Usuario:Enmanuel/Taller/Relaciones entre Corea del Sur y Estados Unidos

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Relaciones Corea del Sur-Estados Unidos
Bandera de Corea del Sur
Bandera de Estados Unidos
     Corea del Sur
     Estados Unidos
Misión diplomática
Embajada de Corea del Sur en Washington D.C. Embajada de Estados Unidos en Seúl
Representantes
Embajador Ahn Ho-Young Embajador Harry B. Harris Jr.
Información
Inicio de relaciones 1950

Las relaciones entre Corea del Sur y Estados Unidos (en hangul, 한미 관계; en hanja, 韓美 關係; romanización revisada del coreano, Hanmi gwangye; McCune-Reischauer, Hanmi kwan'gye) han sido extensas desde 1950, cuando Estados Unidos ayudó a establecer el estado moderno de Corea del Sur, también conocida como la República de Corea, y luchó junto a Corea del Sur patrocinado por la ONU en la Guerra de Corea (1950-1953). Durante las siguientes cuatro décadas, Corea del Sur experimentó un tremendo crecimiento económico, político y militar, y redujo significativamente la dependencia de los Estados Unidos desde la administración de Roh Tae-woo hasta la administración de Roh Moo-hyun, Corea del Sur buscó establecer una hermandad con el gobierno estadounidense, lo que ha hecho que la relación entre Seúl y Washington esté sujeta a algunas tensiones, especialmente con los sentimientos antiestadounidenses de algunos coreanos. Sin embargo, las relaciones entre los Estados Unidos y Corea del Sur se han fortalecido mucho bajo el conservador, pro-Estados Unidos Lee Myung-bak administración. En la cumbre del G20 en Londres en 2009, el presidente de Estados Unidos, Barack Obama, llamó a Corea del Sur "uno de los aliados más cercanos y grandes amigos de Estados Unidos".[1]​ Además, Corea del Sur ha sido designada como un aliado importante no perteneciente a la OTAN.[2]​

Según una encuesta de servicio mundial de la BBC de 2014, el 58% de los surcoreanos ve la influencia de los Estados Unidos de manera positiva, mientras que el 28% lo ve negativamente; El 55% de los estadounidenses ve la influencia de Corea del Sur de manera positiva, mientras que el 34% lo ve negativamente. Corea del Sur es una de las naciones más proamericanas del mundo.

El nuevo embajador de Estados Unidos en Corea del Sur llegó a Seúl el 7 de julio de 2018. El puesto estaba vacante desde que el presidente Donald Trump asumió el cargo en enero de 2017. Harry Harris, ex jefe del Comando Pacífico del ejército estadounidense, ha expresado su determinación de trabajar como embajador para fortalecer la alianza entre los Estados Unidos y Corea del Sur.[3]​

South Korean President Moon Jae-in (left) and U.S. President Donald Trump (right) meet in Washington, June 2017.

Comparación de países[editar]

Lideres de Corea del Sur y Estados Unidos desde 1950

Harry S. TrumanDwight D. EisenhowerJohn F. KennedyLyndon B. JohnsonRichard NixonGerald FordJimmy CarterRonald ReaganGeorge H. W. BushBill ClintonGeorge W. BushBarack ObamaDonald TrumpSyngman RheeDemocratic Party (South Korea, 1955)Park Chung-heeChun Doo-hwanRoh Tae-wooKim Young-samKim Dae-jungRoh Moo-hyunLee Myung-bakPark Geun-hyeHwang Kyo-anMoon Jae-inEstados UnidosCorea del Sur

Antecedentes históricos[editar]

Guerra de Corea[editar]

Artículo principal: Guerra de Corea

Las escaramuzas y allanamientos transfronterizos en el Paralelo 38° se intensificaron hasta convertirse en una guerra abierta cuando las fuerzas norcoreanas invadieron Corea del Sur el 25 de junio de 1950.[4]​ La Guerra de Corea estalló cuando Corea del Norte invadió Corea del Sur. En respuesta, 16 países miembros de las Naciones Unidas, incluido Estados Unidos, salieron en defensa de Corea del Sur. Fue el primer conflicto armado importante de la Guerra Fría con un despliegue extenso de tropas estadounidenses y otras.[5]​

... Alrededor de 37,000 estadounidenses perdieron la vida. Lucharon por la libertad de los coreanos que ni siquiera conocían, y gracias a sus sacrificios, la paz y la democracia de la república estaban protegidas. ...En esta importante ocasión, todos los coreanos rinden homenaje a los héroes caídos en defensa de la libertad y la democracia. Creo firmemente que las futuras generaciones en ambos países avanzarán aún más en la sólida alianza Corea del Sur - Estados Unidos, esto, acorde con el espíritu de la nueva era .[6]​
Carta del presidente de Corea del Sur Lee Myung-bak, Los Angeles Times, 25 de Junio de 2010.

Orígenes de la alianza Corea del Sur - Estados Unidos[editar]

Tras el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Estados Unidos estableció una alianza bilateral con Corea del Sur en lugar de establecer una alianza multilateral con Corea del Sur y otros países de Asia Oriental.

Además, la "alianza de Estados Unidos con Corea del Sur tendría en consecuencia tres funciones: en primer lugar, serviría como parte de una red de alianzas e instalaciones militares diseñadas para hacer resonar la amenaza soviética en el Pacífico. En segundo lugar, disuadiría un segundo ataque norcoreano , con las tropas terrestres estadounidenses sirviendo como el "cable trampa" que garantiza la participación de Estados Unidos. En tercer lugar, impediría que el sur se involucre en el aventurerismo ".[7]​

Military alliance[editar]

American Soldiers and Korean War veterans honor fallen comrades
Artículo principal: Aliado importante extra-OTAN

South Korea and the United States agreed to a military alliance in 1953.[8]​ They called it "the relationship forged in blood".[9]​ In addition, roughly 29,000 United States Forces Korea troops are stationed in South Korea. In 2009, South Korea and the United States pledged to develop the alliance’s vision for future defense cooperation.[10]​ Currently South Korean forces would fall under United States control should the war resume. This war time control is planned to revert to South Korea in 2020.[11]​

At the request of the United States, President Park Chung-hee sent troops to Vietnam to assist American troops during the Vietnam War, maintaining the second largest contingent of foreign troops after the United States. In exchange, the United States increased military and economic assistance to South Korea. President Roh Moo-hyun, despite having been elected on a liberal platform, also authorized dispatching a small contingent of troops to Iraq in 2004 at the request of President George W. Bush.

The Alliance is adapting to changes in the 21st Century security environment. We will maintain a robust defense posture, backed by allied capabilities which support both nations' security interests.... We will continue to deepen our strong bilateral economic, trade and investment relations.... In the Asia-Pacific region we will work jointly with regional institutions and partners to foster prosperity, keep the peace, and improve the daily lives of the people of the region.... The United States of America and the Republic of Korea will work to achieve our common Alliance goals through strategic cooperation at every level.[12]​
—The U.S. Government (June 16, 2009)

Since 2009 air forces of South Korea and the U.S.A. have conducted the annual joint exersices named "Max Thunder". In 2018 the drills began on May 11 and continued until May 17.[13]​

At a Cabinet meeting in Seoul on 10 July, 2018 the government has decided not to hold this year's Ulchi drill scheduled for next month.Government said the decision was made in line with recent political and security improvements on the peninsula and the suspension of South Korea-U.S. joint military exercises.[14]​

Issues[editar]

The Korean Bell of Friendship at Angel's Gate Park in Los Angeles, California

Since the end of the Korean War, South Korea and the United States have maintained strong ties.

Opinion polling[editar]

According to Pew Research Center, 84% of South Koreans have a favorable view towards the United States and Americans (ranked within top 4 among the countries in the world).[15]​[16]​ Also, according to a Korean Gallup poll, South Korea views the U.S. as the most favorable country in the world.[17]​ In the political side, the United States supported South Korea after 1945 as a "staunch bastion against communism", even when it was ruled by a dictatorship.[18]​ In a March 2011 Gallup Poll, 74% of South Koreans said that they believe that the U.S. influence in the world is favorable,[19]​ and in a November 2011 Gallup Poll, 57% of South Koreans approved of U.S. leadership, with 22% disapproving; by contrast, only 30% of South Koreans approved of China's leadership.[20]​

Americans are steadily viewing South Korea more positively as well, with the 2011 Gallup poll – a 65% favorability rating – being the highest rating to date.[19]​ Thus, the relationship between the two countries, as indicated by polling results, is steadily improving.

According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 58% of South Koreans view U.S. influence positively, the highest rating for any surveyed Asian country.[21]​

Environmental degradation[editar]

On February 9, 2000, the Eighth U.S. Army ordered twenty boxes of formaldehyde, a toxic fluid, dumped into the Han River. South Korean environmentalist groups protested that it could be harmful to aquatic life forms, but the U.S. military insisted that it was diluted with water. This incident was satirized in the 2006 South Korean monster film The Host, where a horrible mutated monster from the river menaces the inhabitants of Seoul.[22]​

Beef controversy[editar]

Véase también: 2008 US beef protest in South Korea

The Government of South Korea banned imports of U.S. beef in 2003 in response to a case of mad cow disease in Washington state. In 2008, the protests against U.S. beef recalled the student "pro-democracy" movements of the 1980s. Nevertheless, South Korea became the world's third largest U.S. beef importer in 2010. With its strong import growth, South Korea surpassed Japan for the first time to become the largest market for U.S. beef in Asia and in 2016 US beef imports in Korea reached a value of $1 billion.[23]​[24]​

Economic relations[editar]

Artículo principal: Free trade agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea

South Korea and the United States are important economic partners to each other. Nearly 60 billion dollars of trade volume between the two countries display the significant economic interdependence between the two states. However, according to the CRS report, South Korea is much more economically reliant on the United States than the United States is on South Korea. This is supported with the fact that the United States ranks first as a trading partner for South Korea.[25]​ However, a recent policy brief introduces the fact that the ratio of exports to the United States has declined significantly from around 40 percent to less than 20 percent in 2002 while the share of exports to China has increased drastically which led China to become the number one export destination for South Korea.[26]​ Although the economy of South Korea and the United States is becoming more integrated with the recent ratification of the KORUS Free Trade Agreement, there remains some major trade disputes between the two nations in the areas including telecommunications, automotive industry, intellectual property rights issues, pharmaceutical industry, and agricultural industry especially in terms of rice and beef.[25]​

Enlaces externos[editar]

Referencias[editar]

  1. ↑ President Obama Vows Strengthened U.S.-South Korea Ties (enlace roto disponible en este archivo). 2 Apr 2009. Embassy of the United States, Seoul
  2. ↑ Farberov, Snejana (6 July 2012). «Hillary Clinton flies into Kabul as U.S. declares Afghanistan major non-NATO ally». Daily Mail. Consultado el 28 de mayo de 2015. «Afghanistan becomes the 15th such country the U.S. has declared a major non-NATO ally. The list includes Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, New Zealand, the Philippines, South Korea and Thailand.» 
  3. ↑ https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180708_05/.  Falta el |título= (ayuda)
  4. ↑ Devine, Robert A.; Breen, T. H.; Frederickson, George M.; Williams, R. Hal; Gross, Adriela J.; Brands, H.W. (2007). America Past and Present 8th Ed. Volume II: Since 1865. Pearson Longman. pp. 819-821. ISBN 0-321-44661-5. 
  5. ↑ Hermes, Jr., Walter (1992) [1966]. Truce Tent and Fighting Front. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 2, 6-9. CMH Pub 20-3-1. 
  6. ↑ Desde Corea del Sur, una carta de agradecimiento 25 de Junio de 2010. Los Angeles Times
  7. ↑ Cha, Victor (Winter 2009–2010). Powerplay: Origins of U.S. Alliances in Asia. p. 174. 
  8. ↑ The ROK-US Mutual Defense Treaty (enlace roto disponible en este archivo). Embassy of the Republic of Korea in the United States
  9. ↑ Speeches of U.S. Ambassador, March 20, 2009 (enlace roto disponible en este archivo).
    … One of the first phrases I learned in Korean, I heard in Korean, when people talked about the US-Korea relationship, was 혈맹관계, "the relationship forged in blood." I remember how moved I was by that, by the passion which people used in talking about it. Our relationship, as you all well know, goes further back even than that …
    (March 20, 2009, U.S. Ambassador in the Republic of Korea)
  10. ↑ Joint Statement of ROK-US Foreign and Defense Ministers’ Meeting 07-21-2010. The Korea Times
  11. ↑ "US, South Korea agree to again delay handover of wartime operational control to Seoul."
  12. ↑ Joint vision for the Alliance of the Republic of Korea and the United States of America (enlace roto disponible en este archivo). June 16, 2009. The White House
  13. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-39656840/us-and-south-korea-carry-out-max-thunder-military-drill
  14. ↑ http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_Po_detail.htm?No=137694&id=Po.  Falta el |título= (ayuda)
  15. ↑ Opinion of the United States Pew Research Center
  16. ↑ South Koreans remain strongly pro-American Pew Research Center
  17. ↑ "한국에 긍정적 영향을 미친 국가는 미국 " 80.7% (80.7% Korean think US gave most positive influence to Korea)(en coreano)
  18. ↑ Stockwell, Eugene (1 de mayo de 1976). «South Korea's leader Communism's best ally?». The Gadsden Times. Consultado el 10 de abril de 2010. 
  19. ↑ a b «Archived copy». Archivado desde el original el 23 de noviembre de 2012. Consultado el 3 de marzo de 2013. 
  20. ↑ U.S. Leadership Approval Ratings Top China's in Asia Gallup (company)
  21. ↑ 2014 World Service Poll BBC
  22. ↑ Jon Herskovitz (7 de septiembre de 2006). «South Korean movie monster gobbles up box office». Reuters. Consultado el 2 de noviembre de 2006. Uso incorrecto de la plantilla enlace roto (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).
  23. ↑ S. Korea becomes world's third largest U.S. beef importer July 16, 2010. People's Daily
  24. ↑ US Meat Export Federation. «U.S. beef exports to Korea reach new heights; poised for further growth in 2017». Beef Magazine. Beef Magazine. Consultado el 8 November 2017. 
  25. ↑ a b Manyin, M. (2004). South Korea-U.S. Economic Relations: Cooperation, Friction, and Future Prospects. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved from https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/34347.pdf
  26. ↑ Noland, M. (2003). The Strategic Importance of US-Korea Economic Relations. International Economics Policy Briefs. Retrieved from http://www.iie.com/publications/pb/pb03-6.pdf

Further reading[editar]

  • Baldwin, Frank, ed. Without Parallel: The American-Korean Relationship since 1945 (1973).
  • Berger, Carl. The Korean Knot: A Military-Political History (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1964).
  • Chay, Jongsuk. Diplomacy of Asymmetry: Korea-American Relations to 1910 (U of Hawaii Press, 1990).
  • Chung, Jae Ho. Between Ally and Partner: Korea-China Relations and the United States (2008)
  • Cumings, Bruce. The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-1947 (Princeton UP, 1981).
  • Cumings, Bruce. ed. Child of Conflict: The Korean-American Relationship, 1943-1953 (U of Washington Press, 1983).
  • Dennett, Tyler. "Early American Policy in Korea, 1883-7." Political Science Quarterly 38.1 (1923): 82-103. in JSTOR
  • Denett, Tyler. Americans in East Asia: A Critical Study of the Policy of the United States with References to China, Japan, and Korea in the Nineteenth Century. (1922) online free
  • Harrington, Fred Harvey. God, Mammon, and the Japanese: Dr. Horace N. Allen and Korean- American Relations, 1884-1905. (U of Wisconsin Press, 1944).
  • Hong, Hyun Woong. "American Foreign Policy Toward Korea, 1945-1950" (PhD dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 2007) online bibliography pp 256–72.
  • Kim, Byung-Kook; Vogel, Ezra F. The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea (Harvard UP, 2011).
  • Kim, Seung-young, ed. American Diplomacy and Strategy toward Korea and Northeast Asia, 1882 - 1950 and After (2009) online
  • Lee, Yur-Bok and Wayne Patterson. One Hundred Years of Korean-American Relations, 1882-1982 (1986) online
  • Ryu, Dae Young. "An Odd Relationship: The State Department, Its Representatives, and American Protestant Missionaries in Korea, 1882—1905." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 6.4 (1997): 261-287.
  • Yuh, Leighanne. "The Historiography of Korea in the United States". International Journal of Korean History (2010). 15#2: 127–144.

External links[editar]


[[Category:South Korea–United States relations]] [[Category:Bilateral relations of the United States]] [[Category:Korea–United States relations]] [[Category:Bilateral relations of South Korea|United States]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

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