Georges Hébert

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Georges Hébert (* París, 27 de abril de 1875 - † Tourgéville, 2 de agosto de 1957) fue un instructor de educación física francés promotor de un nuevo método de entrenamiento, el Método Natural o Hébertism, contrario a la gimnasia sueca.

Como oficial de la Armada Francesa antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial, Hébert fue asignado a la aldea de St. Pierre en Martinique. En 1902 hubo una catastrófica erupción volcánica y Hebert heroicamente coordinó el escape y rescate de alrededor de setecientas personas. Esta experiencia tuvo un profundo efecto en él, y reforzó su creencia en que la habilidad atlética debe ser combinada con coraje y altruismo. Él desarrolló este ethos en su propio refrán, "Etre fort pour être utile" - "Ser fuerte para ser útil."

Hébert había viajado por todo el mundo y estaba impresionado por el desarrollo físico y las habilidades de los movimientos de los indígenas africanos y de otras regiones:

Sus cuerpos eran espléndidos, flexibles, exactos, hábiles, resistentes y, sin embargo, no habían tenido entrenamiento gimnástico sino sus vidas en la naturaleza.

[editar] english text

While still at sea, Hébert began to systematise a method of physical culture training patterned on the abilities of the indigenous peoples he had encountered.

Upon his return to France, Hebert became a physical education tutor at the College of Rheims, where he began to define the principles of his own system of physical education and to create apparatus and exercises to teach his "Natural Method". As well as the "natural" training regimens he observed in Africa, he was inspired by classical representations of the human body in Graeco-Roman statuary and by the ideals of the ancient Greek gymnasia.

Hebert's system rejected the sclerosis of remedial gymnastics and of the popular Swedish Method of physical culture, which seemed to him unable to develop the human body harmoniously and especially unable to prepare his students with the "moral requirements" of life.

In the same way, Hebert believed, by concentrating on competition and performance, competitive sport diverted physical education both from its physiological ends and its ability to foster sound moral values. [edit]

Body, Mind and Spirit

For George Hébert, influenced by the "noble savage" teachings of philosopher and educationalist Jean-Jacques Rousseau, only the observation of nature could lead people to the true methods of physical development. He wrote:[citation needed]

   The final goal 
   of physical education 
   is to make strong beings. 
   In the purely physical sense,
   the Natural Method 
   promotes the qualities 
   of organic resistance, 
   muscularity and speed, 
   towards being able to walk, 
   run, jump, move quadrupedally, 
   to climb, to walk in balance, 
   to throw, lift, defend yourself 
   and to swim.

   In the "virile" or energetic sense, 
   the system consists in having sufficient 
   energy, willpower, courage, coolness, 
   and fermeté ("firmness").

   In the moral sense, education, 
   by elevating the emotions, 
   directs or maintains 
   the moral fibre 
   in a useful and beneficial way.

   The true Natural Method, in its broadest sense, 
   must be considered as the result of these three particular forces;
   it is a physical, virile and moral synthesis. 
   It resides not only in the muscles and the breath,
   but above all in the "energy" which is used,
   the will which directs it 
   and the feeling which guides it.

Hébert defined the guiding principles and fundamental rules of the Natural Method as:

   With regard to the development of virile qualities,
   this is obtained by the execution of certain difficult
   or dangerous exercises requiring the development
   of these various qualities, 
   for example 
   while seeking to control the fear of falling,
   of jumping, of rising, of plunging, of walking 
   on an unstable surface, etc.

[edit]

Hébert's Legacy

George Hébert's teaching continued to expand between and during the two wars, becoming the standard system of French military physical education, and influencing both the German Turnverein ("gymnastics movement") and Anglo-Saxon sport.

He was also an early advocate of the benefits of exercise for women. In his work "Muscle and Plastic Beauty", which appeared in 1921, Hébert criticized not only the fashion of corsetry but also the physical inactivity imposed upon women by contemporary European society. By following the Natural Method of synthesized physical, energetic and moral development, he wrote, women could develop self-confidence, will-power and athletic ability just as well as their male counterparts.

Hébert wrote:[citation needed]

   A (Natural Method) session is composed 
   of exercises belonging to 
   the ten fundamental groups:
   
   walking,
   running,
   jumping,
   quadrupedal movement,
   climbing, 
   equilibrism (balancing),
   throwing,
   lifting,
   defending
   swimming.

   A training session consists,
  then, of exercises in an outdoor environment
  - a course of greater or lesser distance
  (a few hundred meters to several kilometers),
  during which, one walks, one runs, one jumps,
  one progresses quadrupedally, one climbs,
  one walks in unstable balance, one raises
  and one carries, one throws, one fights
  and one swims.

   This course can be carried out in 2 ways:

   1 - the natural or spontaneous way;
   i.e., on an unspecified route
   through the countryside.

   2 - within an especially
   designed environment.

   All of the exercises can be carried out
   while progressing through this environment.

   Finally, the session can last from 20 to 60 minutes.

Thus, Hébert was among the earliest proponents of the "parcours" or obstacle course form of physical training, which is now standard in the military and has led to the development of civilian fitness trails and confidence courses. In fact, woodland challenge courses comprising balance beams, ladders, rope swings and so-on are often still described as "Hebertism" or "Hebertisme" courses both in Europe and in North America. It may even be possible to trace modern adventure playground equipment back to Hébert's original designs in the early 1900s.

As a former sailor, Hébert may have patterned some of his "stations" on the obstacles that are found on the deck of a ship; he was also a strong proponent of "natural" or spontaneous training in non-designed environments.

The year 1955 marked the fiftieth birthday of the Natural Method and Hébert was named Commander of the Legion of Honor by the French Government, in recognition of his many services to his country.

In 1957, George Hébert, by then the victim of a general paralysis, cultivated the admiration of his entourage by relearning how to walk, speak and write. He died on August 2 of that year, but his legacy remains.

There are still schools and gymnasia throughout Europe that are promoting the Natural Method of physical training, some maintaining their own elaborate "parcours" in natural surroundings.

Most recently, the confluence of Hebert's teachings has influenced the development of Parkour as an "art of movement" in its own right

[editar] Bibliographie de Georges Hébert

• L'éducation physique ou l'entraînement complet par la méthode naturelle, Librairie Vuibert, Paris, 1912
• La Culture Virile et les Devoirs Physiques de L'Officier Combattant, Libairie Vuilbert, Paris, 1913
• Le Sport contre l’Éducation physique, Librairie Vuibert, Paris, 1946, 4e édition (1e édition. 1925)
• L'éducation physique et morale par la méthode naturelle. Tome I. Exposé doctrinal et Principes directeurs de travail, nombreuses illustrations, Librairie Vuibert, Paris, 1941-1942
• L'éducation physique virile et morale par la méthode naturelle. Tome II. Technique des Exercices. Technologie. Marche. Course. Saut. , Librairie Vuibert, Paris, 1942, 643 pp.
• L'éducation physique virile et morale par la méthode naturelle. Tome III. Technique des exercices. Fascicule 1. Quadrupédie., Librairie Vuibert, Paris, 1943, 244 pp.
• L'éducation physique virile et morale par la méthode naturelle. Tome III. Technique des exercices. Fascicule 2. Grimper., Librairie Vuibert, Paris, 1943, 244 pp.
• Marche et Sauts, 1942
• Grimper, 1943
• Equilibrisme, 1946

[editar] Enlaces externos

• Georges Hébert
• "L'Hébertisme, une autre idée du sport"
• Jean-Philippe Dumas: Aux origines de la „méthode naturelle”: Georges Hébert et l’enseignement de l’éducation physique dans la Marine française, Revue Internationale d'Histoire Militaire, No. 83
• Australia Parkourpedia, with youTube-Link.

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