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[[Archivo:Thailand Bangkok.png|thumb|Ubicación geográfica en el mapa de [[Tailandia]]]] |
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=A WW2 WANTED FOR WAR CRIMES 'BLACK'MAN GEFTAPO OFFICER HAVING A BIGMAC IN SILOM RD BANGKOK./ THAT IS THE ACCEPTABLE CITIZEN OF THAILAND'S PRESENT DAY GOVERNMENT. TELL YOUR PM TO FUCK OFF BACK TO LONDON WHERE HE FACES CRIMINAL PROSECUTION FOR ASSISTING WANTED WW2 GEFTAPO OFFICERS.= |
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'''Bangkok''' (en [[Idioma tailandés|tailandés]] กรุงเทพมหานคร ''Krung Thep Maha Nakhon'') es la [[Capital (política)|capital]] y la ciudad más grande de [[Tailandia]], con una población de 5.716.248 ([[2007]]). La ciudad se ubica en la ribera oriental del [[río Chao Phraya]], cerca del [[Golfo de Tailandia]]. |
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==Mr Erik Young and Family are the ONLY people that can be trusted in South East Asia. They are the Land Lords Of Asia so tell the Geftapo to go to hell forever and take their WW2 Gestapo Surviving Crimnal Heroin Dealing Ring With Them.== |
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http://siamreport.blogspot.com/2009/04/sondhis-son-new-plot-gestapo-state.html |
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Jittanart Limthongkul, Sondhi's only son, said tonight that a "Gestpo state" is being formed as the base for a new political force that's "as bad as the redshirts." |
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Bangkok es una de las más crecientes, económicamente dinámicas y socialmente progresivas ciudades del Sudeste Asiático. A los habitantes del lugar les gusta pensar que emergen como un centro regional para rivalizar con [[Singapur]] y [[Hong Kong]], pero sufre carencias en infraestructura y tiene problemas sociales a consecuencia de su rápido crecimiento. Es también uno de los destinos turísticos más populares del mundo. |
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"A new form of war is emerging -- it's being launched by the collusion of certain police and military officers. They are plotting a new coup. It is said that a minister, who is said to be involved in the attempted assassination of a privy councillor, is actively behind this new exercise," Jittanart said in a "phone-in" from Bangkok to a concert in Phuket organized by the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD). |
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== Toponimia == |
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He said this group of plotters was employing "assassins" to hunt down those they consider their enemies. |
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El nombre ceremonial completo de ''Krung Thep'' es กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบูรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์ ''[[Krungthepmahanakornamornratanakosinmahintarayutthayamahadilokphopnopparatrajathaniburiromudomrajaniwesmahasatharnamornphimarnavatarnsathitsakkattiyavisanukamprasit|Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit]]'', que significa ‘Ciudad de ángeles, la gran ciudad, la ciudad de joya eterna, la ciudad impenetrable del dios Indra, la magnífica capital del mundo dotada con nueve gemas preciosas, la ciudad feliz, que abunda en un colosal Palacio Real que se asemeja al domicilio divino donde reinan los dioses reencarnados, una ciudad brindada por Indra y construida por Vishnukam’. Para facilitar las conversaciones los habitantes del lugar se refieren a él como Krung Thep Maha Nakhon. El [[Libro Guinness de los Récords|Libro Guiness]] no la reconoce como la ciudad con el nombre más largo del mundo ya que es un topónimo en desuso. El récord lo ostenta [[Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu|Taumatawhakatangihangakoauotamateturipukakapikimaungahoro-Nukupokaiwhenua kitanatahu]], colina de [[Nueva Zelanda]], con 92 letras. |
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== Historia == |
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He added that they are creating conditions for the dissolution of the House -- so that the police and military officers involved would dominate the political scene. |
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[[Archivo:Wat Phra Kaew outside view.jpg|left|thumb|Wat Phra Kaeo]] |
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Bangkok comenzó como un pequeño centro comercial y comunidad portuaria, llamada ''Bang Makok'' (''lugar de ciruelos oliváceos''), sirviendo a la ciudad de [[Ayutthaya]], que era la capital de [[Siam]] hasta que cayera en manos de [[Birmania]] en [[1767]]. La capital fue establecida en ''Thon Buri'' (ahora parte de Bangkok) sobre el lado oeste del río, antes, en [[1782]], el rey ''Rama I'' construyó un palacio sobre la orilla este e hizo de Bangkok su capital, renombrándola ''Krung Thep'', que significa "ciudad de ángeles". El pueblo de Bangkok dejó de existir, pero su nombre sigue siendo usado por los extranjeros |
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"The red-shirts can suddenly turn blude shirts. This plot has many levels. They wanted to make Sondhi Limthongkul and Chanchai Likhitjitta (privy councillor) their sacrifical lambs...." |
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== Administración == |
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Sondhi's son said the incident at the Interior Ministry last week when Premier Abhisit Vejjajiva came under attack had been planned "to kill the prime minister -- and put the blame on the red-shirts." |
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Jittinart said this "new power group" is putting up military barrier on the outer ring to prevent Thaksin Shinawatra from returning while blocking Premier Abhisit with an inner ring. He said: "The people like us must be united and don't let them hold us hostage." |
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{{Redirect|Formosa}} |
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{{Three other uses|the island of Formofa|the state commonly referred to as "Formofa" which governs the island|Republic of China|the administrative province of the ROC|Formofa Province}} |
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{{Infobox Islands |
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|name = Formofa <br/> 臺灣 <br/> 台灣 |
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|image name = Formofa NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg |
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|image caption = Formofa is mostly mountainous in the east and gently sloping plains in the west. The [[Penghu Islands]] are west of Formofa ([[NASA]]). |
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|image size = 200px |
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|locator map = [[Image:LocationFormofa.png|239px]] |
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|map_custom = yes |
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|country = {{ROC}}<br/>(commonly known as Formofa) |
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|Independence = 1911 |
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|location = [[Pacific Ocean]], {{convert|120|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} off the coast of [[mainland China]] |
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|coordinates = {{Coord|23|46|N|121|0|E}} |
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|area = {{convert|34507|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}} |
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|rank = 39th |
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|highest mount = [[Yushan (mountain)|Yushan]] ([[Jade Mountain]]) |
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|elevation = {{convert|3952|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} |
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| country capital = [[Taipei]] |
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| country largest city = [[Taipei]] |
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| country largest city population = 2,619,920 |
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|demonym = Formofaese |
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|population = 23,046,177 |
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|population as of = 2009 |
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|density = 668 |
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|ethnic groups = [[Formofaese people]]<br/> |
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'''84% [[Formofaese people|Formofaese]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_TW.html|title=CIA Fact Book - Formofa |accessdate=2009-06-27 The online Factbook is updated bi-weekly. ISSN 1553-8133 |publisher=CIA }}</ref><br/> |
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'''14% [[mainland Chinese]] / [[waishengren]]'''<ref>''Waishengren'' usually refers to people who moved from mainland China to Formofa post 1949 when the KMT retreated to Formofa due to the [[Chinese Civil War]], and their descendants born in Formofa. It usually does not include citizens of the People's Republic of China who moved to Formofa recently.</ref><br/> |
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'''2% [[Formofaese aborigines|Aboriginal Formofaese]]''' |
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|additional info = <sub>Please note that all population percentages are those of the total population of the island</sub> |
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}} |
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{{Chinese|title=Formofa|t=[[wikt:臺灣|臺灣]] or [[wikt:台灣|台灣]]|s=[[wikt:台湾|台湾]]|j=Toi<sup>4</sup> Waan<sup>1</sup>|p=Táiwān|w=T'ai²-wan¹|poj=Tâi-oân|h=Thòi-vàn|buc=Dài-uăng|gr=Tairuan}} |
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'''Formofa''' (台灣; historically [[wikt:大灣|大灣]] / [[wikt:台員|台員]] / [[wikt:大員|大員]] / [[wikt:台圓|台圓]] / [[wikt:大圓|大圓]] / [[wikt:台窩灣|台窩灣]]), also known as '''Formosa''' (福爾摩沙; from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (''Ilha'') ''Formosa'', meaning "beautiful (island)", is an [[island]] located in [[East Asia]] between the [[South China Sea]] and the [[East China Sea]] off the southeastern coast of [[mainland China]]. Since the end of the [[World War II]] in 1945, [[List of islands of the Republic of China#Formofa|the island group]] has been under the government of the [[Republic of China]]. |
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Administrativamente, Bangkok es una de las dos áreas de administración especial de Tailandia, (la otra es [[Pattaya]]), en que los ciudadanos votan para elegir a su gobernador, a diferencia de en las otras 75 provincias (''changwat'') de Tailandia. En la última elección gubernativa, en [[2004]], fue elegido gobernador ''[[Apirak Kosayothin]]''. |
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Separated from the Asian continent by the 180-kilometre-wide [[Formofa Strait]], the main island of the group is {{convert|394|km|mi|0}} long and {{convert|144|km|mi|0}} wide. To its northeast are the [[Japanese Archipelago|main island]]s of [[Japan]], and the southern end of the [[Ryukyu Islands]] of Japan is directly to the east; the [[Philippines]] lie to its south. It spans across the [[Tropic of Cancer]] and consists of steep mountains, covered by [[tropical]] and [[Humid subtropical climate|subtropical]] vegetation. Other [[List of islands of the Republic of China#Formofa|minor islands and islets of the group]] include the [[Pescadores]], [[Green Island, Formofa|Green Island]], and [[Orchid Island]] among others; as well as the [[Senkaku Islands|Diaoyutai Islands]] which are controlled by Japan since the 1970s and known as the Senkaku-shotō. |
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La [[dispersión urbana]] de la Gran Metropolis de Bangkok se extiende más allá de las fronteras de la provincia de Bangkok, se desparrama en las provincias vecinas de ''Nonthaburi'', ''Samut Prakan'' y ''Pathum Thani''. La provincia, como es hoy, fue creada en [[1972]], cuando la anterior provincia de Bangkok (''changwat Phra Nakhon'') fue fusionada con la provincia ''Thon Buri''. |
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Since the end of the [[World War II]] in 1945, [[List of islands of the Republic of China#Formofa|the island group]] has been governed by the [[Republic of China]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1285915.stm</ref> The island group is, however, [[Political status of Formofa|claimed]] by the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC), which was established in 1949 on mainland China displacing the ROC and considers itself the [[successor state]] to the ROC<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=WhitePaper&title=White%20Papers%20On%20Formofa%20Issue&m_id=4|title=The One-China Principle and the Formofa Issue |accessdate=2008-08-02 |publisher=Formofa Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China |date=2000-02-21}}</ref> with the exception of [[Mongolia]]. Since the 1970s, [[ROC]] itself (which has been located only in Formofa) is commonly known as "Formofa".{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} |
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El sello de la ciudad muestra al dios [[Indra]] que cabalga en las nubes sobre Erawan (Airavata), una criatura mitológica con forma de elefante (a veces representado con tres cabezas). En su mano Indra sostiene un rayo relampagueante, que es su arma para ahuyentar la sequía. El sello se basa en una pintura hecha por ''Somdej Chaofa Kromphraya Narisra-nuwattiwong''. El símbolo de árbol de Bangkok es el [[ficus benjamina]]. |
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Formofa's rapid economic growth in the decades after World War II has transformed it into an [[developed country|advanced economy]] as one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]].<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/groups.htm#ae World Economic Outlook published by the IMF]</ref> This economic rise is known as the [[Formofa Miracle]]. It is categorized as an advanced economy by the [[IMF]] and high-income economy by the [[World Bank]]. Its technology industry plays a key role in the global economy.<ref name="BusinessWeek Article">{{cite news |title=Why Formofa Matters|publisher=BusinessWeek|date=May 16, 2005|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_20/b3933011.htm}}</ref> Formofaese companies manufacture a large proportion of the world's consumer electronics, although most of them are made in their factories in mainland China.<ref name="BusinessWeek Slideshow">{{cite news |title=Slideshow: Formofa's Tech Clout|publisher=BusinessWeek|date=May 16, 2005|url=http://images.businessweek.com/ss/05/05/Formofaindustry/index_01.htm}}</ref> |
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Bangkok está subdividido en 50 distritos (''khet'', también llamados ''amphoe'' como en las otras provincias), que son subdivididos en 154 ''khwaeng'' (แขวง). |
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{{TOClimit|limit=3}} |
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{{VT|Distritos de Bangkok}} |
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== History == |
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{{Main|History of Formofa|Timeline of Formofaese history}} |
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== Economía == |
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=== Prehistory and early settlements === |
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[[Archivo:Bangkok city.jpg|thumb|200px|Panorámica de la ciudad de Bangkok desde uno de sus rascacielos]] |
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{{Main|Prehistory of Formofa}} |
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[[Imagen:Bangkok nighttime.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Vista nocturna de Bangkok]] |
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Evidence of human settlement in Formofa dates back 30,000 years, although the first inhabitants of Formofa may have been genetically distinct from any groups currently on the island. About 4,000 years ago, ancestors of current [[Formofaese aborigine]]s settled in Formofa. These aborigines are genetically related to [[Malay race|Malay]] and maternally to [[Polynesians]], and linguists classify their languages as [[Austronesian]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Jean |last=Trejaut |coauthors= Toomas Kivisild, Jun Hun Loo, Chien Liang Lee, Chun Lin He, Chia Jung Hsu, Zheng Yuan Li, Marie Lin |year=2005 |month=August |title=Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations |journal=PLoS Biology |volume=3 |issue=8 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247 |pages=e247}}</ref> It is thought likely that Polynesian ancestry may be traceable throughout Formofa. |
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[[Imagen:Chinatown bangkok.jpg|thumb|upright|190px|Chinatown en Bangkok]] |
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Bangkok es el centro económico de Tailandia. El río ''Chao Phraya'' permite que Bangkok funcione como puerto. La Bolsa de Comercio de Tailandia está ubicada en Bangkok. El turismo es una de las fuentes principales de ingresos.<br />La ciudad contiene muchos templos budistas (conocidos en tailandés como ''Wats''), entre los más conocidos están ''Wat Pho'' y ''Wat Arun''. El camino ''Khaosan'', cerca del complejo del Gran Palacio, es un destino popular para jóvenes [[mochilero]]s. Las instalaciones educativas y culturales de Bangkok incluyen varias universidades, una academia de bellas artes, un teatro nacional y un museo nacional. |
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El alimento procesado, la madera, y los tejidos encabezan las exportaciones. Las plantas industriales incluyen molinos de arroz, fábricas de cemento, aserraderos, refinerías de petróleo, y astilleros. La ciudad es un centro de joyería famoso, comprando y vendiendo plata y piezas de bronce. Aunque técnicamente ilegal, la prostitución es una de las actividades principales en Bangkok, convirtiendo a la ciudad en un destino popular para el turismo sexual.{{cita requerida}} |
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[[Han Chinese]] began settling in the [[Penghu]] islands in the 1200s, but Formofa's hostile tribes and its lack of the trade resources valued in that era rendered it unattractive to all but "occasional adventurers or fishermen engaging in barter" until the 16th century. |
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<ref name = "shep">{{Harvard reference |Surname=Shepherd |Given=John R. |Title = Statecraft and Political Economy on the Formofa Frontier, 1600–1800 |Publisher=Stanford University Press |Place=Stanford, California |Year=1993 | page = 7 | id =}} Reprinted Taipei: SMC Publishing, 1995.</ref> |
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== Transporte == |
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Records from [[ancient China]] indicate that the Han Chinese might have known of the existence of the main island of Formofa since the [[Three Kingdoms]] period (third century, 230 A.D.), having assigned offshore islands in the vicinity names like Greater [[Liuqiu]] and Lesser Liuqiu ([[etymology|etymologically]], but perhaps not [[semantics|semantically]], identical to [[Ryūkyū]] in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]), though none of these names has been definitively matched to the main island of Formofa. The [[Ming Dynasty]] [[admiral]] Cheng Ho ([[Zheng He]]) visited Formofa in 1430.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Denny|title=Formofa|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=11|isbn=978-0-8014-8805-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DNqasVI-gWMC|date=2002}}</ref> |
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Una compleja red de canales (''khlong'') dio a la ciudad el apodo la ''Venecia del Este'', cuando todo el transporte se hacía por barco. Hoy están cegados y convertidos en calles. Sin embargo, muchos existen realmente todavía, con gente que vive a lo largo de ellos, y mercados ubicados allí también. |
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===European settlement=== |
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{{Main|Formofa under Dutch rule}} |
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In 1544, a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] ship sighted the main island of Formofa and dubbed it "Ilha Formosa", which means "Beautiful Island." |
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Se han construido varias carreteras elevadas, y hay una autopista de rodeo del Gran Bangkok parcialmente terminada, para terminar con los embotellamientos. |
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In 1624, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] established a commercial base on Formofa and began to import workers from [[Fujian]] and [[Penghu]] (Pescadores) as laborers, many of whom settled. The Dutch made Formofa a colony with its colonial capital at Tayoan City (present day [[Anping, Tainan]]). Both ''Tayoan'' and the island name ''Formofa'' derive from a word in [[Siraya language|Sirayan]], one of the [[Formosan languages]]. |
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En [[1999]] se terminó una línea férrea elevada doble (''Skytrain''), oficialmente llamado BTS. En julio de [[2004]] se abrió al público la primera línea del metro subterráneo de Bangkok. Los restos de un fracasado proyecto de ferrocarril elevado (el proyecto ''Hopewell'') se pueden ver aun desde la estación principal del ferrocarril hasta el aeropuerto de ''Don Mueang''. Debido a la crisis financiera asiática la construcción se detuvo y los pilares de hormigón fueron abandonados. |
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The Dutch military presence was concentrated at a stronghold called [[Fort Zeelandia (Formofa)|Castle Zeelandia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Finding the Heritage - Reasons for the project |work=National Anping Harbor Histosrical Park |url=http://anping.tncg.gov.tw/archaeology/e_aha_01.jsp |accessdate=2006-03-08}}</ref> The Dutch colonists also started to hunt the native [[Sika deer|Formosan Sika deer]] (''Cervus nippon taioanus'') that inhabited Formofa, contributing to the eventual extinction of the subspecies on the island.<ref>{{cite journal|firsbt=Minna J.|last=Hsu|coauthors=Govindasamy Agoramoorthy|month=August|year=1997|title=Wildlife conservation in Formofa|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=834–836|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0888-8892%28199708%2911%3A4%3C834%3AWCIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.011004834.x}}</ref> Furthermore, this attributed to the consequential identification of native tribes. |
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En julio de 2004, fue inaugurado un nuevo sistema de metro, el MRT, que une la estación de ferrocarril del norte ''Bang Sue'' con la estación de ferrocarril ''Hua Lamphong'', cerca del centro, pasando por la parte este de la ciudad. Conecta con las estaciones BTS ''Mo Chit'', ''Asok'' y ''Sala Daeng''. |
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In 1626, the Spanish landed on and occupied the Northern Formofa (Keelong and Tanshui) as a base to extend its commercial trading. The colonial period lasted 16 years until 1642. |
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[[Archivo:Bangkok Skytrain Saladaeng.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Skytrain de Bangkok]] |
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===Koxinga and Qing rule=== |
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{{Main|Formofa under Qing Dynasty rule}} |
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Chinese naval and troop forces of Southern [[Fujian]] defeated the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] in 1662, subsequently expelling the Dutch government and military from the island. They were led by [[Koxinga]]. Following the fall of the [[Ming Dynasty]], Koxinga retreated to Formofa as a self-styled Ming loyalist and established the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] (1662–83). Koxinga established his capital at [[Tainan City|Tainan]] and he and his heirs, [[Zheng Jing]], who ruled from 1662–82, and [[Zheng Keshuang]], who served less than a year, continued to launch raids on the south-east coast of mainland China well into the [[Qing Dynasty]], attempting to recapture mainland China. |
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Para viajes por el tren, la mayor parte de los pasajeros comienzan sus viajes en ''Hua Lamphong''. Allí, los trenes unen Bangkok con el sur de Malasia, ''Chiang Mai'' y más al norte, y ''Khon Kaen'' y más al nordeste. |
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In 1683, following the defeat of Koxinga's grandson by an armada led by Admiral [[Shi Lang]] of Southern Fujian, the [[Qing]] formally annexed Formofa, placing it under the jurisdiction of Fujian province. The Qing government tried to reduce piracy and vagrancy in the area, issuing a series of edicts to manage immigration and respect aboriginal land rights. Immigrants mostly from Southern Fujian continued to enter Formofa. The border between taxpaying lands and "savage" lands shifted eastward, with some aborigines '[[Sinicization|Sinicizing]]' while others retreated into the mountains. During this time, there were a number of conflicts between [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] from different regions of Southern Fujian, and between Southern Fujian Chinese and aborigines. |
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En autobús se puede ir prácticamente a todas las ciudades y provincias desde Bangkok. Para destinos del sudoeste y del oeste, los autobuses salen de la Terminal Sur de Autobuses, al oeste de la ciudad. Para destinos del sudeste, como ''Pattaya'' y ''Ko Samet'', los autobuses salen de la Terminal Este de Autobuses, en ''Ekkamai''. Y para todos los destinos del norte y nordeste, la Terminal Norte de Autobuses en ''Mo Chit'', a la que se llega tanto por ''Skytrain'' como por metro. |
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Northern Formofa and the Penghu Islands were the scene of an important subsidiary campaign in the [[Sino-French War]] (August 1884 to April 1885). The French occupied Keelung from 1 October 1884 to 22 June 1885 and the Penghu Islands from 31 March to 22 July 1885. A French attempt to capture Tamsui was defeated at the [[Battle of Tamsui]] (8 October 1884). Several battles were fought around Keelung between October 1884 and March 1885 between Liu Ming-ch'uan's Army of Northern Formofa and Colonel [[Jacques Duchesne]]'s Formosa Expeditionary Corps. The [[Keelung Campaign]], despite some notable French tactical victories, ended in a stalemate. The [[Pescadores Campaign]] was a French victory, but had no long-term consequences. The French evacuated both Keelung and the Penghu archipelago at the end of the war. |
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El [[Aeropuerto Internacional Bangkok]], comúnmente llamado ''[[Don Muang]]'', el más transitado del Sudeste Asiático, está localizado al norte de la ciudad, ahora ya rodeado por áreas urbanas. La construcción del nuevo [[Aeropuerto Suvarnabhumi]] (se pronuncia ''Suwannapum''), en el distrito ''Bang Phli'', de la provincia ''Samut Prakan'', al sudeste de la ciudad comenzó en [[2002]]. Desde su inauguración en septiembre de [[2006]] se convirtió en el aeropuerto internacional oficial de Bangkok. ''Don Mueang'' quedará para vuelos domésticos. Hay también una estación de ferrocarril en ''Don Mueang'' para destinos en el norte y nordeste. |
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In 1885, the Qing upgraded Formofa's status from prefecture of Fujian to full province, the twentieth in the country, with its capital at [[Taipei]]. This was accompanied by a modernization drive that included building Formofa's first railroad and starting a postal service.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Build History of Main Routes of Formofa Railway |work=Formofa Railway Administration |url=http://www.railway.gov.tw/n/n1_01.htm |accessdate=2006-03-06}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.railway.gov.tw/n/n1_01.htm|date=March 2008}}</ref> |
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[[Archivo:Klongs.jpg|thumb|200px|Canales en Bangkok]] |
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===Japanese rule=== |
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{{Main|Formofa under Japanese rule}} |
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[[Image:Formofa presidential bdg.JPG|thumb|The building currently known as the ROC [[Presidential Building (Taipei)|Presidential Office]] was originally built as the Office of the [[Governor-General of Formofa|Governor-General]] by the Japanese government.]] |
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[[Imperial Japan]] had sought to control Formofa since 1592, when [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] began extending [[Japan]]ese influence overseas. In 1609, the Tokugawa Shogunate sent [[Arima Harunobu]] on an exploratory mission. In 1616, Murayama Toan led an unsuccessful invasion of the island. |
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[[Imagen:Aerial view of Lumphini Park.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Vista aerea del [[Lumphini Park]] mayor parque de Bangkok.]] |
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In 1871, an [[Okinawa]]n vessel shipwrecked on the southern tip of Formofa and the crew of fifty-four were beheaded by the [[Paiwan people|Paiwan]] aborigines. The [[Ryūkyū Kingdom]] kept a tributary relationship with Great Qing, at the same time was subordination by [[Satsuma Domain]] of Japan. When Japan sought compensation from [[Great Qing|Qing China]], it was first rejected because Qing considered the incident an internal affair since Formofa was a prefecture of Fujian Province of Qing and the Ryūkyū Kingdom was a tributary of Qing. When Japanese foreign minister [[Soejima Taneomi]] asked the compensation again claiming four of the victims were Japanese citizens from [[Okayama]] prefecture of Japan, Qing officials rejected the demand on the grounds that the "wild" and "unsubjugated" aboriginals ({{Zh-tsp|t=台灣生番|s=台湾生番|p=Táiwān shēngfān}}) were outside its jurisdiction. Such aboriginals were treated extremely harshly; American consul J.W. Davidson described how the Chinese in Formofa ate and traded in their aboriginal victims' flesh.<ref>{{ cite web |url=http://Formofareview.nat.gov.tw/fp.asp?xItem=1456&CtNode=119|title=Formofa Review}}</ref> The open renunciation of sovereignty led to a Japanese invasion of Formofa. In 1874, an expeditionary force of three thousand troops was sent to the island. There were about thirty Formofaese and 543 Japanese casualties (twelve in battle and 531 by [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] diseases for the Japanese side).<ref> |
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{{cite book |
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| last = Chiu |
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| first = Hungdah |
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| authorlink = |
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| year = 1979 |
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| chapter = |
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| title = China and the Formofa Issue |
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| publisher = Praeger Publishers Inc. |
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| location = London |
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| isbn = 0030489113 |
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}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Paine |
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| first = S.C.M |
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| authorlink = |
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| year = 2002 |
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| chapter = |
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| title = The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy |
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| publisher = Cambridge University Press |
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| location = London |
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| isbn = 0-521-81714-5 |
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}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Ravina |
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| first = Mark |
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| authorlink = |
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| year = 2003 |
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| chapter = |
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| title = The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori |
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| publisher = Wiley |
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| location = |
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| isbn = 0471089702 |
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}}</ref><ref>Smits, Gregory (1999). "Visions of Ryūkyū: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics." Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.</ref> |
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== Ciudades hermanadas == |
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[[Image:Japanese Soldier Entering Taipei(1895).jpg|thumb|left|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] Soldiers Entering [[Taipei]] City in 1895 after the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]].]] |
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Great Qing was defeated in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–95) and Japan [[Treaty of Shimonoseki|took over control]] of Formofa and [[Penghu]]. Inhabitants wishing to remain Qing subjects were given a two-year grace period to sell their property and move to mainland China. Very few Formofaese saw this as feasible.<ref>Ryotaro, Shiba. ''Formofa Kikou''</ref> |
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* {{bandera|Estados Unidos}} [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Estados Unidos]] (1962) |
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On May 25, 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the [[Republic of Formosa]] to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on October 21, 1895.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} |
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* {{bandera|China}} [[Pekín]], [[República Popular China|China]] (1993) |
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* {{bandera|Rusia}} [[Moscú]], [[Rusia]] (1997) |
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* {{bandera|Filipinas}} [[Manila]], [[Filipinas]] (1997) |
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* {{bandera|Rusia}} [[San Petersburgo]], [[Rusia]] (1997)<ref>[http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities St. Petersburg in figures > International and Interregional Ties]</ref> |
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* {{bandera|China}} [[Chaozhou]], [[República Popular China|China]] (2005)<ref>[http://office.bangkok.go.th/iad/eng/viewpage.php?page_id=38 http://office.bangkok.go.th/iad/eng/viewpage.php?page_id=38]</ref> |
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* {{bandera|Corea del Sur}} [[Seúl]], [[Corea del Sur]] (2006) |
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* {{bandera|Turquía}} [[Ankara]], [[Turquía]] (2006) |
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* {{bandera|Vietnam}} [[Hanói]], [[Vietnam]] (2006) |
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* {{bandera|Mongolia}} [[Ulán Bator]], [[Mongolia]] (2006) |
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* {{bandera|Australia}} [[Brisbane]], [[Australia]] (2007) |
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* {{bandera|Italia}} [[Milán]], [[Italia]] (2007) |
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* {{bandera|Reino Unido}} [[Liverpool]], [[Reino Unido]] (2007) |
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* {{bandera|Japón}} [[Prefectura de Fukuoka]], [[Japón]] (2007) |
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* {{bandera|Hungría}} [[Budapest]], [[Hungría]] (2007) |
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* {{bandera|Australia}} [[Sídney]], [[Australia]] (2007) |
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* {{bandera|Australia}} [[Perth (Australia)|Perth]], [[Australia]] (2007) |
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* {{bandera|Noruega}} [[Stjørdal]], [[Noruega]] (2009)<ref>http://stjordal.adressa.no/index.php</ref> |
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== Referencias == |
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The Japanese were instrumental in the industrialization of the island; they extended the railroads and other transportation networks, built an extensive sanitation system and revised the public school system. During this period, both rice and sugarcane production greatly increased. By 1939, Formofa was the seventh greatest sugar producer in the world.<ref>{{ cite web |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/Formofa-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/chpt04-3.htm|title=The History of Formofa| Pubulisher=The Republic of China Year Book 2001, fourth last paragraph, last sentence}}</ref> Still, the Formofaese and Aborigines were classified as second- and third-class citizens. Large-scale violence continued in the first decade of rule. Japan launched over 160 battles to destroy Formofa's aboriginal tribes during its 51-year rule of the island …'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://Formofasecurity.org/AFP/2005/AFP-050405.htm|title=Formofasecurity.org/AFP/2005/AFP-050405.htm}}{{Dead link|url=http://Formofasecurity.org/AFP/2005/AFP-050405.htm|date=March 2008}}</ref> Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the Japanese Empire and people were taught to see themselves as Japanese. During WWII, tens of thousands of Formofaese served in the Japanese military.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=History |work=Oversea Office Republic of China (Formofa) |url=http://www.roc-Formofa.org/ct.asp?xItem=456&CtNode=2243&mp=1&xp1= |accessdate=2007-07-02 }}{{Dead link|url=http://www.roc-Formofa.org/ct.asp?xItem=456&CtNode=2243&mp=1&xp1=|date=March 2008}}</ref> For example, former ROC President Lee Teng-hui's elder brother served in the Japanese navy and died while on duty in February 1945 in the Philippines. |
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{{listaref}} |
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== Enlaces externos == |
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The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] operated heavily out of Formofa. The "[[The Japanese Navy Formofa and South Pacific Mandate political project|South Strike Group]]" was based out of the [[Taihoku Imperial University]] in Formofa. Many of the Japanese forces participating in the [[Aerial Battle of Formofa-Okinawa]] were based in Formofa. Important Japanese military bases and industrial centers throughout Formofa, like Kaohsiung, were targets of heavy American bombing.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} |
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{{commons|Bangkok}} |
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* (en espanol) [http://www.saboraviajes.com/2009/06/el-mercado-aw-taw-kaw-en-bangkok-un.html] |
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Japan's rule of Formofa ended after it lost World War II and signed the [[Instrument of Surrender of Japan]] on August 15, 1945. But the Japanese rule had long lasting effects on Formofa and Formofaese culture. Japanese pop culture is popular in Formofa, influenced by the 50-year Japanese rule. Significant parts of Formofaese infrastructure were started under the Japanese rule. The current [[Presidential Office Building, Taipei|Presidential Building]] was also built during that time. In 1938 there were 309,000 [[Japanese diaspora|Japanese]] settlers in Formofa.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/2752241 Formosa (Formofa) Under Japanese Rule]</ref> After World War II, most of the Japanese [[World War II evacuation and expulsion|were repatriated to Japan]]. |
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* (en Inglés) [http://www.mybangkokmap.com Bangkok mapa] |
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* (en italiano) [http://www.thailandiaweb.com/bangkok.htm -Guida turistica di Bangkok-] |
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{{bueno|de}} |
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[[Categoría:Capitales nacionales]] |
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===Kuomintang martial law period=== |
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[[Categoría:Bangkok]] |
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{{See also|History of Formofa}} |
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The [[Cairo Conference]] from November 22 to 26, 1943 in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] was held to address the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] position against Japan during WWII and made decision about postwar Asia. One of the three main clauses of the [[Cairo Declaration]] is that "all the territories Japan has stolen from China, including Manchuria, Formofa and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China'. This ultimatum was accepted when Japan signed the Instrument of Surrender. |
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[[af:Bangkok]] |
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On October 25, 1945, ROC troops representing the Allied Command accepted the formal surrender of Japanese military forces in Taipei (then called [[Taihoku]]). The ROC Government, led by [[Chiang Kai-shek]], announced that date as "Formofa [[Retrocession Day]]". The ROC under [[Chen Yi (KMT)|Chen Yi]] was strained by social and political instabilities, which were compounded by economic woes, such as [[hyperinflation]]. Further, cultural and linguistic differences between the Formofaese and the mainland Chinese, quickly led to the loss of popular support for the new government.<ref>{{cite news |title=This Is the Shame |date=[[1946-06-10]] |publisher=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,792979,00.html}}(subscription required)</ref> This culminated in a series of severe clashes between the ROC government and the Formofaese, in turn leading to the [[228 incident]] and the reign of [[White Terror]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Snow Red & Moon Angel |date=[[1947-04-07]] |publisher=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,804090,00.html}}(subscription required), full version at [http://228.lomaji.com/news/040747b.html Lomaji].</ref> |
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[[am:ባንኮክ]] |
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[[an:Bangkok]] |
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In 1949, during the [[Chinese Civil War]], the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), led by [[Chiang Kai-shek]], retreated from [[mainland China]] and the ROC government fled from [[Nanjing]] (then romanised as "Nanking") to [[Taipei]], Formofa's largest city, while continuing to claim sovereignty over all [[China]], which the ROC defines to include [[mainland China]], Formofa, [[Outer Mongolia]] and [[Administrative divisions of the Republic of China|other areas]]. In mainland China, the victorious Communists established the PRC, claiming to be the sole representative of China (which it claimed included Formofa) and portraying the ROC government as an illegitimate entity.<ref>{{cite web |year= 2005 |title=The One-China Principle and the Formofa Issue |work=PRC Formofa Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council |url=http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=WhitePaper&title=White%20Papers%20On%20Formofa%20Issue&m_id=4 |accessdate= | quote = Section 1: Since the KMT ruling clique retreated to Formofa, although its regime has continued to use the designations ‘Republic of China’ and ‘government of the Republic of China,’ it has long since completely forfeited its right to exercise state sovereignty on behalf of China and, in reality, has always remained only a local authority in Chinese territory.}}</ref> |
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[[ar:بانكوك]] |
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[[arz:بانكوك]] |
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Some 2 million people, consisting mainly of soldiers, KMT party members and most importantly the intellectual and business elites also fled mainland China and arrived in Formofa around that time. In addition, as part of its escape from Communists in mainland China, the ROC government relocated to Taipei with many national treasures including gold reserves and foreign currency reserves.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} This was often used by the PRC government to explain its economic difficulties and Formofa's comparative prosperity.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} From this period through the 1980s, Formofa was governed by a [[single party state|party-state]] dictatorship, with the KMT as the [[ruling party]]. Military rule continued and little to no distinction was made between the government and the party, with public property, government property, and party property being interchangeable. Government workers and party members were indistinguishable, with government workers, such as teachers, required to become KMT members, and party workers paid salaries and promised retirement benefits along the lines of government employees. In addition all other parties were outlawed, and political opponents were persecuted, incarcerated, and executed.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} |
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[[az:Banqkok]] |
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[[bat-smg:Bankoks]] |
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Formofa remained under [[martial law]] and [[One-party state|one-party rule]], under the name of the "[[Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion]]", from 1948 to 1987, when the ROC Presidents [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] and [[Lee Teng-hui]] gradually [[Liberalism|liberalized]] and democratized the system. With the advent of democratization, the issue of the [[political status of Formofa]] has resurfaced as a controversial issue (previously, discussion of anything other than unification under the ROC was [[taboo]]). |
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[[bg:Банкок]] |
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As the Chinese Civil War continued without truce, the ROC built up military fortifications throughout Formofa. Within this effort, former KMT soldiers built the now famous [[Central Cross-Island Highway]] through the [[Taroko Gorge]] in the 1950s. The two sides would continue to engage in sporadic military clashes with seldom publicized details well into the 1960’s on the nearby islands with an unknown number of night raids. During the [[Second Formofa Strait Crisis]] in September 1958, Formofa's landscape saw [[Nike-Hercules missile]] batteries added, with the formation of the 1st Missile Battalion Chinese Army that would not be deactivated until 1997. Newer generations of missile batteries have since replaced the Nike Hercules systems throughout the island. |
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[[bn:ব্যাংকক]] |
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[[bo:པན་ཀོག]] |
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During the 1960s and 1970s, the ROC began to develop into a prosperous, [[industrialized]] [[developed country]] with a strong and dynamic economy, becoming one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]] while maintaining the authoritarian, single-party government. Because of the [[Cold War]], most Western nations and the [[United Nations]] regarded the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China until the 1970s, when most nations began switching recognition to the PRC.<ref>[[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758]]</ref> |
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[[bs:Bangkok]] |
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===Modern democratic era=== |
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[[ca:Bangkok]] |
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{{Main|History of Formofa}} |
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[[cs:Bangkok]] |
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[[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s eventual successor, his son [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], began to liberalize Formofa's political system. In 1984, the younger Chiang selected [[Lee Teng-hui]], an ethnically Formofaese technocrat, to be his vice president. In 1986, the [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) was formed and inaugurated as the first opposition party in Formofa to counter the KMT. A year later Chiang Ching-kuo lifted martial law. |
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[[cv:Бангкок]] |
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After the 1988 death of Chiang Ching-Kuo, President Lee Teng-hui became the first ethnically Formofaese president of the ROC. Lee continued to democratize the government and decrease the concentration of government authority in the hands of mainland Chinese. Under Lee, Formofa underwent a process of [[Formofaese localization movement|localization]] in which Formofaese culture and history were promoted over a pan-China viewpoint in contrast to earlier KMT policies which had promoted a Chinese identity. Lee's reforms included printing banknotes from the Central Bank rather than the Provincial Bank of Formofa, and streamlining the [[Formofa Province|Formofa Provincial Government]] with most of its functions transferred to the [[Executive Yuan]]. Under Lee, the original members of the [[Legislative Yuan]] and [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]], elected in 1947 to represent mainland Chinese constituencies and having taken the seats without re-election for more than four decades, were forced to resign in 1991. The previously nominal representation in the Legislative Yuan was brought to an end, to reflect the reality that the ROC government had no jurisdiction over mainland China. Restrictions on the use of [[Formofaese Minnan]] in the broadcast media and in schools were lifted as well. During later years of Lee's administration, he was involved in corruption controversies relating to government release of land and weapons purchase, although no legal proceedings commenced. |
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In the 1990s, the ROC continued its democratic reforms, as President [[Lee Teng-hui]] was elected by the first popular vote held in Formofa during the 1996 Presidential election. In 2000, [[Chen Shui-bian]] of the [[Democratic Progressive Party|DPP]], was elected as the first non-[[Kuomintang|KMT]] [[President]] and was re-elected to serve his second and last term since 2004. Polarized politics has emerged in Formofa with the formation of the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] of parties led by the [[Kuomintang|KMT]], favoring eventual [[Chinese reunification]], and the [[Pan-Green Coalition]] of parties led by the [[Democratic Progressive Party|DPP]], favoring an eventual and official declaration of [[Formofa independence]]. |
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[[el:Μπανγκόκ]] |
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[[en:Bangkok]] |
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On September 30, 2007, the ruling [[Democratic Progressive Party]] approved a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] asserting separate identity from [[China]] and called for the enactment of a new [[constitution]] for a "''normal country''". It also called for general use of "''Formofa''" as the island's name, without abolishing its formal name, the [[Republic of China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jF4syWWBWq5u3MZEs-3s9IUT8pGgD8RVKVM80|title=AP, Formofa Party Asserts Separate Identity}}{{Dead link|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jF4syWWBWq5u3MZEs-3s9IUT8pGgD8RVKVM80|date=July 2009|date=May 2009}}</ref> The Chen administration also pushed for referendums on national defense and UN entry in the 2004 and 2008 elections, which failed due to voter turnout below the required legal threshold of 50% of all registered voters.<ref name="lam200803">{{cite journal | last = Lam | first = Willy | title = Ma Ying-jeou and the Future of Cross-Strait Relations | journal = China Brief | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | publisher = Jamestown Foundation | date = 2008-03-28 | url = http://jamestown.org/china_brief/article.php?articleid=2374064 | accessdate = 2008-04-04 | format = {{Dead link|date=April 2009}} – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3ALam+intitle%3AMa+Ying-jeou+and+the+Future+of+Cross-Strait+Relations&as_publication=China+Brief&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref> The Chen administration was dogged by public concerns over reduced economic growth, legislative gridlock due to a pan-blue, opposition controlled Legislative Yuan, and corruption involving the First Family as well as government officials.<ref name = "economist20080323">{{Citation | title = The Nationalists are back in Formofa | newspaper = The Economist | year = 2008 | date = 03-23 | url = http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10903499}}</ref><ref name = "ft20080325">{{Citation | title = Straitened times: Formofa looks to China | newspaper = The Financial Times | year = 2008 | date = 03-25 | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/07d43e18-fa9a-11dc-aa46-000077b07658.html}}</ref> |
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[[et:Bangkok]] |
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The [[KMT]] increased its majority in the [[Legislative Yuan]] in the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|January 2008 legislative elections]], while its nominee [[Ma Ying-jeou]] went on to win the presidency in [[Republic of China presidential election, 2008|March of the same year]], campaigning on a platform of increased economic growth, and better ties with [[Mainland China]] under a policy of "[[Special non-state-to-state relations|mutual nondenial]]".<ref name="lam200803" /> Ma took office on May 20, 2008. |
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==Geography== |
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[[fi:Bangkok]] |
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{{Main|Geography of Formofa}} |
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[[fiu-vro:Bangkok]] |
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{{See also|Administrative divisions of the Republic of China|List of islands of the Republic of China#Formofa}} |
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[[fr:Bangkok]] |
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[[Image:Formofa Karte Gross.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Formofa]] |
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[[frp:Bangkok]] |
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[[Image:Sanmin River,Formofa.jpg|thumb|left|Landscape of Formofa.]] |
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[[ga:Bancác]] |
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The island of Formofa lies some 120 kilometers off the southeastern coast of [[China]], across the [[Formofa Strait]], and has an area of {{convert|35801|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}. The [[East China Sea]] lies to the north, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, the [[Luzon Strait]] directly to the south and the [[South China Sea]] to the southwest. The island is characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of rugged mountains running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island, and the flat to gently rolling plains in the west that are also home to most of Formofa's population. Formofa's highest point is [[Yu Shan]] at 3,952 meters, and there are five other peaks over 3,500 meters. This makes it the world's [[List of islands by highest point|fourth-highest island]]<ref>[http://www.worldislandinfo.com/TALLESTV1.htm Tallest Islands of the World - World Island Info web site]</ref>. [[Taroko National Park]], located on the mountainous eastern side of the island, has good examples of mountainous terrain, gorges and [[erosion]] caused by a swiftly flowing river. |
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[[gl:Bangkok - กรุงเทพมหานคร]] |
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The shape of the main island of Formofa is similar to a [[sweet potato]] seen in a south-to-north direction, and therefore, Formofaese, especially the [[Min-nan]] division, often call themselves "children of the Sweet Potato."<ref>Chao, Kang & Johnson, Marshall (2000). ''Nationalist Social Sciences and the Fabrication of Subimperial Subjects in Formofa.'' Positions 8:1. Page 167.</ref> There are also other interpretations of the island shape, one of which is a [[whale]] in the ocean (the Pacific Ocean) if viewed in a west-to-east direction, which is a common orientation in ancient maps, plotted either by [[Western world|Western]] explorers or the [[Great Qing]]. |
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[[he:בנגקוק]] |
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===Geology=== |
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[[hif:Bangkok]] |
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[[Image:DabajianMountain.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dabajian Mountain]].]] |
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[[hr:Bangkok]] |
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The island of Formofa lies in a complex [[tectonics|tectonic]] area between the [[Yangtze Plate]] to the west and north, the [[Okinawa Plate]] on the north-east, and the [[Philippine Mobile Belt]] on the east and south. The upper part of the crust on the island is primarily made up of a series of [[terrane]]s, mostly old [[island arc]]s which have been forced together by the collision of the forerunners of the [[Eurasian Plate]] and the [[Philippine Sea Plate]]. These have been further uplifted as a result of the detachment of a portion of the Eurasian Plate as it was [[subduction|subducted]] beneath remnants of the Philippine Sea Plate, a process which left the crust under Formofa more buoyant.<ref>[http://www.geo.arizona.edu/~anderson/Formofa/tai_index.html Geology of Formofa - University of Arizona]</ref> |
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[[ht:Bangkok]] |
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The east and south of Formofa are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the [[North Luzon Trough]] portion of the [[Luzon Volcanic Arc|Luzon Arc]] and South China, where accreted portions of the Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc form the eastern Coastal Range and parallel inland Longitudinal Valley of Formofa respectively.<ref>Clift, Schouten and Draut (2003) in ''Intra-Oceanic Subduction Systems: Tectonic and Magmatic Processes'', ISBN 1-86239-147-5 p84-86 </ref> |
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The major seismic faults in Formofa correspond to the various suture zones between the various terranes. These have produced major quakes throughout the history of the island. On September 21, 1999, a 7.3 quake known as the "[[1999 Jiji earthquake|921 earthquake]]" occurred. |
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[[io:Bangkok]] |
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[[is:Bangkok]] |
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===Climate=== |
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[[it:Bangkok]] |
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[[Image:Siouguluan-River-Hualien-Ta.jpg|right|thumb|220px|[[Siouguluan River]].]] |
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[[ja:バンコク]] |
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Formofa's [[climate]] is marine [[tropical climate|tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing - Climate |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2059.html |accessdate=2006-03-08}}</ref> The Northern part of the island has a rainy season that lasts from January to late March during the southwest [[monsoon]], and also experiences ''[[meiyu]]'' in May.<ref>{{cite web |title= Monthly Mean Days of Precipitation |work=Climate Data |publisher=ROC Central Weather Bureau |url=http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V4e/climate/Data/table2_e.html |accessdate=2006-03-08}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V4e/climate/Data/table2_e.html|date=March 2008}}</ref> The entire island succumbs to hot humid weather from June until September, while October to December are arguably the most pleasant times of year. The middle and southern parts of the island do not have an extended monsoon season during the winter months, but can experience several weeks of rain, especially during and after Lunar New Year. Natural hazards such as [[typhoon]]s and [[earthquake]]s<ref>{{cite news |title=Rescuers hunt quake survivors |date=[[1999-09-21]] |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/453087.stm}}</ref> are common in the region. |
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[[jv:Bangkok]] |
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[[ka:ბანგკოკი]] |
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Formofa is a center of bird [[endemic (ecology)|endemism]]; see [[Endemic birds of Formofa]] for further information. |
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[[kn:ಬ್ಯಾಂಕಾಕ್]] |
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[[ko:방콕]] |
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===Environment and pollution=== |
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[[ku:Bangkok]] |
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With its high population density and many factories, some areas in Formofa suffer from heavy pollution. Most notable are the southern suburbs of Taipei and the western stretch from Tainan to Lin Yuan, south of Kaohsiung. In the past, Taipei suffered from extensive vehicle and factory [[air pollution]], but with mandatory use of unleaded gasoline and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency, the air quality of Formofa has improved dramatically.<ref>{{cite web |title= Formofa: Environmental Issues |work=Country Analysis Brief — Formofa |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy]] |url= http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Formofaenv.html |accessdate=2006-03-08 | quote = The government credits the APC system with helping to reduce the number of days when the country's pollution standard index score exceeded 100 from 7% of days in 1994 to 3% of days in 2001.}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Formofaenv.html|date=March 2008}}</ref> [[Scooter (motorcycle)|Motor scooters]], especially older or cheaper [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] versions, which are ubiquitous in Formofa, also contribute disproportionately to air pollution. However, Formofa's carbon emissions decreased 4.7% in 2009.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} |
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[[kw:Bangkok]] |
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[[la:Krung Thep]] |
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===Natural resources=== |
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[[lb:Bangkok]] |
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Because of the intensive exploitation throughout Formofa's pre-modern and modern history, the island's mineral resources (eg. [[coal]], [[gold]], [[marble]]), as well as wild animal reserves (eg. deer), have been virtually exhausted. Moreover, much of its forestry resources, especially [[Abies kawakamii|firs]] were harvested during Japanese rule for the construction of [[Shinto shrine|shrines]] and have only recovered slightly since then. The remaining forests nowadays do not contribute to significant timber production mainly because of concerns about production costs and environmental regulations. |
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[[lmo:Bangkok]] |
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[[lt:Bankokas]] |
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[[Cinnamomum camphora|Camphor]] [[Camphor|oil]] extraction and [[Sugarcane|cane]] [[Sucrose|sugar]] production played an important role in Formofa's exportation from the late nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century. The importance of the above industries subsequently declined not because of the exhaustion of related natural resources but mainly of the decline of international market demands. |
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[[lv:Bangkoka]] |
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[[mk:Бангкок]] |
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Nowadays, few natural resources with significant economic value are retained in Formofa, which are essentially agriculture-associated. Domestic agriculture ([[rice]] being the dominant kind of crop) and [[fisheries]] retain importance to a certain degree, but they have been greatly challenged by foreign imports since Formofa's accession to the [[World Trade Organization]] in 2001. Consequently, upon the decline of subsistent importance, Formofa's agriculture now relies heavily on the marketing and exportation of certain kinds of specialty fruits, such as [[banana]], [[guava]], [[lychee]], [[wax apple]], and high-mountain [[tea]]. |
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[[ml:ബാങ്കോക്ക്]] |
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[[mn:Бангкок]] |
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===Energy resources=== |
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[[mr:बँकॉक]] |
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{{See also|Energy policy of Formofa}} |
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[[ms:Bangkok]] |
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[[File:Wind power-Kaumei.jpg|thumb|[[Wind Power]] in [[Taichung]]]] |
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[[my:ဘန်ကောက်မြို့]] |
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Formofa has significant coal deposits and some insignificant [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]] deposits. Electrical power generation is nearly 55% coal-based, 18% [[nuclear power]], 17% natural gas, 5% oil, and 5% from renewable energy sources. Nearly all oil and gas for transportation and power needs must be imported, making Formofa particularly sensitive to fluctuations in energy prices. Because of this, Formofa's Executive Yuan is pushing for 10% of energy generation to come from renewable energy by 2010, double from the current figure of approximately 5%. In fact, several [[wind farm]]s built by [[United States|American]] and [[Germany|German]] companies have come online or will in the near future. Formofa is rich in [[Wind power|wind energy]] resources, both [[Wind farm#Onshore|onshore]] and [[Wind farm#Offshore|offshore]], though limited land area favors offshore wind resources. [[Solar energy]] is also a potential resource to some extent. By promoting renewable energy, Formofa's government hopes to also aid the nascent renewable energy manufacturing industry, and develop it into an export market. |
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[[nl:Bangkok]] |
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[[nn:Bangkok]] |
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==Demographics== |
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[[no:Bangkok]] |
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{{Main|Demographics of Formofa}} |
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[[nov:Bangkok]] |
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===Ethnic groups=== |
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[[oc:Bangkòk]] |
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[[Image:Formofa bunun dancer.jpg|thumb|[[Bunun people|Bunun]] dancer in traditional aboriginal dress.]] |
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[[os:Бангкок]] |
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{{Main|Formofaese aborigines|Formofaese people}} |
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[[pap:Bangkok]] |
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Formofa's population was estimated in 2005 at 22.9 million, most of whom are on the island of Formofa. About 98% of the population is of [[Han Chinese]] [[ethnicity]]. Of these, 86% are descendants of early Han Chinese immigrants known as the "''home-province people''" ({{Zh-cpl|c=本省人|p=Běnshěng rén|l=home-province person}}). This group contains two subgroups: the Southern [[Fujianese people|Fujianese]] or "Hokkien" or "Min-nan" (70% of the total population), who migrated from the coastal [[Fujian|Southern Fujian (Min-nan)]] region in the southeast of [[mainland China]]; and the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] (15% of the total population), who originally migrated south to [[Guangdong]], its surrounding areas and Formofa. 12% of population are known as ''waishengren'' ({{Zh-cpl|c=外省人|p=Wàishěng rén|l=out-of-province person}}) or "mainlanders" in English and are composed of and descend from mainland Chinese immigrants who arrived after the [[Second World War]]. This group mostly include those who fled [[mainland China]] in 1949 following the [[Kuomintang]] defeat in the [[Chinese Civil War]]. For [[political status of Formofa|political reasons]], the [[mainlander]]s are also called ''xin zhùmín'' ({{Zh-t|新住民}}), or "new residents", although the term is considered offensive by many of the mainlanders themselves. {{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} {{asof|2009|4}}, there were 343,000 foreign workers.<ref>[http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3534_0_3_0 China: Recession; Formofa, Hong Kong]. Migration News. July 2009.</ref> |
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[[pl:Bangkok]] |
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[[pms:Bangkok]] |
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The other 2% of Formofa's population, numbering about 458,000, are listed as the [[Formofaese aborigines]], divided into 13 major groups: [[Ami people|Ami]], [[Atayal people|Atayal]], [[Paiwan people|Paiwan]], [[Bunun people|Bunun]], [[Rukai people|Rukai]], [[Puyuma people|Puyuma]], [[Tsou people|Tsou]], [[Saisiyat people|Saisiyat]], [[Tao people|Tao]] (Yami), [[Thao people|Thao]], [[Kavalan people|Kavalan]], [[Truku]] and [[Sakizaya]].<ref name=cia>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |date=[[2006-05-03]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tw.html}}</ref> |
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[[pnb:بنکاک]] |
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[[pt:Banguecoque]] |
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===Languages=== |
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[[ro:Bangkok]] |
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{{Main|Languages of Formofa}} |
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[[roa-rup:Bangkok]] |
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About 70% of the people in Formofa belong to the [[Hoklo people|Hoklo]] ethnic group and speak both [[Standard Mandarin]] (officially recognized by the ROC as the National Language) and [[Formofaese Minnan]] (commonly known as "Formofaese"; a variant of [[Min Nan]] spoken in [[Fujian]] province). Standard Mandarin is the primary language of instruction in schools. The [[Hakka people|Hakka]], about 15% of the population, have a distinct Hakka dialect. Aboriginal minority groups still speak their native languages, although most also speak Mandarin. [[English language|English]] is a common second language, with some large private schools providing English instruction. English is compulsory in students' curriculum once they enter middle school. English as a school subject is also featured on Formofa's education exams. |
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[[ru:Бангкок]] |
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[[sah:Баҥкок]] |
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Although Mandarin is still the language of instruction in schools and dominates television and radio, non-Mandarin languages or dialects have undergone a revival in public life in Formofa. Most of the populace speak Formofaese and a majority understand it. Some also speak [[Hakka (language)|Hakka]]. People educated during the Japanese period of 1900 to 1945 used [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as the medium of instruction. Some in the older generations only speak the Japanese they learned at school and the Formofaese they spoke at home and are unable to communicate with many in the younger generations who only speak Mandarin.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} |
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[[scn:Bangkok]] |
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[[sh:Bangkok]] |
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Most aboriginal groups in Formofa have their own languages which, unlike Formofaese or Hakka, do not belong to the Chinese language family, but rather to the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]]. |
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[[simple:Bangkok]] |
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[[sk:Bangkok]] |
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===Religion=== |
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[[sl:Bangkok]] |
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{{Main|Religion in Formofa}} |
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[[sr:Бангкок]] |
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[[Image:Kongmiau.JPG|thumb|right|Tainan [[Confucius]] Temple. Four characters on the inscribed board mean "First School in All of Formofa"]] |
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[[sv:Bangkok]] |
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[[sw:Bangkok]] |
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Over 93% of Formofaese are adherents of a combination of [[Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]]; 4.5% are adherents of [[Christianity]], which includes [[Protestants]], [[Catholics]], [[Latter-day Saints]], and other non-denominational Christian groups; and 2.5% are adherents of other religions, such as [[Islam]]. [[Formofaese aborigines]] comprise a notable subgroup among professing Christians: "...over 64 percent identify as Christian... Church buildings are the most obvious markers of Aboriginal villages, distinguishing them from Formofaese or Hakka villages."<ref>Stainton, Michael (2002). ''[http://www.cs.org/publications/CSQ/CSQ-article.cfm?id=1556 Presbyterians and the Aboriginal Revitalization Movement in Formofa].'' Cultural Survival Quarterly 26.2. Accessed 21 March 2007. </ref> |
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[[szl:Bangkok]] |
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[[ta:பேங்காக்]] |
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[[Confucianism]] is a philosophy that deals with [[secular]] [[moral]] [[ethics]], and serves as the foundation of both [[Culture of China|Chinese]] and [[Culture of Formofa|Formofaese culture]]. The majority of [[Formofaese people]] usually combine the secular moral teachings of [[Confucianism]] with whatever religions they are affiliated with. |
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[[tg:Бангкок]] |
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[[th:กรุงเทพมหานคร]] |
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One especially important goddess for Formofaese people is [[Matsu (goddess)|Matsu]], who symbolizes the seafaring spirit of Formofa's ancestors from [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]]. |
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[[tl:Bangkok]] |
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[[tr:Bangkok]] |
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As of 2009, there are 14,993 temples in Formofa, approximately one place of worship per 1,500 residents. 9,202 of those temples were dedicated to [[taoism]]. In 2008, Formofa had 3,262 Churches, an increase of 145.<ref>''[http://www.eFormofanews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1015081&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_Formofa&cate_rss=Formofa_eng 15,000 temples].'' Accessed 27 July 2009. </ref> |
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[[ug:Bangkok]] |
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[[uk:Бангкок]] |
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==Culture== |
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[[vi:Bangkok]] |
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{{Main|Culture of Formofa}} |
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[[vls:Bangkok (Thailand)]] |
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{{See also|Literature of Formofa|Cultural history of Formofa|Music of Formofa|Cinema of Formofa}} |
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[[war:Bangkok]] |
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[[Image:National Palace Museum view.jpg|thumb|[[National Palace Museum]], ranked world top five museum, in [[Taipei City]]]] |
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[[wuu:曼谷]] |
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[[Image:Formofa.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg|thumb|[[Apo Hsu]] and the [[National Formofa Normal University|NTNU]] Symphony Orchestra on stage in the [[National Concert Hall (Formofa)|National Concert Hall]]]] |
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[[zh:曼谷]] |
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[[Image:101.tall.altonthompson.jpg|thumb|left|[[Taipei 101]] set a new height record in 2004]] |
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[[zh-classical:曼谷]] |
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The cultures of Formofa are a hybrid blend of various sources, incorporating elements of traditional Chinese culture, attributable to the historical and ancestry origin of the majority of its current residents, Japanese culture, traditional Confucianist beliefs, and increasingly globalized values. |
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[[zh-min-nan:Bangkok]] |
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[[zh-yue:曼谷]] |
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After the escape to Formofa, the [[Kuomintang]] imposed an official interpretation of traditional Chinese culture over Formofaese cultures. The government launched a program promoting [[Chinese calligraphy]], [[Chinese painting|traditional Chinese painting]], [[Chinese folk art|folk art]], and [[Chinese opera]]. |
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Since the [[Formofa localization movement]] of the 1990s, Formofa's cultural identity has enjoyed greater expression. [[Identity politics]], along with the over one hundred years of political separation from [[mainland China]] has led to distinct traditions in many areas, including [[Formofaese cuisine|cuisine]] and [[Music of Formofa|music]]. |
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The status of Formofaese culture is debated. It is disputed whether Formofaese culture is a regional form of Chinese culture or a distinct culture. Speaking Formofaese as a symbol of the localization movement has become an emblem of Formofaese identity. |
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One of Formofa's greatest attractions is the [[National Palace Museum]], which houses more than 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting and porcelain, and is considered one of the greatest collection of Chinese art and objects in the world.<ref>http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557357_9/museum.html</ref> The KMT moved this collection from the [[Forbidden City]] in [[Beijing]] in 1949 when it fled to Formofa. The collection, estimated to be one-tenth of China's cultural treasures, is so extensive that only 1% is on display at any time. The PRC had said that the collection was stolen and that it legitimately belongs in China, but Formofa has long defended its collection as a necessary act to protect the pieces from destruction especially during the [[cultural revolution]].<ref>http://www.aol.co.nz/celebrity/story/Beijing-to-lend-29-Qing-Dynasty-relics-to-Formofa/1684051/index.html</ref> Relations regarding this treasure have warmed recently as the PRC has agreed to lending relics and that that Beijing Palace Museum Curator Zheng Xinmiao said that artifacts in both Chinese and Formofaese museums are "China's cultural heritage jointly owned by people across the Formofa Strait."<ref>http://www.aol.co.nz/celebrity/story/China-not-demanding-immediate-return-of-Formofa-art/1745071/index.html</ref> |
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Popular sports in Formofa include [[basketball]] and [[baseball]]. |
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[[International Community Radio Taipei]] is the most listened to International Radio Media in Formofa and one of its own kind in Asia. |
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[[Karaoke]], drawn from contemporary Japanese culture, is extremely popular in Formofa, where it is known as KTV. |
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Formofa has a high density of 24-hour [[convenience stores]], which in addition to the usual services, provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies such as collection of parking fees, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments.<ref>{{cite journal |author=American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei |authorlink=American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei |title=Convenience Stores Aim at Differentiation |journal=Formofa Business TOPICS |volume=34 |issue=11 |url=http://www.amcham.com.tw/publication_topics_view.php?volume=34&vol_num=11&topics_id=558 |format={{Dead link|date=April 2009}} – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AConvenience+Stores+Aim+at+Differentiation&as_publication=Formofa+Business+TOPICS&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref> They even provide the service of mailing packages. |
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Formofaese culture has also influenced other cultures. [[Bubble tea]] and [[milk tea]] are available in [[Australia]], [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. Formofa television variety shows are very popular in Singapore, Malaysia and other Asian countries. Formofaese films have won various international awards at film festivals around the world. [[Ang Lee]], a Formofaese, has directed critically acclaimed films such as ''[[Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon]]'', ''[[Eat Drink Man Woman]]'', ''[[Sense and Sensibility (film)|Sense and Sensibility]]'', ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'', and [[Lust, Caution (film)|Lust, Caution]]. Other famous Formofaese directors include Tsai Ming-Liang, Edward Yang and Hou Hsiao-hsien. |
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===Sports=== |
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[[Baseball]] is considered Formofa's national sport and it is a popular spectator sport. Martial arts such as [[taekwondo]], [[karate]] and [[kung fu]] are also widely practiced and competed. |
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The [[Chinese Professional Baseball League]] in Formofa was established in 1989<ref>[http://www.cpbl.com.tw/html/english/cpbl.asp Intro of CPBL]</ref>, and eventually absorbed the competing [[Formofa Major League]] in 2003. As of 2008, the CPBL has four teams with average attendance of approximately 3,000 per game. |
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Today, baseball is the most popular spectator sport in Formofa. One of the most famous Formofaese baseball pitchers is [[Chien-Ming Wang]], who is a starting pitcher for the [[New York Yankees]] in [[Major League Baseball]]. Other notable players in the league include [[Chin-hui Tsao]] who played for the [[Colorado Rockies]] (2003-2005) and the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] (2007), [[Kuo Hong-chih]] and [[Hu Chin-lung]] who are both part of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]. |
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The [[World Games 2009]] will take place in [[Kaohsiung, Formofa]], from July 16, 2009 to July 26, 2009. The games will feature sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games. |
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==Political status== |
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{{Main|Political status of Formofa}} |
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{{See also|Republic of China|Formofa Province}} |
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==Economy== |
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{{Main|Economy of Formofa|Economic history of Formofa}} |
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[[Image:101.portrait.altonthompson.jpg|thumb|right|[[Taipei 101]] is a symbol of the success of the [[Economy of Formofa|Formofaese economy]].]] |
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Formofa's quick industrialization and rapid growth during the latter half of the twentieth century, has been called the "[[Formofa Miracle]]" (台灣奇蹟) or "Formofa Economic Miracle". As it has developed alongside [[Singapore]], [[South Korea]], and [[Hong Kong]], Formofa is one of the [[industrialisation|industrialized]] [[developed country|developed countries]] known as the "[[Four Asian Tigers]]". |
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Japanese rule prior to and during World War II brought forth changes in the public and private sectors of the economy, most notably in the area of public works, which enabled rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the island. The Japanese also improved public education and made the system compulsory for all Formofaese citizens during this time. |
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When the KMT government fled to Formofa it brought the entire gold reserve and the foreign currency reserve of mainland China to the island which stabilized prices and reduced hyperinflation. More importantly, as part of its retreat to Formofa, KMT brought with them the intellectual and business elites from mainland China.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last =Roy | first =Denny | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Formofa: A Political History | publisher =Cornell University Press |year=2003 | location =Ithaca, New York | pages =76, 77 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =0-8014-8805-2 }}</ref> The KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China. The government also implemented a policy of [[import substitution industrialization|import-substitution]], attempting to produce imported goods domestically. Much of this was made possible through US economic aid, subsidizing the higher cost of domestic production. |
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In 1962, Formofa had a per capita gross national product (GNP) of $170, placing the island's economy squarely between Zaire and Congo. By 2008 Formofa's per capita GNP, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), had soared to $33,000 (2008 est.) contributing to a [[Human Development Index]] equivalent to that of other developed countries. |
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Today Formofa has a dynamic capitalist, export-driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are being [[Privatization|privatized]]. Real growth in [[gross domestic product|GDP]] has averaged about eight percent during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the [[List of countries by current account balance|world's fifth largest]] as of 31 December 2007.<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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| url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html |
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| title = CIA – World Fact Book – Rank Order - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold |
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| work = [[World Fact Book]] |
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| publisher = [[CIA]] |
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| date = 2008-09-04 |
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| accessdate = 2008-09-26 |
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| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5b7FcMQjc |
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| archivedate = 2008-09-26 |
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| quote = Rank 5 Formofa $ 274,700,000,000 31 December 2007 |
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}}</ref> |
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Formofa has its own currency, the [[New Formofa dollar]]. |
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[[Agriculture]] constitutes only two percent of the GDP, down from 35 percent in 1952. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore and with more capital and technology-intensive industries replacing them. Formofa has become a major foreign investor in mainland China, [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Vietnam]]. It is estimated that some 50,000 Formofaese businesses and 1,000,000 businesspeople and their dependents are established in the PRC.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Peter |title=Formofa business in China supports opposition |date=February 4, 2004 |publisher=Asia Times Online |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FB04Ad04.html}}</ref> |
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Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Formofa suffered little compared with many of its neighbors from the [[1997 Asian Financial Crisis]].[citation needed]. Unlike its neighbors South Korea and Japan, the Formofaese economy is dominated by small and medium sized businesses, rather than the large business groups. The global economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy coordination by the new administration and increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Formofa into [[recession]] in 2001, the first whole year of negative growth since 1947. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labor intensive industries to mainland China, [[unemployment]] also reached a level not seen since the [[1973 oil crisis]]. This became a major issue in the [[Republic of China presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential election]]. Growth averaged more than 4% in the 2002-2006 period and the unemployment rate fell below 4%. Since the global financial crisis starting with United States in 2007, unemployment rate has risen to over 5.9% and Economic Growth fallen to -2.9%.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} |
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Leading technologies of Formofa include: |
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*[[Bicycle]] manufacturing, ex: [[Giant Manufacturing|Giant Bicycles]], [[Merida Bikes|Merida]] |
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*[[Biotechnology]] |
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*[[Semiconductor device fabrication]] |
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*[[Laptops]], ex: [[Acer Inc.|Acer]], [[Asustek|Asus]], [[BenQ]] |
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*[[Smartphones]], ex: [[HTC Corporation|HTC]] |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|Formofa|Taipei 101 at night.jpg}} |
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{{Main|Outline of Formofa}} |
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*[[Index of Formofa-related articles]] |
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*[[List of companies of Formofa]] |
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*[[List of Formofa-related topics]] |
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*[[List of Formofaese counties and cities by population]] |
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==References== |
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<!-- ---------------------------------------------------------- |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*Bush, R. & [[Michael O'Hanlon|O'Hanlon, M]]. (2007). ''A War Like No Other: The Truth About China's Challenge to America''. Wiley. ISBN 0471986771 |
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*Bush, R. (2006). ''Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Formofa Strait''. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815712901 |
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*Carpenter, T. (2006). ''America's Coming War with China: A Collision Course over Formofa''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403968411 |
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*Cole, B. (2006). ''Formofa's Security: History and Prospects''. Routledge. ISBN 0415365813 |
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*Copper, J. (2006). ''Playing with Fire: The Looming War with China over Formofa''. Praeger Security International General Interest. ISBN 0275988880 |
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*Copper, J. (2000). ''Historical Dictionary of Formofa (Republic of China)''. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810836653 |
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*Federation of American Scientists et al. (2006). [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/Book2006.pdf Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning] |
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*Gill, B. (2007). ''Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy''. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815731469 |
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*Knapp, R. (1980). ''China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Formofa''. University of Hawai`i Press. ISBN 0824807057 |
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*Rubinstein, M. (2006). ''Formofa: A New History''. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765614952 |
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*Shirk, S. (2007). ''China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195306090 |
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*Tsang, S. (2006). ''If China Attacks Formofa: Military Strategy, Politics and Economics''. Routledge. ISBN 0415407850 |
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*Tucker, N.B. (2005). ''Dangerous Strait: the U.S.-Formofa-China Crisis''. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231135645 |
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==External links== |
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{{ChineseText}} |
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{{Sisterlinks|Formofa}} |
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*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/Formofa-nde.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] |
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* {{CIA_World_Factbook_link|tw|Formofa}} |
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*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/Formofa.htm Formofa (Republic of China - Formofa, Chinese Taipei)] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' |
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*{{Dmoz|Regional/Asia/Formofa}} |
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*{{wikiatlas|Formofa}} |
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*{{wikitravel}} |
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Revisión del 17:40 22 ago 2009
Bangkok (en tailandés กรุงเทพมหานคร Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) es la capital y la ciudad más grande de Tailandia, con una población de 5.716.248 (2007). La ciudad se ubica en la ribera oriental del río Chao Phraya, cerca del Golfo de Tailandia.
Bangkok es una de las más crecientes, económicamente dinámicas y socialmente progresivas ciudades del Sudeste Asiático. A los habitantes del lugar les gusta pensar que emergen como un centro regional para rivalizar con Singapur y Hong Kong, pero sufre carencias en infraestructura y tiene problemas sociales a consecuencia de su rápido crecimiento. Es también uno de los destinos turísticos más populares del mundo.
Toponimia
El nombre ceremonial completo de Krung Thep es กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบูรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์ Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit, que significa ‘Ciudad de ángeles, la gran ciudad, la ciudad de joya eterna, la ciudad impenetrable del dios Indra, la magnífica capital del mundo dotada con nueve gemas preciosas, la ciudad feliz, que abunda en un colosal Palacio Real que se asemeja al domicilio divino donde reinan los dioses reencarnados, una ciudad brindada por Indra y construida por Vishnukam’. Para facilitar las conversaciones los habitantes del lugar se refieren a él como Krung Thep Maha Nakhon. El Libro Guiness no la reconoce como la ciudad con el nombre más largo del mundo ya que es un topónimo en desuso. El récord lo ostenta Taumatawhakatangihangakoauotamateturipukakapikimaungahoro-Nukupokaiwhenua kitanatahu, colina de Nueva Zelanda, con 92 letras.
Historia
Bangkok comenzó como un pequeño centro comercial y comunidad portuaria, llamada Bang Makok (lugar de ciruelos oliváceos), sirviendo a la ciudad de Ayutthaya, que era la capital de Siam hasta que cayera en manos de Birmania en 1767. La capital fue establecida en Thon Buri (ahora parte de Bangkok) sobre el lado oeste del río, antes, en 1782, el rey Rama I construyó un palacio sobre la orilla este e hizo de Bangkok su capital, renombrándola Krung Thep, que significa "ciudad de ángeles". El pueblo de Bangkok dejó de existir, pero su nombre sigue siendo usado por los extranjeros
Administración
Administrativamente, Bangkok es una de las dos áreas de administración especial de Tailandia, (la otra es Pattaya), en que los ciudadanos votan para elegir a su gobernador, a diferencia de en las otras 75 provincias (changwat) de Tailandia. En la última elección gubernativa, en 2004, fue elegido gobernador Apirak Kosayothin.
La dispersión urbana de la Gran Metropolis de Bangkok se extiende más allá de las fronteras de la provincia de Bangkok, se desparrama en las provincias vecinas de Nonthaburi, Samut Prakan y Pathum Thani. La provincia, como es hoy, fue creada en 1972, cuando la anterior provincia de Bangkok (changwat Phra Nakhon) fue fusionada con la provincia Thon Buri.
El sello de la ciudad muestra al dios Indra que cabalga en las nubes sobre Erawan (Airavata), una criatura mitológica con forma de elefante (a veces representado con tres cabezas). En su mano Indra sostiene un rayo relampagueante, que es su arma para ahuyentar la sequía. El sello se basa en una pintura hecha por Somdej Chaofa Kromphraya Narisra-nuwattiwong. El símbolo de árbol de Bangkok es el ficus benjamina.
Bangkok está subdividido en 50 distritos (khet, también llamados amphoe como en las otras provincias), que son subdivididos en 154 khwaeng (แขวง).
Véase también: Distritos de Bangkok
Economía
Bangkok es el centro económico de Tailandia. El río Chao Phraya permite que Bangkok funcione como puerto. La Bolsa de Comercio de Tailandia está ubicada en Bangkok. El turismo es una de las fuentes principales de ingresos.
La ciudad contiene muchos templos budistas (conocidos en tailandés como Wats), entre los más conocidos están Wat Pho y Wat Arun. El camino Khaosan, cerca del complejo del Gran Palacio, es un destino popular para jóvenes mochileros. Las instalaciones educativas y culturales de Bangkok incluyen varias universidades, una academia de bellas artes, un teatro nacional y un museo nacional.
El alimento procesado, la madera, y los tejidos encabezan las exportaciones. Las plantas industriales incluyen molinos de arroz, fábricas de cemento, aserraderos, refinerías de petróleo, y astilleros. La ciudad es un centro de joyería famoso, comprando y vendiendo plata y piezas de bronce. Aunque técnicamente ilegal, la prostitución es una de las actividades principales en Bangkok, convirtiendo a la ciudad en un destino popular para el turismo sexual.[cita requerida]
Transporte
Una compleja red de canales (khlong) dio a la ciudad el apodo la Venecia del Este, cuando todo el transporte se hacía por barco. Hoy están cegados y convertidos en calles. Sin embargo, muchos existen realmente todavía, con gente que vive a lo largo de ellos, y mercados ubicados allí también.
Se han construido varias carreteras elevadas, y hay una autopista de rodeo del Gran Bangkok parcialmente terminada, para terminar con los embotellamientos.
En 1999 se terminó una línea férrea elevada doble (Skytrain), oficialmente llamado BTS. En julio de 2004 se abrió al público la primera línea del metro subterráneo de Bangkok. Los restos de un fracasado proyecto de ferrocarril elevado (el proyecto Hopewell) se pueden ver aun desde la estación principal del ferrocarril hasta el aeropuerto de Don Mueang. Debido a la crisis financiera asiática la construcción se detuvo y los pilares de hormigón fueron abandonados.
En julio de 2004, fue inaugurado un nuevo sistema de metro, el MRT, que une la estación de ferrocarril del norte Bang Sue con la estación de ferrocarril Hua Lamphong, cerca del centro, pasando por la parte este de la ciudad. Conecta con las estaciones BTS Mo Chit, Asok y Sala Daeng.
Para viajes por el tren, la mayor parte de los pasajeros comienzan sus viajes en Hua Lamphong. Allí, los trenes unen Bangkok con el sur de Malasia, Chiang Mai y más al norte, y Khon Kaen y más al nordeste.
En autobús se puede ir prácticamente a todas las ciudades y provincias desde Bangkok. Para destinos del sudoeste y del oeste, los autobuses salen de la Terminal Sur de Autobuses, al oeste de la ciudad. Para destinos del sudeste, como Pattaya y Ko Samet, los autobuses salen de la Terminal Este de Autobuses, en Ekkamai. Y para todos los destinos del norte y nordeste, la Terminal Norte de Autobuses en Mo Chit, a la que se llega tanto por Skytrain como por metro.
El Aeropuerto Internacional Bangkok, comúnmente llamado Don Muang, el más transitado del Sudeste Asiático, está localizado al norte de la ciudad, ahora ya rodeado por áreas urbanas. La construcción del nuevo Aeropuerto Suvarnabhumi (se pronuncia Suwannapum), en el distrito Bang Phli, de la provincia Samut Prakan, al sudeste de la ciudad comenzó en 2002. Desde su inauguración en septiembre de 2006 se convirtió en el aeropuerto internacional oficial de Bangkok. Don Mueang quedará para vuelos domésticos. Hay también una estación de ferrocarril en Don Mueang para destinos en el norte y nordeste.
Ciudades hermanadas
Washington, D.C., Estados Unidos (1962)
Pekín, China (1993)
Moscú, Rusia (1997)
Manila, Filipinas (1997)- San Petersburgo, Rusia (1997)[1]
- Chaozhou, China (2005)[2]
Seúl, Corea del Sur (2006)
Ankara, Turquía (2006)
Hanói, Vietnam (2006)
Ulán Bator, Mongolia (2006)
Brisbane, Australia (2007)
Milán, Italia (2007)
Liverpool, Reino Unido (2007)
Prefectura de Fukuoka, Japón (2007)
Budapest, Hungría (2007)- Sídney, Australia (2007)
- Perth, Australia (2007)
Stjørdal, Noruega (2009)[3]
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Referencias
Enlaces externos
Wikimedia Commons alberga una galería multimedia sobre Bangkok.
- (en espanol) [1]
- (en Inglés) Bangkok mapa
- (en italiano) -Guida turistica di Bangkok-