Usuario:Mauriziok/Concurso de belleza

Concurso de belleza

"Beauty contest" and "Beauty queen" redirect here. For other uses, see Beauty contest (disambiguation) and Beauty queen (disambiguation).

Miss Venezuela 2007 winners, in the center Dayana Mendoza, Miss Universe 2008

A beauty pageant or beauty contest is a competition that has traditionally focused on judging and ranking the physical attributes of the contestants, although most contests have evolved to also incorporate personality traits, intelligence, talent, and a contestant's ability to answer judges' questions on various subjects as judged criteria. The term refers largely to contests for women such as the Big Four international beauty pageants.

The organizers of each pageant may determine the rules of the competition, including the age range of contestants. The rules may also require the contestants to be unmarried, and be "virtuous", "amateur", and available for promotions, besides other criteria. It may also set the clothing standards in which contestants will be judged, including the type of swimsuit.

Beauty pageants are generally multi-tiered, with local competitions feeding into the larger competitions. For example, the international pageants have hundreds or thousands of local competitions. Child beauty pageants mainly focus on beauty, gowns, sportswear modelling, talent, and personal interviews. Adult and teen pageants focus on makeup, hair and gowns, swimsuit modelling, and personal interviews. A winner of a beauty contest is often called a beauty queen. The rankings of the contestants are referred to as placements.

Possible awards of beauty contests include titles, tiaras, crowns, sashes, scepters, savings bonds, scholarships, and prize money. Some pageants award college scholarships, to the winner or multiple runners-up.

Presentación típica de un concurso de belleza.

Un concurso de belleza es un concurso que tradicionalmente se ha centrado en juzgar y clasificar los atributos físicos de los participantes, aunque la mayoría de los concursos han evolucionado para incorporar también rasgos de personalidad, inteligencia, talento y respuestas a las preguntas de los jueces como criterios juzgados. El término se refiere en gran medida a concursos para mujeres, como los cuatro grandes concursos de belleza internacionales: Miss Mundo, Miss Universo, Miss Internacional y Miss grand internacional.

Los organizadores de cada concurso pueden determinar las reglas de la competencia, incluyendo el rango de edad de los participantes. Las reglas también pueden requerir que los concursantes no estén casados, sean "virtuosos", "aficionados" y estén disponibles para promociones, además de otros criterios. También puede establecer los estándares de vestimenta en los que se juzgará a los participantes, incluido el tipo de traje de baño.

Los concursos de belleza son generalmente de varios niveles, con competiciones locales que se suman a las competiciones más grandes. Por ejemplo, los concursos internacionales tienen cientos o miles de competiciones locales. Los concursos de belleza infantil se centran principalmente en la belleza, los vestidos, el modelado de ropa deportiva, el talento y las entrevistas personales. Los concursos de adultos y adolescentes se centran en el maquillaje, el cabello y el traje de gala, el modelado de trajes de baño y las entrevistas personales. Una ganadora de un concurso de belleza femenino a menudo se le conoce como reina de belleza. Las clasificaciones de los concursantes se conocen como colocaciones o rankings.

Los posibles premios de los concursos de belleza incluyen títulos, tiaras o coronas, bandas o estolas, cetros, bonos de ahorro, becas y premios en efectivo. Sin embargo, los concursos de adultos y adolescentes se han estado moviendo más hacia juzgar el habla. Algunos concursos otorgan becas universitarias, al ganador o a varios finalistas.

Historia

Early years

Georgiana Seymour, Duchess of Somerset was crowned the 'Queen of Beauty' at the Eglinton Tournament of 1839, the first known beauty pageant Woman receiving an award for winning a beauty pageant, 1922 Lone Star State Selects Beauties for 100 Year Pageant European festivals dating to the medieval era provide the most direct lineage for beauty pageants. For example, English May Day celebrations always involved the selection of a May Queen. In the United States, the May Day tradition of selecting a woman to serve as a symbol of bounty and community ideals continued, as young beautiful women participated in public celebrations.

A beauty pageant was held during the Eglinton Tournament of 1839, organized by Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, as part of a re-enactment of a medieval joust that was held in Scotland. The pageant was won by Georgiana Seymour, Duchess of Somerset, the wife of Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset, and sister of Caroline Norton, and she was proclaimed as the "Queen of Beauty".^{[unreliable source?]}

Entrepreneur Phineas Taylor Barnum staged the first modern American pageant in 1854, but his beauty contest was closed down after public protest.

National pageants

Beauty contests became more popular in the 1880s. In 1888, the title of 'beauty queen' was awarded to an 18-year-old Creole contestant at a pageant in Spa, Belgium. All participants had to supply a photograph and a short description of themselves to be eligible to enter and a final selection of 21 was judged by a formal panel. Such events were not regarded as respectable. Beauty contests came to be considered more respectable with the first modern "Miss America" contest held in 1921.

The oldest pageant still in operation today is the Miss America pageant, which was organized in 1921 by a local businessman as a means to entice tourists to Atlantic City, New Jersey. The pageant hosted the winners of local newspaper beauty contests in the "Inter-City Beauty" Contest, which was attended by over one hundred thousand people. Sixteen-year-old Margaret Gorman of Washington, D.C., was crowned Miss America 1921, having won both the popularity and beauty contests, and was awarded $100.

International pageants

In May 1920, promoter C.E. Barfield of Galveston, Texas organized a new event known as "Splash Day" on the island. The event featured a "Bathing Girl Revue" competition as the centerpiece of its attractions. The event was the kick-off of the summer tourist season in the city and was carried forward annually. The event quickly became known outside of Texas and, beginning in 1926, the world's first international contest was added, known as the International Pageant of Pulchritude. This contest is said to have served as a model for modern pageants. It featured contestants from England, Russia, Turkey, and many other nations and the title awarded at the time was known as "Miss Universe". The event was discontinued in the United States in 1932 because of the Depression (the international competition was revived briefly in Belgium).^{[citation needed]}

After World War II

Beauty contest in Montreal, 1948 The popularity of the Miss America pageant prompted other organizations to establish similar contests in the 1950s and beyond. Some were significant while others were trivial, such as the National Donut Queen contest. The Miss World contest started in 1951, Miss Universe started in 1952 as did Miss USA. Miss International started in 1960. Miss Asia Pacific International which started in 1968 is the first and oldest beauty pageant in Asia. The Miss Black America contest started in 1968 in response to the exclusion of African American women from the Miss America pageant. The Miss Universe Organization started the Miss Teen USA in 1983 for the 14-19 age group. Miss Earth started in 2001, which channels the beauty pageant entertainment industry as an effective tool to actively promote the preservation of the environment. These contests continue to this day.

Swimsuit competition

Main article: Swimsuit competition

The requirement for contestants to wear a swimsuit was a controversial aspect of the various competitions. The controversy was heightened with the increasing popularity of the bikini after its introduction in 1946. The bikini was banned for the Miss America contest in 1947 because of Roman Catholic protesters. When the Miss World contest started in 1951, there was an outcry when the winner was crowned in a bikini. Pope Pius XII condemned the crowning as sinful, and countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates. The bikini was banned for future and other contests. It was not until the late 1990s that they became permitted again, but still generated controversy when finals were held in countries where bikinis (or swimsuits in general) were socially disapproved. For example, in 2003, Vida Samadzai from Afghanistan caused an uproar in her native country when she participated in the Miss Earth 2003 contest in a red bikini. She was condemned by the Afghan Supreme Court, saying such a display of the female body goes against Islamic law and Afghan culture. In 2013, the swimsuit round of the Miss World contest was dropped because of Islamist protests in Bali (Indonesia), where the contest took place. In 2014, the Miss World contest eliminated the swimsuit competition from its pageant.

In 2017, Carousel Productions was criticized of objectifying women during the Miss Earth 2017 competition where delegates wore swimsuits during the event with their faces concealed by a veil in the Beauty of Figure and Form, a segment first introduced in the Miss Philippines Earth 2017 pageant. It was one of the three preliminary judging segments of the pageant that include Poise and Beauty of Face and Environmental and Intelligence Competition. The organizers defended the "beauty of figure and form" segment and released a statement that the said round was intended to promote strict impartiality during pre-judging by focusing on the contestants' curves, execution and not beautiful face.

En Europa, es una costumbre antigua elegir reyes y reinas simbólicos para las distintas festividades, en las cuales las ganadoras representan las virtudes de la nación y otras ideas abstractas. El primer concurso moderno en Estados Unidos fue llevado a cabo por el más famoso de ellos, P. T. Barnum, dueño del Barnum & Bailey Circus. Se le ocurrió la idea en 1854, pero su concurso fue cancelado por las protestas populares: anteriormente había realizado concursos de perros, bebés y aves. Luego, sustituyó los daguerrotipos por un jurado, una práctica rápidamente adoptada por los periódicos. Estos publicaron fotografías de concursos de belleza durante varias décadas: en 1880, se realizó el primer concurso de belleza en una playa, para promover el negocio en Rehoboth Beach (Delaware). Los concursos comenzaron a ser habituales en las playas, y el más elaborado se lleva a cabo en Atlantic City (Nueva Jersey).

El origen de los concursos de belleza modernos puede encontrarse en Miss Estados Unidos (Miss America), el cual se realizó por primera vez en Atlantic City en 1921. El concurso incluyó eliminatorias preliminares, una competición de trajes de noche, espectáculos musicales y un jurado. Sin embargo, continuó siendo criticado por la sociedad en general. Los concursos no se convirtieron en lo que son actualmente hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando las «reinas de belleza» se reclutaron para vender bonos y entretener a las tropas. Las becas y las competencias de talentos consideraron aún más las historias y las personalidades de los participantes.

Otros concursos importantes incluyen las competencias de Miss Mundo (fundado por Eric Morley en 1951), Miss Universo (fundado en 1952), Miss Internacional (fundado en 1960) y Miss Grand Internacional (fundado en 2013). Estos certámenes son considerados los cuatro mayores, principales y más famosos concursos de belleza.​ Otras competencias, como la de Miss Bondi en Australia, suele emitirse durante los meses de verano. En la década de 1950, los concursos eran promocionados en las ferias como productos locales. Las mujeres de todo el mundo participaban cada año en sus competencias locales para tener la posibilidad de representar a su país.

Major beauty pageants

Main article: List of beauty pageants

The term "beauty pageant" refers largely to contests for women. Major international contests for women include the yearly Miss World competition (founded by Eric Morley in 1951), Miss Universe (founded in 1952), Miss International (founded in 1960), and Miss Earth (founded in 2001 with environmental awareness as its concern). These are considered the Big Four pageants, the four largest and most famous international beauty contests for single or unmarried women.

Founded	Pageant	Organizer	Location	Bikini allowed	Bikini regulation
1921	Miss America	Miss America Organization	Atlantic City, New Jersey	1997–2017	1947: Bikinis were outlawed because of Roman Catholic protesters. 1997: Contestants allowed to wear bikinis. 2018: Swimsuit segment of the pageant was dropped.
1951	Miss World	Eric Morley, Miss World Organization	London, England	1951–2014	1951: The first winner Kiki Håkansson from Sweden was crowned in a bikini. Countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates, and Pope Pius XII condemned the crowning as sinful. 1952: Swimsuits toned down to more modest designs. 1996: Miss World contest was held in Bangalore, India, but the swimsuit round was shifted to Seychelles because of intense protests. 2013: The swimsuit round was dropped because of Islamist protests in Bali, Indonesia, where the contest took place. 2015: The Beach Fashion segment of the pageant was dropped.
1952	Miss Universe	William Morris Endeavor	New York City	1997–present	1952: Bikinis banned. 1997: Contestants allowed to wear bikinis.
1960	Miss International	International Cultural Association	Tokyo, Japan	1960–present	1964: Bikinis made mandatory
1983	Miss Teen USA	William Morris Endeavor	New York City	1997–2015	1983: Bikinis banned. 1997: Contestants allowed to wear bikinis. 2000: Tankinis were provided as an option for the first (and only) time. 2016: Bikini competition was removed and replaced with athletic wear
2001	Miss Earth	Carousel Productions	Quezon City, Philippines	2003–present	2003: Vida Samadzai from Afghanistan participating in a bikini caused an uproar in her native country. 2017: The "Beauty of Form and Figure" preliminary judging in Miss Earth 2017 was introduced where the delegates walked in white two-piece bikinis but their faces were covered by a white veil to focus the judgment on the body figures on this portion.

Diversity

Besides the international beauty pageants, numerous minor competitions exist throughout the world displaying the different perceptions of beauty. Some examples of criteria to select beauty queens that are unique to certain cultures include the Indian history and traditional craft skills in the Miss Indian American pageant, Indian dress section in the Miss India USA pageant and the principles of "black beauty" that became accepted in the Miss Howard University competition. The winner is often viewed as a model for the "ideal" community member. Through the competitions, the contestants can learn how to present themselves in public and how to cultivate certain traits such as confidence or poise. In some cases, the competitors are selected to act as a representative on behalf of the community. In the African American community of Howard University, the selected Miss Howard University served as advocates for the Civil Rights Movement in the decades following the 1960s. Additionally, the Miss Landmine competition situated in Angola allow victims to serve as advocates on behalf of other victims of mining accidents.

Researchers suggest that the emergence of beauty pageants in countries outside the United States is linked to an economic boom geared towards a more consumeristic lifestyle. For example, in India, from 1996 to 2000, the personal care industry grew by 25% while the number of women applying for the Miss India competition increased from 1000 people in 1993 to 6500 people in 2001. Additionally, after China hosted about 6 international beauty pageants in 2004, the beauty industry increased in influence in the area. At the same time, the number of regional beauty pageants in the country increased.

Benefits

Increased exposure for personal and professional endeavors^{[citation needed]}, gain personal development skills through coaching and preparation^{[citation needed]}, acquire opportunities to communicate your vision and goals efficiently and concisely^{[citation needed]}, and have the ability to inspire others to believe in themselves with your confidence and determination to be successful^{[citation needed]}. Pageantry also teaches you how to handle stress by learning to deal with pressure and disappointments^{[citation needed]}.

Criticism

The panel of judges for the 1973 Miss Amsterdam pageant Critics of beauty pageants argue that such contests reinforce the idea that girls and women should be valued primarily for their physical appearance, and that this puts tremendous pressure on women to conform to conventional beauty standards by spending time and money on fashion, cosmetics, hair styling, and even cosmetic surgery. They say that this pursuit of physical beauty even encourages some women to go on a diet to the point of harming themselves.

The London Feminist Network argues that rather than being empowering, beauty pageants do exactly the opposite because they deny the full humanity of women by placing them as the subject of objectification; they reinforce the idea that a woman's only purpose is to look attractive.

Another criticism that is placed on beauty pageants is in the way beauty is quantifiably scored as highlighted by the "Myth of the Perfect 10". Beauty becomes a numerical coefficient in ranking contestants, and this type of scoring still remains followed as a system even in nationwide beauty pageants such as Miss America.

Researchers suggest that these events strengthen skills, such as interpersonal communications, self-assurance, and public speaking, which prove to be useful in future career paths.

Proceso de selección

Los concursos de belleza por lo general tienen muchos jueces y son populares, y los de menor importancia aportan participantes a los más reconocidos. Los concursos mundiales, por lo tanto, requieren cientos, y en ocasiones miles de competencias locales. En los Estados Unidos, existe actualmente una industria comercial de concursos de belleza que organiza miles de eventos un locales y regionales para todas las edades, patrocinados por revistas como The Crown Magazine y Pride of Pageantry.

La típica percepción de un concurso de belleza es que se lleva a cabo una vez al año, las mujeres son de contextura pequeña, el evento es en vivo sobre el escenario, y se incluye una prueba de talentos. Particularmente con la aparición de la Internet, esta percepción ha cambiado drásticamente. Aunque no hay eventos «en vivo» de Internet, se han creado páginas para que las personas que deseen inscribirse puedan hacerlo aunque la localización del concurso sea lejana. Las reinas de belleza, o las ganadoras, son electas mediante varios criterios. Cada concurso tiene sus propios jueces y sus métodos de competencia y de puntuación. Por ejemplo, The Worldwide Pageant tiene un sistema de puntuación único en el cual las participantes pueden obtener una puntuación de 110 %.​ El sistema otorga el 25 % de la puntuación a la prueba con traje de noche, 25 % a la de ropa deportiva, 50 % al de la entrevista personal y un 10 % opcional por logros extras. Diamond Dolls es una competencia en la que solo se permite utilizar fotografías para calificar a las concursantes.

Aunque no es un factor excluyente, muchas competencias exigen que las participantes sean calificadas por su belleza natural, sin cirugías estéticas o lentes de contacto. Otros concursos, como Classic Beauty, están dedicados a las mujeres con mayores medidas.​ Mientras que una talla de 14-16 puede ser considerada como tradicional en los Estados Unidos, en el mundo de los concursos de belleza la talla, por lo general, debe ser de 6-8.

Críticas

Las críticas hacia los concursos de belleza radican principalmente en que refuerzan la idea de que las mujeres deben ser valoradas principalmente por su apariencia física, lo cual hace una gran presión sobre las mujeres para que «sean hermosas», gastando dinero en ropa, cosméticos, productos para el cabello y cirugías estéticas. Esta obsesión por la belleza física incluso lleva a las mujeres a realizar dietas estrictas, con resultados como la anorexia o la bulimia.​ Aunque algunas competencias tienen componentes que no están basados puramente en la belleza física, las participantes poco atractivas tienen pocas posibilidades de ganar, sin importar su talento, su inteligencia, su educación, su aplomo, su ingenio o su conciencia social. En lugar de proveerles oportunidades a las mujeres, se discute que los concursos de belleza lastiman a las mujeres que no cumplen las ideas tradicionales de belleza, porque las que sí cumplen el ideal son vistas como «mejores» que el resto de las mujeres.

Véase también

• Miss Mundo
• Miss Universo
• Miss Internacional
• 1968 Miss Asia Pacifico
• Miss Intercontinental
• 1993 Top Model of the World
• Miss Tierra
• Miss Supranacional
• 2006 Miss Continentes Unidos
• Miss Grand Internacional
• 2013 Miss Global
• 2015 Miss Cosmopolitan World
• 2015 Miss Eco Internacional
• 2017 Miss Multinacional
• 2017 Miss Landscape Internacional
• 2019 Miss Planet Internacional

Enlaces externos

• Directorio Yahoo!: Concursos de belleza
• GlobalBeauties.com
• Críticas a los concursos de belleza