Danaus (mariposa)

Danaus
Macho de Danaus eresimus
Taxonomía
Reino:	Animalia
Filo:	Arthropoda
Clase:	Insecta
Orden:	Lepidoptera
Superfamilia:	Papilionoidea
Familia:	Nymphalidae
Subfamilia:	Danainae
Género:	Danaus (Kluk, 1780)
Especie tipo
Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758
Especies
12-13 especies. Ver texto

Oruga de mariposa monarca en Calotropis sp., Hyderabad, India.

Mariposa Soldado alimentándose a inicios de primavera en Jungapeo, México.

Danaus es un género de lepidópteros ditrisios de la familia Nymphalidae (superfamilia Papilionoidea) conocidos vulgarmente como mariposas monarca, reina o tigre. Se las halla mundialmente, incluyendo Norteamérica, Sudamérica, África, Asia, Indonesia, Australia. Por otras mariposas tigre ver el género Parantica.

Taxonomía

Se sigue la revisión de Smith et al. (2005), aceptándose 12 especies provisionalmente sobre la base de morfología, a las subunidades proteicas I ADNmt 12S rRNA y a citocromo c oxidasa, y a las subunidades α de datos de secuencia de ADN, ADN nuclear 18S rRNA y al EF1:

• Danaus affinis Fabricius, 1775 -- tigre malayo.
• Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758 -- tigre común, o reina africana.
• Danaus cleophile Godart, 1819 -- monarca de Jamaica.
• Danaus dorippus Klug, 1845 -- tigre Dorippus, antes incluida en D. chrysippus.
• Danaus eresimus Cramer, 1777 -- mariposa soldado, reina del trópico, incluye a D. plexaure.
• Danaus erippus Cramer, 1775 -- monarca del sur.
• Danaus genutia Cramer, 1779 -- tigre común, monarca india, tigre naranja.
• Danaus gilippus Cramer, 1775 -- reina
• Danaus ismare Cramer, 1780 -- tigre de Ismare.
• Danaus melanippus Cramer, 1777 -- tigre blanco, tigre común, o tigre común del este.
• Danaus petilia Stoll, 1790.
• Danaus plexippus Linnaeus, 1758 -- monarca

Este género fue antes dividido en los subgéneros Danaus, Salatura y Anosia, pero ese arreglo fue abolido. Mientras el primero (las 2 o 3 mariposas monarcas) y Salatura (las especies ismare, genutia, affinis y melanippus) parecen ser clados, las relaciones de ellas con las otras especie, especialmente D. dorippus, no es clara.

La hibridación se da entre algunas especies y produce descendencia fértil confundiendo los datos de ADNmt; esto es especialmente verdadero en el caso de D. dorippus (Smith et al. 2005). Además, la infección por Spiroplasma, mortal para los machos, ha sido vista en D. chrysippus y probablemente ocurra también en otras especies (Jiggins et al. 2000); las consecuencias para la especiación y evolución sean probablemente similares a las observadas en infecciones con razas matadoras de machos de la mejor investigada bacteria Wolbachia.

Filogenia

	Tirumala septentrionis
	Tirumala limniace
	Danaus plexippus     Danaus erippus           Danaus genutia       Danaus melanippus     Danaus affinis         Danaus ismare         Danaus eresimus     Danaus gilippus         Danaus petilia         Danaus dorippus dorippus-2     Danaus d. bataviana         Danaus chrysippus chrysippus     Danaus chrysippus orientis     Danaus chrysippus alcippus           Danaus dorippus dorippus-1

Filogenia del género (sin. Danaus cleophile).​

Sinonimia de las especies y subespecies de Danaus

• Fuente: The higher classification of Nymphalidae, at Nymphalidae.net
• Note: los nombres precedidos de un signo igual (=) son sinónimos, homónimos, nombres rechazados, o invalidados. La sinonimia, dada abajo en forma abreviada, es de Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984.

Tribu Danaini Boisduval, 1833

• Danaus Kluk, 1802 (= Danaida Latreille, 1804; = Limnas Hübner, 1806; = Danais Latreille, 1807; = Danaus Latreille, 1809; = Anosia Hübner, 1816; = Festivus Crotch, 1872; = Salatura Moore, 1880; = Nasuma Moore, 1883; = Tasitia Moore, 1883; = Danaomorpha Kremky, 1925; = Panlymnas Bryk, 1937; = Diogas d'Almeida, 1938)
  • Danaus cleophile (Godart, 1819) (nombre original = Danais cleophile Godart, 1819)
  • Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (nombre original = Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758; = misippiformis Meuschen, 1781; = archippus Fabricius, 1793; = menippe Hübner, 1816; = megalippe Hübner, 1826; = leucogyne Butler, 1884; = fumosus Hulstaert, 1886; = pulchra Strecker, 1900; = nigrippus Haensch, 1909; = americanus Gunder, 1927; = nivosus Gunder, 1927; = curassavicae Fabricius, 1938; = portoriciensis Clark, 1941; = tobagi Clark, 1941; = disjuncta Dufrane, 1948; = bipunctata Dufrane, 1948; = obliterata Dufrane, 1948)
  • Danaus erippus (Cramer, 1775) (nombre original = Papilio erippus Cramer, 1775 ( = larensis Köhler, 1929; = asclepiadis Fabricius, 1938)
  • Danaus ismare (Cramer, 1780) (original = Papilio ismare Cramer, 1780; = ismareola Butler, 1866; = fulvus Ribbe, 1890; = celebensis Rothschild, 1892; = felicia Fruhstorfer, 1907; = goramica Fruhstorfer, 1907; = alba Morishita, 1981)
  • Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779) (original = Papilio genutia Cramer, 1779; = adnana Swinhoe, 1917; = albipars Talbot, 1943; = alexis Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914; = bandjira Martin, 1911; = bimana Martin, 1911; = connectens Moulton, 1921; = conspicua Butler, 1866; = grynion Fruhstorfer, 1907; = intensa Moore, 1883; = intermedia Moore, 1883; = kyllene Fruhstorfer, 1910; = laratensis Butler, 1883; = leucoglene Felder & Felder, 1865; = niasicus Fruhstorfer, 1899; = nipalensis Moore, 1877; = partita Fruhstorfer, 1897; = plexippus auctt. nec Linnaeus, 1758; = sumatrana Moore, 1883; = sumbana Talbot, 1943; = telmissus Fruhstorfer, 1910; = tuak Pryer & Cator, 1894; = tychius Fruhstorfer, 1910; = uniens Martin, 1911; = wetterensis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = yuchingkini Murayama & Shimonoya, 1960 (híbrido chrysippus x genutia, Kurosawa, 1973)
  • Danaus affinis (Fabricius, 1775) (original = Papilio affinis Fabricius, 1775; = abigar Eschscholtz, 1821; = adustus Godman & Salvin, 1882; = affinoides Fruhstorfer, 1899; = albistriga Talbot, 1943; = albonotata Howarth, 1962; = artenice Cramer, 1781; = aruana Moore, 1883; = astakos Fruhstorfer, 1906; = batjana Fruhstorfer, 1899; = bipuncta Talbot, 1943; = biseriata Butler, 1882; = bonguensis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = cecilia Bouganville, 1837; = chionippe Hübner, 1823; = cometho Godman & Salvin, 1888; = coriacea Fruhstorfer, 1906; = decentralis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = decipiens Butler, 1882; = decipientis Strand, 1914; = djampeana Van Eecke, 1915; = fergussonia Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ferruginea Butler, 1876; = fuliginosa Hagen, 1894; = fulgurata Butler, 1866; = fuscata Talbot, 1943; = galacterion Fruhstorfer, 1906; = gelanor Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914; = hegesippinus Röber, 1891; = insolata Butler, 1870; = jimiensis Miller & Miller, 1978; = jobiensis Grose-Smith, 1894; = kapaura Talbot, 1943; = kawiensis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = kiriwina Fruhstorfer, 1907; = leucippis Röber, 1891; = litoralis Doherty, 1891; = luxurians Fruhstorfer, 1907; = malayana Fruhstorfer, 1899; = molyssa Fruhstorfer, 1907; = mysolica Moore, 1883; = mytilene Felder & Felder, 1860; = nigrita Moore, 1883; = nore Swinhoe, 1917; = nubila Butler, 1866; = obscura Capronnier, 1886; = oesypera Talbot, 1943; = olga Swinhoe, 1917; = oros Fruhstorfer, 1907; = paradoxa Röber, 1939; = philene Stoll 1782; = piepersi Kalis, 1933; = pittakus Fruhstorfer, 1907; = pleistarchus Fruhstorfer, 1912; = pseudophilene Fruhstorfer, 1907; = pullata Butler, 1866; = rubrica Fruhstorfer, 1906; = sabrona Talbot, 1943; = sangira Fruhstorfer, 1899; = signata Talbot, 1943; = snelleni Kalis, 1933; = strephon Fruhstorfer, 1907; = subnigra Joicey & Talbot, 1922; = subnubila Fruhstorfer, 1907; = tambora Fruhstorfer, 1899; = taroena Van Eecke, 1915; = taruna Fruhstorfer, 1899; = transfuga Fruhstorfer, 1907; = tualana Talbot, 1943; = vandeldeni Kalis, 1933; = vorkeinus Röber, 1866; = wentholti Martin, 1914; = woodlarkiana Fruhstorfer, 1907)
  • Danaus melanippus (Cramer, 1777) (original = Papilio melanippus Cramer, 1777; = hegesippus Cramer, 1777; = lotis Cramer, 1779; = thoe Hübner, 1816; = edmondii Bougainville, 1837; = nesippus C. Felder, 1862; = eurydice Butler, 1884; = celebensis Staudinger, 1889; = erebus, Röber, 1891 ; = haruhasa Doherty, 1891; = pietersii Doherty, 1891; = taimanu Doherty, 1891; = fruhstorferi Röber, 1897; = keteus Hagen, 1898; = indicus Fruhstorfer, 1899; = malossona Fruhstorfer, 1899; = lotina Fruhstorfer, 1904; = umbrosus Fruhstorfer, 1906; = philozigetes Fruhstorfer, 1907; = mezentius Fruhstorfer, 1910; = meridionigra Martin, 1913; = edwardi Van Eecke, 1914; = insularis Moulton, 1921; = albescens Röber, 1927; = kotoshonis Matsumara, 1929; = camorta Evans, 1932)
  • Danaus eresimus (Cramer, 1777) (original = Papilio eresimus Cramer, 1777; = ares d'Almeida, 1944; = asclepidea Fabricius, 1938; = dilucida Forbes, 1939; = erginus Godman & Salvin, 1897; = estevana Talbot, 1943; = icensis Fuchs, 1954; = montezuma Talbot, 1943; = tethys Forbes, 1943)
  • Danaus plexaure (Godart, 1819) (original = Danais plexaure Godart, 1819; = brasiliensis Capronnier, 1874)
  • Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1775) (original = Papilio gilippus Cramer, 1775; = berenice Cramer, 1779; = vincedoxici Hübner, 1816; = vincetoxici Hübner, 1816; = cleothera Godart, 1819; = manuja Eschscholtz, 1821; = xanthippus Felder & Felder, 1860; = thersippus Bates, 1863; = jamaicensis Bates, 1864; = strigosa Bates, 1864; = hermippus Felder & Felder, 1865; = nivosus Godman & Salvin, 1897; = esperanza Hoffman, 1924; = centralis Joicey & Talbot, 1925; = kempfferi Hall, 1925; = kerri Comstock, 1925; = vincetoxici Fabricius, 1938; = candidus Clark, 1941; = gilippina Hoffman, 1940; = wheeleri Talbot, 1943; = roedingeri Fuchs, 1954)
  • Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (original = Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758; = albinus Lanz, 1896; = amplifascia Talbot, 1943; = anomala Dufrane, 1948; = asclepiadis Gagliardi, 1811; = auriflava Van Eecke, 1914; = axantha Hayward, 1922; = bataviana Moore, 1883; = bipunctata Dufrane, 1948; = bowringi Moore, 1883; = candidata Hayward, 1922; = chrysipellus Strand, 1910; = clarippus Weymer, 1884; = completa Dufrane, 1948; = cratippus Felder, 1860; = deficiens Dufrane, 1948; = duplicata Dufrane, 1948; = duponti Dufrane, 1948; = evanescens Storace, 1949; = fuscippus Van Eecke, 1915; = gelderi Snellen, 1891; = hanoiensis Dufrane, 1948; = hypermnestra Stoneham, 1958; = impunctata Dufrane, 1948; = infumata Aurivillius, 1898; = joannisi Dufrane, 1948; = kanariensis Fruhstorfer, 1898; = lemeemagdalenae Lemeé, 1950; = limbata Matsumura, 1929; = luxurians Dufrane, 1948; = margarita Röber, 1926; = orientis Aurivillius, 1909; = ornata Dufrane, 1948; = petilia Stoll, 1790; = praealbata Froreich, 1928; = pseudopetilea Kalis, 1933; = radiata Dufrane, 1948; = reducta Dufrane, 1948; = rubra Van Eecke, 1915; = semialbinus Strand, 1910; = subpurpurea Matsumura, 1929; = subreducta Dufrane, 1948; = vigelii Heylaerts, 1884; = witteellus Overlaet, 1955; = yuchingkini Murayama & Shimonoya, 1960 (hybrid D. chrysippus × D. genutia)
    • Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Danaus chrysippus aegyptius (Schreber, 1759) (original = Papilio aegyptius Schreber, 1759; = Danaus chrysippus klugii Butler, 1886; = Papilio alcippus Cramer, 1777; = Danaus chrysippus liboria Hulstaert, 1931; = Danaus chrysippus alcippoides Moore, 1883; = Danaus chrysippus dorippus Klug, 1845; = Danaus chrysippus transiens Suffert, 1900)

Referencias

• Ackery, P. & Vane-Wright, R. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. London: British Museum (Natural History.
• Jiggins, F. M.; Hurst, G. D. D.; Jiggins, C. D.; Schulenburg, J. H. G. v. D. & Majerus, M. E. N. 2000. The butterfly Danaus chrysippus is infected by a male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium. Parasitology 120(5): 439–446. doi 10.1017/S0031182099005867 (resumen HTML)
• Lushai, G., Goulson, D., Allen, J.A., Maclean, N., Smith, D.A.S., & Gordon, I.J. 2003. Incomplete sexual isolation in sympatry between subspecies of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus) and the creation of a hybrid zone. Heredity, 90(3), 236-246.
• Smith, D. A. S., Gordon, I. J., Lushai, G., Goulson, D., Allen, J. A., & Maclean, N. 2002. Hybrid queen butterflies from the cross Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus) × D. gilippus (Cramer): Confirmation of species status for the parents and further support for Haldane's Rule. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 76(4), 535-544.
• Smith, D. A. S., Lushai, G., & Allen, J. A. A. 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 144(2), 191-212.

• Datos: Q662991
• Multimedia: Danaus / Q662991
• Especies: Danaus