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Revisión del 13:05 29 dic 2017

Ben Barres
Información personal
Nombre de nacimiento Barbara Barres Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Nacimiento 13 de septiembre de 1954 Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
West Orange (Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos) Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Fallecimiento 27 de diciembre de 2017 Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata (63 años)
Stanford (Estados Unidos) Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Causa de muerte Cáncer de páncreas Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Nacionalidad Estadounidense
Lengua materna Inglés Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Educación
Educado en
Supervisor doctoral David P. Corey Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Información profesional
Ocupación Neurocientífico y neurobiólogo Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Área Neurociencia Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Empleador
Miembro de
Sitio web med.stanford.edu/profiles/Ben_Barres Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Distinciones
[editar datos en Wikidata]

Ben A. Barres (13 de septiembre de 1954–27 de diciembre de 2017)[1]​ fue un neurobiólogo estadounidense de la Universidad Stanford.[2]​ Investigó la interacción entre las neuronas y las células gliales en el sistema nervioso. En 1997, transicionó a hombre, convirtiéndose en el primer científico abiertamente transgénero de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Estados Unidos en 2013.[3]​ Desde 2008, fue catedrático del Departamento de Neurobiología de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Stanford.

Early life and education

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Barres was born in West Orange, New Jersey, and was assigned female and named Barbara. His father was a salesman. Attending a West Orange school, he excelled in Mathematics and Science and was impressed by his eighth-grade teacher Jeffrey Davis.[4]​[5]​ He obtained a Bachelor of Science in Biology from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a medical degree (MD) from Dartmouth Medical School, Neurology residency training at Weill Cornell, and a doctorate (PhD) in Neurobiology from Harvard University.[6]​ He did his postdoctoral training at University College London under Martin Raff. In 1993, he joined the faculty of Neurobiology at the Stanford School of Medicine. In 1997,[7]​ he transitioned to male, and has published on Sexism in the Sciences. In 2008, he was appointed to the Chair of Neurobiology.[2]​

Research

Barres joined the neurobiology faculty at Stanford University in 1993. His academic appointments included Professor of Neurobiology, Developmental Biology, Neurology & Neurological Sciences, and (by courtesy) of Ophthalmology. He became a member of the Bio-X institute, member of the Child Health Research Institute, member of the Stanford Neurosciences Institute, and a faculty fellow of the Stanford ChEM-H. He was appointed as the chair of Neurobiology at the Stanford University School of Medicine in 2008.

Barres authored or co-authored over 160 publications. His studies were published in journals such as Nature Neuroscience and Cell.[8]​

His research involved studying mammalian glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS), including the exploration of their function and development.

Some of his earliest work studied vertebrate nervous system development, including how and why many neurons fail to survive shortly after forming connections with their targets. These studies investigated how this programmed cell death, apoptosis, occurred in such a tremendous scale.[9]​ Additionally, he studied processes such as the prerequisites for and consequences of axon myelination, and the interactions of various signaling molecules such as thyroid-hormone and retinoic acid within the formation of glial cells including oligodendrocytes.[10]​[11]​

Near the turn of the 21st century he continued his studies of glial cells and the mechanisms behind their ability to generate new neurons. He studied control of synapses by glia, and the differentiation of astrocytes by endothelial cells. He investigated the role of the protein Id2 in the control of oligodendrocyte development, primarily by allowing these glia to differentiate at properly regulated times, and established that removing this protein led to premature oligodendrocyte maturation.[12]​

These early investigations established Barres reputation in the study of glial cells. Barres discovered early in his time at Stanford the importance of glial cells in the formation, development, maturation, and regeneration of neurons.[cita requerida] Additionally he determined glial cells' role in their ability to go beyond nurturing neurons, rather destroying them instead.[cita requerida] His lab also discovered and developed methods for the purification and culturing of retinal ganglion cells and the glial cells in which they interact, including the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes of the optic nerve.[cita requerida]

In the 2010s Barres's research focused on using techniques such as immunopanning, immunohisochemistry, tissue culturing, and patch clamping to: 1) understand the cell-to-cell interactions in the developmental regulation of nodes of Ranvier and myelin sheaths; 2) determine to what extent glial cells play a role in synapse formation and function of synapses; 3) identify the signals that promote retinal ganglia growth and survival, and how such knowledge of these signals could be regenerated post-trauma; 4) identify the functions and developmental mechanisms of gray matter astrocytes. In these objectives, his lab discovered a number of novel glial signals for the induction of myelination, axonal sodium channel clustering, and synapse formation processes. Additionally, his lab has characterized these processes and the exact identity of these novel signals.[13]​

Experience of sexism

Barres described experiences of gender discrimination in MIT. After solving a difficult math problem that stumped many male students, one charged that it was solved for him by a boyfriend. He was the top student in the class, but found it hard to get a willing supervisor for research. He lost a scholarship to a man who had only one publication, while he already had six.[14]​ While earning a PhD at Harvard, he was told that he was to win a scientific competition, which was evidently between him and one man; the Dean confided to him, “I have read both applications, and it’s going to be you; your application is so much better.” But the award was given to the man, who dropped out of science a year later.[15]​

After transitioning, he noticed that people who were not aware of his transgender status treated him with respect much more than when he presented as a woman.[16]​ After delivering his first seminar as a man, one scientist was overheard to comment, “Ben Barres gave a great seminar today, but his work is much better than his sister’s [believing Barbara to be his sister] work.”[17]​ In 2012, he recollected the events of his sex change as:[18]​

Barres was critical of Lawrence Summers and others who have claimed that one reason there are fewer women than men in science and engineering professorships might be that fewer women than men had the very high levels of "intrinsic aptitude" that such jobs required.[16]​ He speaks and writes openly about being a trans man and his experiences transitioning gender identity in 1997,[19]​ and his experiences of being treated differently as a female scientist versus a male scientist.[20]​

Barres directed a series of "open questions" to Steven Pinker and Harvey Mansfield in a formal address at Harvard, challenging the data supporting their arguments.[21]​

Awards and honors

Barres' research awards include a Life Sciences Research Fellowship, the Klingenstein Fellowship Award, a McKnight Investigator Award,[22]​ and a Searle Scholar Award. He has also won teaching awards: the Kaiser Award for Excellence in Teaching, and the Kaiser Award for Innovative and Outstanding Contributions to Medical Education. In 2008 he received the Mika Salpeter Lifetime Achievement Award.[23]​ He is inducted member of the Reeve Foundation International Research Consortium on Spinal Cord Injury.[24]​ He is a co-founder of Annexon Biosciences, Inc., a company making drugs to block neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's and other neurological diseases.[25]​ He is member and elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2011.[26]​ In 2013 he was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences,[27]​ becoming the first openly transgender member.[3]​ Along with Tom Jessell, he was awarded the Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience at the Society for Neuroscience (SfN) 2016 conference in San Diego.[28]​

Bibliography

See also

Referencias

  1. ↑ «Neuroscientist Ben Barres, who identified crucial roles of glial cells, dies at 63». News Center (en inglés). Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2017. 
  2. ↑ a b «Ben Barres Professor of Neurobiology, of Developmental Biology and of Neurology». Stanford School of Medicine. Consultado el 11 de octubre de 2014. 
  3. ↑ a b Trans News Editors (11 de mayo de 2013). «Neurobiologist Becomes First Transgender Scientist Selected For U.S. National Academy of Science Membership». Transnews (Trans Media Network). Consultado el 11 October 2014. 
  4. ↑ Krattenmaker, Tom (10 March 1999). «The Highest Art». Princeton University. Consultado el 12 October 2014. 
  5. ↑ «A Conversation with Dr. Ben Barres». The Travis Roy Foundation. Archivado desde el original el 6 de septiembre de 2015. Consultado el 3 July 2015. 
  6. ↑ NIH, (Oct. 2008). Ben A. Barres, M.D., Ph.D. (enlace roto disponible en este archivo).
  7. ↑ http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/News/News.html
  8. ↑ «Ben Barres | Stanford Medicine Profiles». med.stanford.edu. Consultado el 28 de noviembre de 2017. 
  9. ↑ Raff, Martin C. (October 1993). «Programmed Cell Death and the Control of Cell Survival: Lessons from the Nervous System». Science 262: 695-700 – via JSTOR. 
  10. ↑ Barres, Ben (Sep 1994). «Axon myelination. Myelination without myelin-associated glycoprotein.». Curr. Biol. 9: 847-850 – via PubMed. 
  11. ↑ «A novel role for thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids and retinoic acid in timing oligodendrocyte development.». Development 120: 1097-1108. May 1994 – via PubMed. 
  12. ↑ Wang, Songli; Sdrulla, Andrei; Johnson, Jane (March 2001). «A role for the helix-loop-helix protein Id2 in the control of oligodendrocyte development.». Neuron 29: 603-614 – via Elsevier Science Direct. 
  13. ↑ «Ben Barres | Stanford Medicine Profiles». med.stanford.edu. Consultado el 28 de noviembre de 2017. 
  14. ↑ Begley, Sharon (13 July 2006). «He, Once a She, Offers Own View On Science Spat». The Wall Street Journal. Consultado el 11 October 2014. 
  15. ↑ Dean, Cornelia (18 July 2006). «Dismissing ‘Sexist Opinions’ About Women’s Place in Science». The New York Times. Consultado el 11 October 2014. 
  16. ↑ a b Vedantam, Shankar (13 July 2003). «Male Scientist Writes of Life as Female Scientist». The Washington Post. Consultado el 11 October 2014. 
  17. ↑ «Transgender Experience Led Stanford Scientist To Critique Gender Difference». ScienceDaily. 14 July 2006. Consultado el 11 October 2014. 
  18. ↑ Maddox, Sam. «Barres Elected To National Academy of Sciences». Reeve Foundation. Consultado el 11 October 2014. 
  19. ↑ Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner (2009) SuperFreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance p.47
  20. ↑ Sharon Begley, (July 13, 2006). He, Once a She, Offers Own View On Science Spat. Wall Street Journal
  21. ↑ Ben Barres, (March 17, 2008). "Some Reflections on the Dearth of Women in Science", Harvard University.
  22. ↑ Strobel, Gabrielle (2010). Research Funding in Neuroscience: A Profile of the McKnight Endowment Fund. Academic Press. pp. 77-. ISBN 9780080466538. 
  23. ↑ Bates, Mary (27 February 2013). «Ben Barres: Glial Detective». BrainFacts.org. Society for Neuroscience. 
  24. ↑ Maddox, Sam. «Stanford Scientist Ben Barres Joins Reeve Research Consortium». Reev Foundation. Consultado el 11 October 2014. 
  25. ↑ «Executive Profile Ben Barres M.D., Ph.D.». Bloomberg Businessweek. Consultado el 11 October 2014. 
  26. ↑ AAAS staff (6 December 2011). «AAAS Members Elected as Fellows». AAAS. Consultado el 12 October 2014. 
  27. ↑ «National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected». National Academy of Sciences. Consultado el 11 October 2014. 
  28. ↑ «Society for Neuroscience». www.sfn.org (en inglés). Consultado el 23 de enero de 2017. 

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