani-Israel theory has been questioned due to some historical and linguistic inconsistencies. The main inconsistency is that the Ten Lost Tribes were exiled by Assyria, yet Maghzan-e-Afghani refers to them being permitted by the ruler of Persia to go east to Afganistán.<ref name="Afghanology">[http://www.afghanology.com/BaniIsraeli.html Bani-Israelite Theory of Paktoons Ethnic Origin] ''Afghanology.com'' (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
Maghzan-e-Afghani's Bani-Israel theory has been questioned due to some historical and linguistic inconsistencies. The main inconsistency is that the Ten Lost Tribes were exiled by Assyria, yet Maghzan-e-Afghani refers to them being permitted by the ruler of Persia to go east to Afganistán.<ref name="Afghanology"> [http://www.afghanology.com/BaniIsraeli.html Bani-Israelite Theory of Paktoons Ethnic Origin] ''Afghanology.com'' (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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However this inconsistency can be explained by the fact that Persia acquired the lands of the Assyrian Empire when it conquered Babylonia, which had conquered Assyria decades earlier. Therefore, there is some credibility to this account, especially since many Pashtun oral traditions refer to it. |
However this inconsistency can be explained by the fact that Persia acquired the lands of the Assyrian Empire when it conquered Babylonia, which had conquered Assyria decades earlier. Therefore, there is some credibility to this account, especially since many Pashtun oral traditions refer to it. |
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The oral tradition may, however, be a myth which grew out of a political and cultural struggle between Pashtuns and the Mughals, which explains the historical backdrop for the creation of the myth, the inconsistencies of the mythology, and the linguistic research that refutes any [[Semitic]] origins.<ref name="Afghanology"></ref> |
The oral tradition may, however, be a myth which grew out of a political and cultural struggle between Pashtuns and the Mughals, which explains the historical backdrop for the creation of the myth, the inconsistencies of the mythology, and the linguistic research that refutes any [[Semitic]] origins.<ref name="Afghanology"></ref> |
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Other Pashtun tribes claim descent from Arabs, including some even claiming to be descendants of the Muslim Prophet [[Muhammad]] (popularly referred to as [[sayyid]]s).<ref name="ISBN Olaf Caroe" |
Other Pashtun tribes claim descent from Arabs, including some even claiming to be descendants of the Muslim Prophet [[Muhammad]] (popularly referred to as [[sayyid]]s).<ref name="ISBN Olaf Caroe"/> Some groups from [[Peshawar]] and [[Kandahar]] (such as the [[Afridi]]s, [[Khattak]]s and [[Sadozai]]s) also claim to be descended from [[Alexander the Great]]'s Greeks.<ref name="Greek ancestry">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14986106&dopt=Abstract Investigation of the Greek ancestry of populations from northern Pakistan], ''Human Genetics'', 2004 Apr;114(5):484-90. Epub 2004 Feb 25 (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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===Genética=== |
===Genética=== |
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Later, in the 1970s, Khan Wali Khan pressed for more autonomy for Pashtuns. |
Later, in the 1970s, Khan Wali Khan pressed for more autonomy for Pashtuns. |
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Pashtuns in Afganistán attained complete independence from British intervention during the reign of King [[Amanullah Khan]], following the [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref name="iranica anglo-afghan" |
Pashtuns in Afganistán attained complete independence from British intervention during the reign of King [[Amanullah Khan]], following the [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref name="iranica anglo-afghan"/> The monarchy ended with [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Sardar Daoud Khan]] seizing control of Afganistán in 1973, which opened the door to Soviet intervention and eventually culminated in the [[Democratic Republic of Afganistán|Saur Revolution]] or Communist take-over of Afganistán in 1978. Starting in the late 1970s, many Pashtuns joined the Mujahideen opposition against the [[Soviet war in Afganistán|Soviet invasion of Afganistán]]. These Mujahideen fought for control of Afganistán against the Communist [[Khalq]] and the [[Parcham]] factions. More recently, the Pashtuns became known for being the primary ethnic group that comprised the [[Taliban]], which was a religious movement that emerged from [[Kandahar]], Afganistán.<ref name="BBC Taliban">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/sept_11/afghan_culture_03.shtml Afghanistan: At the Crossroads of Ancient Civilisations], [[BBC]] (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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In late 2001, the Taliban government was removed from power as a result of the [[War in Afganistán (2001–present)|US-led invasion of Afganistán]]. |
In late 2001, the Taliban government was removed from power as a result of the [[War in Afganistán (2001–present)|US-led invasion of Afganistán]]. |
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The patrilineal definition is based on an important orthodox law of Pashtunwali. Its main requirement is that anyone claiming to be a Pashtun must have parents of Pashtun heritage. This law has maintained the tradition of exclusively patriarchal tribal lineage intact. Under this definition, in order to be an ethnic Pashtun, there is less regard as to what language one speaks (Pashto, Persian, Urdu, English, etc.), while more emphasis is placed upon one's father. |
The patrilineal definition is based on an important orthodox law of Pashtunwali. Its main requirement is that anyone claiming to be a Pashtun must have parents of Pashtun heritage. This law has maintained the tradition of exclusively patriarchal tribal lineage intact. Under this definition, in order to be an ethnic Pashtun, there is less regard as to what language one speaks (Pashto, Persian, Urdu, English, etc.), while more emphasis is placed upon one's father. |
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==Putative ancestry== |
==Putative ancestry== |
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There are various communities which claim Pashtun descent and are largely found amongst other groups in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Central Asia]] who generally do not speak Pashto and are often considered either overlapping groups or are simply assigned to the ethno-linguistic group that corresponds to their geographic location and their mother tongue. Some groups who claim Pashtun descent include various non-Pashtun Afghans who are often conversant in [[Persian language|Persian]] rather than Pashto.<ref name="CIA Afghanistan" |
There are various communities which claim Pashtun descent and are largely found amongst other groups in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Central Asia]] who generally do not speak Pashto and are often considered either overlapping groups or are simply assigned to the ethno-linguistic group that corresponds to their geographic location and their mother tongue. Some groups who claim Pashtun descent include various non-Pashtun Afghans who are often conversant in [[Persian language|Persian]] rather than Pashto.<ref name="CIA Afghanistan"/> |
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Many claimants of Pashtun heritage in South Asia have mixed with local Muslim populations and refer to themselves (and Pashto-speaking Pashtuns and often Afghans in general) in the [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] variant Pathan rather than Pashtun or Pukhtun.<ref name="Islamic Voice">[http://www.islamicvoice.com/may.2003/cseries.htm Memons, Khojas, Cheliyas, Moplahs.... How Well Do You Know Them?] ''Islamic Voice'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
Many claimants of Pashtun heritage in South Asia have mixed with local Muslim populations and refer to themselves (and Pashto-speaking Pashtuns and often Afghans in general) in the [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] variant Pathan rather than Pashtun or Pukhtun.<ref name="Islamic Voice">[http://www.islamicvoice.com/may.2003/cseries.htm Memons, Khojas, Cheliyas, Moplahs.... How Well Do You Know Them?] ''Islamic Voice'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Indian Pathans claim descent from Pashtun soldiers that settled in [[North India|northern India]] and intermarried with local Muslims during the era of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (especially under the [[Lodhi dynasty]]) and [[Mughal Empire]]. The [[Rohilla]] Pashtuns, after their defeat by the British, are notable for having intermarried with local Muslims. They are believed to have been bilingual in Pashto and Urdu until the mid-19th century. The repression of Rohilla Pashtuns by the British in the late 18th century caused thousands to flee to the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] colony of [[Guyana]] in [[South America]].<ref name="Rohillas">[http://afghanland.com/culture/guyana.html Afghans of Guyana], ''Afghanland.com'' (retrieved 18 January 2007)</ref> |
Indian Pathans claim descent from Pashtun soldiers that settled in [[North India|northern India]] and intermarried with local Muslims during the era of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (especially under the [[Lodhi dynasty]]) and [[Mughal Empire]]. The [[Rohilla]] Pashtuns, after their defeat by the British, are notable for having intermarried with local Muslims. They are believed to have been bilingual in Pashto and Urdu until the mid-19th century. The repression of Rohilla Pashtuns by the British in the late 18th century caused thousands to flee to the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] colony of [[Guyana]] in [[South America]].<ref name="Rohillas">[http://afghanland.com/culture/guyana.html Afghans of Guyana], ''Afghanland.com'' (retrieved 18 January 2007)</ref> |
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Today, the Afghan proper refer to themselves as ''Ban-i-Afghan'' or ''Ban-i-Isrial'' to differentiate themselves form the Indian Pathan.<ref name="Lucknow">[http://www.lucknow4jesus.org/people/people2.asp Pathans of Lucknow, U.P., India], ''Lucknow4jesus.org'' (retrieved 03 May 2007)</ref> |
Today, the Afghan proper refer to themselves as ''Ban-i-Afghan'' or ''Ban-i-Isrial'' to differentiate themselves form the Indian Pathan.<ref name="Lucknow">[http://www.lucknow4jesus.org/people/people2.asp Pathans of Lucknow, U.P., India], ''Lucknow4jesus.org'' (retrieved 03 May 2007)</ref> |
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With this differentiation in mind, the population of Pathans in India is around 11,324,000;<ref name="Indian Pathans" /> this population is distributed throughout the [[List of Indian state and union territory capitals|states of India]].<ref name="Joshua Project Map">[http://www.joshuaproject.net/profiles/maps/m107748_in.gif Map of Pashtuns in India], ''Indian Pashtun Map'' (retrieved 04 May 2007).</ref> |
With this differentiation in mind, the population of Pathans in India is around 11,324,000;<ref name="Indian Pathans">[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=107748&rog3=IN Pushtun, Northern of India], ''Joshua Project'' - ''figures taken from UNESCO through UNEP/GRID'' (retrieved 03 May 2007)</ref> this population is distributed throughout the [[List of Indian state and union territory capitals|states of India]].<ref name="Joshua Project Map">[http://www.joshuaproject.net/profiles/maps/m107748_in.gif Map of Pashtuns in India], ''Indian Pashtun Map'' (retrieved 04 May 2007).</ref> |
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Lastly, small minorities of [[Sikh]]s and [[Hinduism|Hindus]], who are often bilingual in Pashto and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], are estimated to be in the thousands and can be found in parts of Afganistán.<ref name="Afghan Sikhs">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3138282.stm Sikhs struggle in Afganistán], ''[[BBC News]]'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
Lastly, small minorities of [[Sikh]]s and [[Hinduism|Hindus]], who are often bilingual in Pashto and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], are estimated to be in the thousands and can be found in parts of Afganistán.<ref name="Afghan Sikhs">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3138282.stm Sikhs struggle in Afganistán], ''[[BBC News]]'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Its closest modern relatives include [[Pamir languages]], such as [[Shughni language|Shughni]] and [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]], and [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]], and has an ancient legacy of borrowing vocabulary from neighboring languages including [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Vedic Sanskrit]]. Invaders have left vestiges as well as Pashto has borrowed words from [[Ancient Greek]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], while modern borrowings come primarily from [[English language|English]].<ref name="ISBN Pashto Dictionary">Awde, Nicholas and Asmatullah Sarwan. 2002. ''Pashto: Dictionary & Phrasebook'', New York: Hippocrene Books Inc. ISBN 0-7818-0972-X (retrieved 18 February 2007).</ref> |
Its closest modern relatives include [[Pamir languages]], such as [[Shughni language|Shughni]] and [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]], and [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]], and has an ancient legacy of borrowing vocabulary from neighboring languages including [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Vedic Sanskrit]]. Invaders have left vestiges as well as Pashto has borrowed words from [[Ancient Greek]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], while modern borrowings come primarily from [[English language|English]].<ref name="ISBN Pashto Dictionary">Awde, Nicholas and Asmatullah Sarwan. 2002. ''Pashto: Dictionary & Phrasebook'', New York: Hippocrene Books Inc. ISBN 0-7818-0972-X (retrieved 18 February 2007).</ref> |
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Fluency in Pashto is often the main determinant as to whether there is group acceptance as to who is and is not considered a Pashtun. Pashtun [[nationalism]] emerged following the rise of Pashto poetry that linked language and ethnic identity starting with the work of [[Khushal Khan Khattak]] and continued with his grandson [[Afzal Khan Khattak|Afzal Khan]] (author of ''Tarikh-e Morassa'', a history of the Pashtun people).<ref name="ISBN Pashto Dictionary" |
Fluency in Pashto is often the main determinant as to whether there is group acceptance as to who is and is not considered a Pashtun. Pashtun [[nationalism]] emerged following the rise of Pashto poetry that linked language and ethnic identity starting with the work of [[Khushal Khan Khattak]] and continued with his grandson [[Afzal Khan Khattak|Afzal Khan]] (author of ''Tarikh-e Morassa'', a history of the Pashtun people).<ref name="ISBN Pashto Dictionary"/> |
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Pashto has [[national language|national status]] in Afganistán and [[regional language|regional status]] in Pakistan. In addition to their mother-tongue, many Pashtuns are fluent in [[Dari (Afganistán)|Dari]] (Afghan Persian) and/or [[Urdu]] as well as English. |
Pashto has [[national language|national status]] in Afganistán and [[regional language|regional status]] in Pakistan. In addition to their mother-tongue, many Pashtuns are fluent in [[Dari (Afganistán)|Dari]] (Afghan Persian) and/or [[Urdu]] as well as English. |
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More precisely, there are several levels of organization within the Pashtun tribal system: the ''[[Tabar]]'' (tribe) is subdivided into kinship groups called ''[[Khel (Pastún)|Khels]]''. The ''Khel'' in turn is divided into smaller groups (''[[Pllarina]]'' or ''Plarganey''), each of which consists of several extended families or ''[[Kahols]]''.<ref name="Jirga">[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN017434.pdf Jirga - A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan] by Ali Wardak, ''un.org'' (2003), p.7 (retrieved 10 October 2006)</ref> |
More precisely, there are several levels of organization within the Pashtun tribal system: the ''[[Tabar]]'' (tribe) is subdivided into kinship groups called ''[[Khel (Pastún)|Khels]]''. The ''Khel'' in turn is divided into smaller groups (''[[Pllarina]]'' or ''Plarganey''), each of which consists of several extended families or ''[[Kahols]]''.<ref name="Jirga">[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN017434.pdf Jirga - A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan] by Ali Wardak, ''un.org'' (2003), p.7 (retrieved 10 October 2006)</ref> |
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"A large tribe often has dozens of sub-tribes whose members may see themselves as belonging to each, some, or all of the sub-tribes in different social situations (co-operative, competitive, confrontational) and identify with each accordingly."<ref name="Jirga" |
"A large tribe often has dozens of sub-tribes whose members may see themselves as belonging to each, some, or all of the sub-tribes in different social situations (co-operative, competitive, confrontational) and identify with each accordingly."<ref name="Jirga"/> Pashtun tribes are divided into [[Qais Abdur Rashid#Descendants|four 'greater' tribal groups]]: [[Sarbans]], Batans, [[Ghourghushti|Ghurghusht]] and Karlans. |
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In addition to the tribal hierarchy, another prominent Pashtun institution is that of the ''[[Jirga]]'' or 'Senate' of elected [[elder (administrative title)|elder]]s and wise men. Most decisions in tribal life are made by members of the Jirga, which is the main institution of authority that the largely egalitarian Pashtuns willingly acknowledge as a viable governing body.<ref name="HRW">[http://hrw.org/press/2002/04/qna-loyagirga.htm Q & A on Afghanistan's Loya Jirga Process], ''[[Human Rights Watch]]'' (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
In addition to the tribal hierarchy, another prominent Pashtun institution is that of the ''[[Jirga]]'' or 'Senate' of elected [[elder (administrative title)|elder]]s and wise men. Most decisions in tribal life are made by members of the Jirga, which is the main institution of authority that the largely egalitarian Pashtuns willingly acknowledge as a viable governing body.<ref name="HRW">[http://hrw.org/press/2002/04/qna-loyagirga.htm Q & A on Afghanistan's Loya Jirga Process], ''[[Human Rights Watch]]'' (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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[[Image:Afghan girl Pashtun.JPEG|right|150px|thumb|A young Pashtun woman from Afghanistan.]] |
[[Image:Afghan girl Pashtun.JPEG|right|150px|thumb|A young Pashtun woman from Afghanistan.]] |
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The lives of Pashtun women vary from those who reside in conservative rural areas, such as the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|tribal belt]], to those found in relatively freer urban centers.<ref name="Women's Rights">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/features/ihavearightto/four_b/report-azami.shtml I have a right to], ''BBC World Service'', Fri 16 January 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
The lives of Pashtun women vary from those who reside in conservative rural areas, such as the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|tribal belt]], to those found in relatively freer urban centers.<ref name="Women's Rights">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/features/ihavearightto/four_b/report-azami.shtml I have a right to], ''BBC World Service'', Fri 16 January 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Though many Pashtun women remain tribal and illiterate, others have become educated and gainfully employed.<ref name="Women's Rights" |
Though many Pashtun women remain tribal and illiterate, others have become educated and gainfully employed.<ref name="Women's Rights"/> The ravages of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and the [[Wars in Afghanistan#Second Afghan Civil War (1979-present)|Afghan wars]], leading to the rise and fall of the Taliban, caused considerable hardship amongst Pashtun women as many of their rights were curtailed in favor of a rigid interpretation of [[Wahhabism|Islamic law]]. The difficult lives of Afghan female refugees gained considerable notoriety with the iconic image of the so-called "Afghan Girl" ([[Sharbat Gula]]) depicted on the June 1985 cover of ''[[National Geographic Magazine|National Geographic]]'' magazine.<ref name="Sharbat Gula">[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/100best/storyA_story.html Along Afghanistan's War-torn Frontier], ''National Geographic'', June 1985 (retrieved 10 October 2006)</ref> |
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In addition, the male-dominated code of ''Pashtunwali'' often constrains women and forces them into designated traditional roles that separate the genders.<ref name="Women and Pashtunwali" |
In addition, the male-dominated code of ''Pashtunwali'' often constrains women and forces them into designated traditional roles that separate the genders.<ref name="Women and Pashtunwali"/><ref name="Safia Amajan">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0,,1923314,00.html Afghan teacher and public servant gunned down by the Taliban outside her home], ''The Guardian'', Fri 16 January 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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The pace of change and reform for women has been slow as a result of the [[wars in Afghanistan]] and the isolation and instability of tribal life in Pakistan. |
The pace of change and reform for women has been slow as a result of the [[wars in Afghanistan]] and the isolation and instability of tribal life in Pakistan. |
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Even during the tumultuous Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, [[civil rights]] remained an important issue as feminist leader [[Meena Keshwar Kamal]] campaigned for women's rights and founded the Revolutionary Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) in the 1980s.<ref name="RAWA">[http://www.rawa.org/waves.htm Making Waves: Interview with RAWA], ''RAWA.org'', Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
Even during the tumultuous Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, [[civil rights]] remained an important issue as feminist leader [[Meena Keshwar Kamal]] campaigned for women's rights and founded the Revolutionary Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) in the 1980s.<ref name="RAWA">[http://www.rawa.org/waves.htm Making Waves: Interview with RAWA], ''RAWA.org'', Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Today, Pashtun women vary from the traditional housewives who live in seclusion to urban workers, some of whom seek or have attained parity with men.<ref name="Women's Rights" |
Today, Pashtun women vary from the traditional housewives who live in seclusion to urban workers, some of whom seek or have attained parity with men.<ref name="Women's Rights"/> |
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However, due to numerous social hurdles, the literacy rate for Pashtun women remains considerably lower than that of males.<ref name="Pakistan Education and Gender">[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_sex.html Population by Level of Education and Gender], ''Pakistan Census'', Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref><ref name="Afghan women literacy">[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/29/world/main683742.shtml Laura Bush Meets Afghan Women], ''CBS News'', Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
However, due to numerous social hurdles, the literacy rate for Pashtun women remains considerably lower than that of males.<ref name="Pakistan Education and Gender">[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_sex.html Population by Level of Education and Gender], ''Pakistan Census'', Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref><ref name="Afghan women literacy">[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/29/world/main683742.shtml Laura Bush Meets Afghan Women], ''CBS News'', Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Abuse against women is also widespread and yet is increasingly being challenged by women's rights organizations which find themselves struggling with conservative religious groups as well as government officials in both Pakistan and Afghanistan. According to researcher Benedicte Grima's book ''Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women'', "a powerful ethic of forbearance severely limits traditional Pashtun women's ability to mitigate the suffering they acknowledge in their lives."<ref name="Paxtun Women">Grima, Benedicte. 1992. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0292727569 ''Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women''], [[University of Texas Press]]. ISBN 0-292-72756-9 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
Abuse against women is also widespread and yet is increasingly being challenged by women's rights organizations which find themselves struggling with conservative religious groups as well as government officials in both Pakistan and Afghanistan. According to researcher Benedicte Grima's book ''Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women'', "a powerful ethic of forbearance severely limits traditional Pashtun women's ability to mitigate the suffering they acknowledge in their lives."<ref name="Paxtun Women">Grima, Benedicte. 1992. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0292727569 ''Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women''], [[University of Texas Press]]. ISBN 0-292-72756-9 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Another tradition that persists is ''swara'', a practice that involves giving a female relative to someone in order to rectify a dispute. The practice was declared illegal in Pakistan in 2000, but continues in tribal regions.<ref name="Khaleej Times">[http://www.alternatives.ca/article1231.html Pakistani Girls Forced to Settle Men's Disputes], ''Khaleej Times'', Fri April 16, 2004 (Alternatives.ca) (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
Another tradition that persists is ''swara'', a practice that involves giving a female relative to someone in order to rectify a dispute. The practice was declared illegal in Pakistan in 2000, but continues in tribal regions.<ref name="Khaleej Times">[http://www.alternatives.ca/article1231.html Pakistani Girls Forced to Settle Men's Disputes], ''Khaleej Times'', Fri April 16, 2004 (Alternatives.ca) (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Despite obstacles, many Pashtun women have begun a process of slow change. While most Pashtun women are illiterate, a rich oral tradition and resurgence of poetry has been inspirational to many Pashtun women seeking to learn to read and write.<ref name="Pashtun poetess" |
Despite obstacles, many Pashtun women have begun a process of slow change. While most Pashtun women are illiterate, a rich oral tradition and resurgence of poetry has been inspirational to many Pashtun women seeking to learn to read and write.<ref name="Pashtun poetess"/> |
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As a sign of further female emancipation, a Pashtun woman recently became one of the first female fighter pilots in the [[Pakistan Air Force]].<ref name="BBC First Female Pilots">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4533367.stm Pakistan's first women fighter pilots], Zaffar Abbas, ''BBC News'', 11 May 2005 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
As a sign of further female emancipation, a Pashtun woman recently became one of the first female fighter pilots in the [[Pakistan Air Force]].<ref name="BBC First Female Pilots">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4533367.stm Pakistan's first women fighter pilots], Zaffar Abbas, ''BBC News'', 11 May 2005 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Further challenging the status quo, [[Vida Samadzai]] was selected as [[Miss Afghanistan]] in 2003, a feat that was received with a mixture of support from those who back the individual rights of women and those who view such displays as anti-traditionalist and un-Islamic. In addition, numerous Pashtun women have attained high political office both in Pakistan and, following recent elections, in Afghanistan, where the percentage of female representatives is one of the highest in the world.<ref name="BBC Warlords">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4434782.stm Warlords and women in uneasy mix], Andrew North, ''BBC News'', 14 November 2005 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
Further challenging the status quo, [[Vida Samadzai]] was selected as [[Miss Afghanistan]] in 2003, a feat that was received with a mixture of support from those who back the individual rights of women and those who view such displays as anti-traditionalist and un-Islamic. In addition, numerous Pashtun women have attained high political office both in Pakistan and, following recent elections, in Afghanistan, where the percentage of female representatives is one of the highest in the world.<ref name="BBC Warlords">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4434782.stm Warlords and women in uneasy mix], Andrew North, ''BBC News'', 14 November 2005 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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==Véase también== |
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{{Commonscat|Pashtuns}} |
{{Commonscat|Pashtuns}} |
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*[[Pakhtunkhwa|Pashtunkhwa]] |
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*[[Pashtunwali]] |
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*[[Pashtunistán]] |
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*[[Diáspora pashtun]] |
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*[[Historia de la India]] |
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*[[Historia de Irán]] |
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==Notas y referencias== |
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*''Nota: las estadísticas sobre la población pashtun en países extranjeros se obtuvieron de varios censos, de [[United Nations|UN]], del [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]], [[Ethnologue]], y del Proyecto Joshua.'' |
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{{Listaref|2}} |
{{Listaref|2}} |
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==Bibliografía y enlaces externos== |
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*Ahmad, Aisha and Boase, Roger. 2003. "Pashtun Tales from the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier: From the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier." Saqi Books (March 1, 2003). ISBN 0-86356-438-0. |
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* |
*[[Akbar S. Ahmed|Ahmed, Akbar S]]. 1976. "Millennium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social Anthropology." London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. |
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*Ahmed, Akbar S. 1980. "Pukhtun economy and society." London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. |
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*Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1994. "The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2608-8. |
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* |
*Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1988. "The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2448-4. |
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* |
*Caroe, Olaf. 1984. "The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957 (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)." Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577221-0 |
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* |
*[[Ahmad Hasan Dani|Dani, Ahmad Hasan]]. 1985. "Peshawar: Historic city of the Frontier." Sang-e-Meel Publications (1995). ISBN 969-35-0554-9. |
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* |
*Dupree, Louis. 1997. "Afghanistan." Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577634-8. |
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* |
*[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006C1P4M/ Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1815. "An account of the Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: comprising a view of the Afghaun nation." Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst (1969).] |
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* |
*Habibi, Abdul Hai. 2003. "Afghanistan: An Abridged History." Fenestra Books. ISBN 1-58736-169-8. |
||
* |
*Hopkirk, Peter. 1984. "The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia." Kodansha Globe; Reprint edition. ISBN 1-56836-022-3. |
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* |
*Wardak, Ali [http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN017434.pdf "Jirga - A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan"], 2003, online at [[UNPAN]] (the [[United Nations]] Online Network in Public Administration and Finance). |
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* |
*"A Study of the Greek Ancestry of Northern Pakistani Ethnic Groups Using 115 Microsatellite Markers." A. Mansoor, Q. Ayub, et al.''Am. J. Human Genetics,'' Oct 2001 v69 i4 p399. |
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* |
*[http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2007/2007-04/200704-Taliban.html "Is One of the Lost Tribes the Taliban?"] -- from ''Moment Magazine'' (April 2007) |
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* |
*[http://www.roadjunky.com/guide/457/pathans-of-paksitan "The Pashtun People of Afghanistan"] -- from Road Junky Online travel guides (2007) |
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* |
*[[Paddy Docherty]],The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion: A History of Invasion and Empire. 2007. Publisher: Faber and Faber.[[ISBN]]-10: 0571219772 |
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* |
*[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/10/20/MN.DTL "Taliban may have origin in ancient tribe of Israel: Anthropologist finds many similarities"] -- from the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' (October 2001) |
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[[Categoría:Etnias de Irán]] |
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[[Categoría:Pueblos musulmanes]] |
[[Categoría:Pueblos musulmanes]] |
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[[ar:بشتون]] |
[[ar:بشتون]] |
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Revisión del 08:37 7 ago 2010
Los pashtunes son un grupo etnolingüístico de lengua irania
Tiene poblaciones ubicadas básicamente en el este y sur de Afganistán, en las provincias pakistaníes de Frontera del Noroeste, Baluchistán y áreas tribales bajo administración federal.
En general los pashtún se caracterizan por su pashto y la observancia tanto del pashtunwali (un código de honor religioso y cultural, preislámico)[1] como del islam.
A la persona de esta etnia se la llama
- pastún
- pashtún (en pashto, urdu y persa: پشتون paštūn o پختون paxtūn
- khan
- pushtún
- pakhtún
- pukhtún
- patán (en urdu: پٹھان, y en hindi: पठान paṭhān)
- afgano étnico (en persa: افغان afğān)[2]
Muy pocas veces los pashtunes han estado unidos políticamente. Su pasado reciente comenzó con el crecimiento del Imperio Durrani en 1747. Los pashtunes jugaron un rol destacado durante la Invasión soviética de Afganistán (1979-1989), ya que muchos se unieron a los muyahidín. Los pashtunes ganaron la atención del mundo durante el crecimiento y posterior caída de los talibán, dado que eran el principal grupo étnico del movimiento. Los pashtún son también una muy importante comunidad de Pakistán, donde por su cantidad son el segundo grupo étnico.
Los pashtún forman el mayor grupo tribal patriarcal (linaje segmentado) del mundo.[3] La población total del grupo se estima en por lo menos 40 millones, aunque es difícil un censo preciso debido a la característica nómada de muchas tribus, la práctica de ocultar a las mujeres, y a que el censo oficial más reciente en Afganistán data de 1979.[4]
Tribus pashtunas
Las tribus pashtún se dividen en cuatro grandes confederaciones tribales:
Demografía
La gran mayoría de los pasthún se encuentra en un área que va desde el oeste de Pakistán hasta el suroeste de Afganistán. También se encuentran algunas otras comunidades pashtún en las zona norte de Pakistán, Azad Kashmir, y la provincia Sindh de Pakistán como también a lo largo de Afganistán. Existen algunas comunidades más pequeñas en Irán, India,[5][6] y una comunidad grande de trabajadores migratorios en los países de la península árabe. Peshawar y Kandahar son grandes ciudades de la cultura pashtún. Además, Quetta y Kabul si bien son ciudades étnicamente diversas poseen una gran población pashtún. Karachi con una población de 1,5 millones de pashtún étnicos es la mayor ciudad pashtún del mundo.[7]
Los pashtúnes representan más del 15,42% de la población de Pakistán o 25,6 millones de personas. En Afganistán, representan el 42% de la población o 12.5 millones de personas. Aunque es preciso considerar estas cifras con cierto recelo, particularmente las de Afganistán, además se debe tener en cuenta que unos tres millones de refugiados afganos (de los cuales 81,5% o 2,49 millones son pashtún étnicos) permanecen en Pakistán. Un número indeterminado de refugiados residen en Irán.[8] Se estima que el total de la población de étnia pashtún supera los 40 millones de personas.
Historia y orígenes
La historia de los pashtún se remonta a la antigüedad, y queda aún mucho por investigar. Desde el segundo milenio antes de Cristo hasta el presente, las regiones pashtunas han sido objeto de numerosas invasiones y migraciones incluyendo las realizadas por tribus arias (pueblos iranios, indoarios), medos, persas, maurias, escitas, kushanos, heftalitas, griegos, árabes, turcos y mongoles. Existen numerosas teorías contrapuestas sobre los orígenes del pueblo pashtún, algunas modernas y otras arcaicas, tanto entre los historiadores como entre los mismos pashtunes.
Referencias antiguas
El historiador griego Heródoto mencionó por primera vez a un pueblo que llamó pactyans, que ya habitaban en la frontera este de la satrapía persa de Aracosia a principios del primer milenio antes de Cristo.[9] Adicionalmente, el Rig Vedá (siglo VII a. C.) menciona que una tribu llamada los pakthas vivían en la zona este de Pakhat (que podría ser la actual Afganistán), y hay quienes piensan que estos podrían ser los antepasados de los pashtunes.[10] Otros pueblos antiguos relacionados con los pashtunes son los bactrianos que hablaban un lenguaje relacionado con el iranio medio.
Véase también
Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre Pueblo pastún.- Pashtunkhwa
- Pashtunwali
- Pashtunistán
- Diáspora pashtun
- Historia de la India
- Historia de Irán
Notas y referencias
- Nota: las estadísticas sobre la población pashtun en países extranjeros se obtuvieron de varios censos, de UN, del CIA World Factbook, Ethnologue, y del Proyecto Joshua.
- ↑ Palwasha Kakar: «Tribal Law of Pashtunwali and Women’s Legislative Authority». Escuela de Leyes de la Universidad de Harvard, consultado en junio de 2006.
- ↑ Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1994. The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East), Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2608-8 (consultado en junio de 2006).
- ↑ Ethnic, Cultural and Linguistic Denominations in Pakhtunkhwa, KhyberWatch.com (retrieved 7 June 2006).
- ↑ Afghanistan Census of Population and Housing: Phase one Household Listing, UNFPA Projects in Afghanistan (retrieved 18 February 2007).
- ↑ Northern Pashto, Ethnologue.com (retrieved 7 June 2006)
- ↑ Pushtun, Northern of India, Joshua Project - figures taken from UNESCO through UNEP/GRID (retrieved 03 May 2007)
- ↑ «How the Talibanm kept their coffers full».
- ↑ Iran-Pakistan: Refugees, IRIN Asia, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (retrieved 7 June 2006).
- ↑ Chapter 7 of The History of Herodotus (traducido por George Rawlinson; originalmente escrito en el 440 a. C.) (retrieved 10 January 2007).
- ↑ Rig Veda Book Seven, Political Gateway (retrieved 7 June 2006).
Bibliografía y enlaces externos
- Ahmad, Aisha and Boase, Roger. 2003. "Pashtun Tales from the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier: From the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier." Saqi Books (March 1, 2003). ISBN 0-86356-438-0.
- Ahmed, Akbar S. 1976. "Millennium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social Anthropology." London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Ahmed, Akbar S. 1980. "Pukhtun economy and society." London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
- Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1994. "The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2608-8.
- Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1988. "The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2448-4.
- Caroe, Olaf. 1984. "The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957 (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)." Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577221-0
- Dani, Ahmad Hasan. 1985. "Peshawar: Historic city of the Frontier." Sang-e-Meel Publications (1995). ISBN 969-35-0554-9.
- Dupree, Louis. 1997. "Afghanistan." Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577634-8.
- Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1815. "An account of the Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: comprising a view of the Afghaun nation." Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst (1969).
- Habibi, Abdul Hai. 2003. "Afghanistan: An Abridged History." Fenestra Books. ISBN 1-58736-169-8.
- Hopkirk, Peter. 1984. "The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia." Kodansha Globe; Reprint edition. ISBN 1-56836-022-3.
- Wardak, Ali "Jirga - A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan", 2003, online at UNPAN (the United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance).
- "A Study of the Greek Ancestry of Northern Pakistani Ethnic Groups Using 115 Microsatellite Markers." A. Mansoor, Q. Ayub, et al.Am. J. Human Genetics, Oct 2001 v69 i4 p399.
- "Is One of the Lost Tribes the Taliban?" -- from Moment Magazine (April 2007)
- "The Pashtun People of Afghanistan" -- from Road Junky Online travel guides (2007)
- Paddy Docherty,The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion: A History of Invasion and Empire. 2007. Publisher: Faber and Faber.ISBN-10: 0571219772
- "Taliban may have origin in ancient tribe of Israel: Anthropologist finds many similarities" -- from the San Francisco Chronicle (October 2001)