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Revisión del 14:27 23 nov 2017

Mano con el dedo índice más corto que el dedo anular, lo que resulta en una relación pequeña 2D:4D, que apunta a una alta exposición a la testosterona en el útero.

El ratio digital es la relación de las longitudes de los diferentes dedos de la mano generalmente medidos desde el punto medio de la parte inferior del pliegue (donde el dedo se une a la mano) a la punta del dedo.[1]​ Se ha sugerido por algunos científicos que la relación de dos dígitos, en particular, el 2º (dedo índice) y el 4º (dedo anular), se ve afectada por la exposición a los andrógenos, por ejemplo, la testosterona, mientras se está en el útero y que esta relación 2D:4D puede ser considerada como una medida aproximada de la exposición prenatal a los andrógenos, con las ratios 2D:4D menores que apuntan a una mayor exposición prenatal a los andrógenos.[2]​[3]​ El índice 2D:4D se calcula dividiendo la longitud del dedo índice de una mano determinada por la longitud del dedo anular de la misma mano. Un largo dedo índice se traducirá en una proporción mayor que 1, mientras que un dedo anular más largo será el resultado en una proporción menor que 1.

Correlación con algunos riesgos

Low digit ratio

High digit ratio

Physiology and disease
  • Increased risk of prostate cancer and prostate diseases in males.[4]​
  • Slower utero fetal development in both sexes.
  • Increased reproductive success in males.[5]​
Psychological disorders
Physical and competitive behavior Increased aggressive behavior in sports.[27]​
  • Reduced performance in sports[28]​
  • Reduced financial trading ability[29]​
  • Right handedness skills[30]​ (inconclusive)[31]​
Cognition and personality
  • Assertiveness in females
  • Psychoticism in females[32]​
  • Aggression in males[33]​[34]​[35]​[36]​
  • aggression in girls[37]​
  • hyperactivity and poor social cognitive function in girls[38]​
  • Masculinized handwriting in females[39]​
  • Perceived 'dominance' and masculinity of man's face[40]​[41]​
  • In an orchestral context, rank and musical ability in males[42]​
  • Right hand low digit ratio predicts academic performance[43]​
  • Decreased mathematical ability[44]​
  • Decreased empathy in response to adult testosterone levels
  • higher propensity to attack without being provoked[45]​
  • increased risk-taking behavior in men[46]​
  • preference for normative behavior[47]​
  • mean 2D:4D ratio among artists is lower than among controls[48]​
  • higher numeracy (compared to literacy) in children[49]​
  • higher criminal offending rates after puberty[50]​[51]​
  • attenuated socio-affective skills[52]​
  • Personality traits correlated with digit ratio, higher being more feminized[53]​[54]​[55]​
  • greater Openness personality factor[56]​
  • Paranormal and superstitious beliefs among men with a higher digit ratio[57]​
  • Higher exam scores among male students[58]​
  • Higher neuroticism in both sexes with higher right hand digit ratio[59]​ and on left hand in females
  • Higher left hand digit ratio in response to high adult testosterone levels predicts musical orchestra rank in females.[60]​
  • Higher verbal fluency in both sexes.[61]​
  • Higher visual recall in females.[62]​
  • Higher literacy (compared to numeracy) in children
Management
Sensory perception
  • Smell perception[65]​
  • Color perception[66]​
  • Tactile perception[67]​
Sexual orientation
  • Lesbians have a lower digit ratio, on average, than heterosexual women[68]​[69]​[70]​[71]​[72]​[73]​[74]​[75]​[76]​[77]​[78]​
  • Bisexual men have a lower digit ratio than exclusively homosexual men and community volunteers recruited regardless of sexual orientation.
  • tendency toward polygamy[79]​
  • Sexual preference for more masculine men among women[80]​ and gay men[81]​ with high digit ratio; a preference for a masculine facial type means a more "feminized" mindset.
  • Lesbians are more likely to be femme and less likely to be butch with a high digit ratio.[82]​ Identical female twins discordant for sexual orientation still show the difference (lesbian less than straight, on average) in digit ratio.[83]​
  • Homosexuality for men, according to some studies.[84]​ Other studies have disputed this; some have shown that the digit ratio in homosexual men is similar to,[85]​ or lower than,[86]​ that of heterosexual men. One study concluded that differences are dependent on geographical variation, with gay men having lower or similar ratios to straight men in Europe, but higher or similar in the United States.[87]​ But this finding has been questioned in a meta-analysis including 18 studies, which suggested that ethnicity, rather than geography, explained the differences previously found in men of different sexual orientations. The meta-analysis concluded that no significant sexual orientation differences in digit ratio exist in men.[88]​
  • tendency toward monogamy

Ver también

Referencias

  1. ↑ «Human 2D (index) and 4D (ring) digit lengths: their variation and relationships during the menstrual cycle». Journal of Anatomy 211 (5): 630-638. November 2007. PMC 2375787. PMID 17764524. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00801.x. 
  2. ↑ «Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (39): 16289-16294. 27 de septiembre de 2011. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3182741. PMID 21896736. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108312108. 
  3. ↑ «Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: New data and a meta-analytic review». Psychoneuroendocrinology 32 (4): 313-21. 1 de enero de 2007. PMID 17400395. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.01.007. 
  4. ↑ «Relationship Between Second to Fourth Digit Ratios and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Aging Men». Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 9 (5): PC01-PC03. 1 de mayo de 2015. ISSN 2249-782X. PMC 4484107. PMID 26155515. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/11992.5937. 
  5. ↑ Manning, J. T.; Barley, L.; Walton, J.; Lewis-Jones, D. I.; Trivers, R. L.; Singh, D.; Thornhill, R.; Rohde, P. et al. (1 de mayo de 2000). «The 2nd:4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences, and reproductive success: evidence for sexually antagonistic genes?». Evolution and Human Behavior 21 (3): 163-183. PMID 10828555. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00029-5. 
  6. ↑ Manning JT, Scutt D, Wilson J, Lewis-Jones DI; Scutt; Wilson; Lewis-Jones (November 1998). «The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen». Human Reproduction 13 (11): 3000-4. PMID 9853845. doi:10.1093/humrep/13.11.3000. 
  7. ↑ «The ratio of second to fourth digit length and age at first myocardial infarction in men: a link with testosterone?». British Journal of Cardiology 8 (12): 720-3. 2001. ISSN 0969-6113. 
  8. ↑ Fink B, Manning JT, Neave N; Manning; Neave (April 2006). «The 2nd-4th digit ratio (2D:4D) and neck circumference: implications for risk factors in coronary heart disease». International Journal of Obesity 30 (4): 711-4. PMID 16261185. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803154. 
  9. ↑ «Index finger length prostate cancer clue». 1 December 2010. Consultado el 1 December 2010. 
  10. ↑ Ronalds G, Phillips DIW, Godfrey KM, Manning JT. The ratio of second to fourth digit lengths: a marker of impaired fetal growth? Early Hum. Dev. 2002;68:21–6.
  11. ↑ Klimek M, Galbarczyk A, Nenko I, Alvarado LC, Jasienska G.; Galbarczyk; Nenko; Alvarado; Jasienska (2014). «Digit ratio (2D:4D)as an indicator of body size, testosterone concentration and number of children in human males». Ann Hum Biol 41: 1. PMID 24766144. doi:10.3109/03014460.2014.902993. 
  12. ↑ «Physiological evidence of hypermasculinization in boys with the inattentive subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)». Clinical Neuroscience Research 5 (5–6): 233-245. 2005. doi:10.1016/j.cnr.2005.09.004. 
  13. ↑ Stevenson JC, Everson PM, Williams DC, Hipskind G, Grimes M, Mahoney ER.; Everson; Williams; Hipskind; Grimes; Mahoney (2007). «Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and digit ratios in a college sample». Am J Hum Biol 19 (1): 41-50. PMID 17160985. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20571. 
  14. ↑ Martel, M.M, K.L.Gobrogge, S.M.Breedlove & J.T.Nigg; Gobrogge; Breedlove; Nigg (2008). «Masculinized Finger-Length Ratios of Boys, but Not Girls, Are Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder». Behavioral Neuroscience 122 (2): 273-281. PMC 2902868. PMID 18410167. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.122.2.273. 
  15. ↑ Martel, M.M. (2009). «Conscientiousness as a mediator of the association between masculinized finger-length ratios and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)». J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50 (7): 790-798. PMID 19298468. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02065.x. 
  16. ↑ Manning JT, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Sanders G; Baron-Cohen; Wheelwright; Sanders (March 2001). «The 2nd to 4th digit ratio and autism». Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 43 (3): 160-4. PMID 11263685. doi:10.1017/S0012162201000317. 
  17. ↑ Carré, Justin M.; Ortiz, Triana L.; Labine, Brandy; Moreau, Benjamin J. P.; Viding, Essi; Neumann, Craig S.; Goldfarb, Bernard (1 de diciembre de 2015). «Digit ratio (2D:4D) and psychopathic traits moderate the effect of exogenous testosterone on socio-cognitive processes in men». Psychoneuroendocrinology 62: 319-326. ISSN 1873-3360. PMID 26356040. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.023. 
  18. ↑ «Low Digit Ratio 2D∶4D in Alcohol Dependent Patients». PLoS ONE 6 (4): e19332. 25 de abril de 2011. PMC 3081847. PMID 21547078. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019332. 
  19. ↑ «Depression in men is associated with more feminine finger length ratios». Personality and Individual Differences 39 (4): 829-836. 2005. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.12.017. 
  20. ↑ Arató M, Frecska E, Beck C, An M, Kiss H; Frecska; Beck; An; Kiss (January 2004). «Digit length pattern in schizophrenia suggests disturbed prenatal hemispheric lateralization». Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 28 (1): 191-4. PMID 14687873. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.020. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ «An Investigation into the Relationship between Digit Length Ratio and Psychopathy». British Journal of Forensic Practice 12 (2): 23-31. May 2010. doi:10.5042/bjfp.2010.0183. 
  22. ↑ Kornhuber J, Erhard G, Lenz B, Kraus T, Sperling W, Bayerlein K, Biermann T, Stoessel C; Erhard; Lenz; Kraus; Sperling; Bayerlein; Biermann; Stoessel (April 2011). «Low Digit Ratio 2D∶4D in Alcohol Dependent Patients». En Zhang, Xiang Yang, ed. PLoS ONE 6 (4): e19332. PMC 3081847. PMID 21547078. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019332. 
  23. ↑ J. Kornhuber, EM Zenses, B Lenz, C Stoessel, P Bouna-Pyrrou, F Rehbein, S Kliem, T Mößle (2013): Low digit ratio 2D:4D associated with video game addiction. PLoS ONE 2013; Vol. 8, Nr. 11: e79539
  24. ↑ «Anxiety, Sex-linked Behavior, and Digit Ratios». Arch. Sex. Behav. 38 (3): 442-55. 2009. PMC 2768336. PMID 17943431. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9260-6. 
  25. ↑ Quinton, Stephanie Jane; Smith, April Rose; Joiner, Thomas (1 de septiembre de 2011). «The 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) and eating disorder diagnosis in women». Personality and Individual Differences 51 (4): 402-405. ISSN 0191-8869. PMC 3134962. PMID 21765573. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.024. 
  26. ↑ Quinton, Stephanie Jane; Smith, April Rose; Joiner, Thomas (1 de septiembre de 2011). «The 2 to 4 digit ratio (2D:4D) and eating disorder diagnosis in women». Personality and Individual Differences 51 (4): 402-405. ISSN 0191-8869. PMC 3134962. PMID 21765573. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.024. 
  27. ↑ «Soccer players awarded one or more red cards exhibit lower 2D:4D ratios». Aggressive Behavior (en inglés): n/a-n/a. 1 de diciembre de 2015. ISSN 1098-2337. doi:10.1002/ab.21638. 
  28. ↑ Manning JT, Taylor RP; Taylor (January 2001). «Second to fourth digit ratio and male ability in sport: implications for sexual selection in humans». Evolution and Human Behavior 22 (1): 61-69. PMID 11182575. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00063-5. 
  29. ↑ Coates JM, Gurnell M, Rustichini A; Gurnell; Rustichini (January 2009). «Second-to-fourth digit ratio predicts success among high-frequency financial traders». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (2): 623-8. PMC 2626753. PMID 19139402. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810907106. Resumen divulgativo – Time (12 January 2009). 
  30. ↑ Fink B, Manning JT, Neave N, Tan U; Manning; Neave; Tan (November 2004). «Second to fourth digit ratio and hand skill in Austrian children». Biological Psychology 67 (3): 375-84. PMID 15294393. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.012. 
  31. ↑ «Psychosexual Characteristics of Men and Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol». CDC. 2003. 
  32. ↑ Schuurmans-Stekhoven JB, Buckingham, RM. «Ratio or Length? A Proposed Methodology for Understanding Digit Ratio and Personality Using a Female Sample». Journal of Individual Differences 31 (3): 150-157. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000023. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ Benderlioglu Z, Nelson RJ; Nelson (December 2004). «Digit length ratios predict reactive aggression in women, but not in men». Hormones and Behavior 46 (5): 558-64. PMID 15555497. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.06.004. 
  34. ↑ «Association between a marker for prenatal testosterone exposure and externalizing behavior problems in children». Development and Psychopathology 24 (3): 771-782. 1 de agosto de 2012. ISSN 0954-5794. PMC 4247331. PMID 22781854. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000363. 
  35. ↑ «Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and dominance in the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania». American Journal of Human Biology 27 (5): 620-627. 1 de octubre de 2015. ISSN 1520-6300. PMID 25824265. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22718. 
  36. ↑ «Second to fourth digit ratio confirms aggressive tendencies in patients with boxers fractures». Injury 44 (11): 1636-1639. 1 de noviembre de 2013. ISSN 1879-0267. PMID 23972912. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2013.07.018. 
  37. ↑ «Sex differences in 2D: 4D ratio, aggression and conflict resolution in African children and adolescents: a cross‐cultural study». Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 2 (1): 17-31. 29 de enero de 2010. ISSN 1759-6599. doi:10.5042/jacpr.2010.0002. 
  38. ↑ Williams, Justin HG; Greenhalgh, K. D.; Manning, John T. (2003). «Second to fourth finger ratio and possible precursors of developmental psychopathology in preschool children». Early Human Development 72 (1): 57-65. doi:10.1016/s0378-3782(03)00012-4. 
  39. ↑ Beech, John R.; MacKintosh, Isla C. (July 2005). «Do differences in sex hormones affect handwriting style? Evidence from digit ratio and sex role identity as determinants of the sex of handwriting». Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2): 459-68. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.024. 
  40. ↑ Neave N, Laing S, Fink B, Manning JT; Laing; Fink; Manning (October 2003). «Second to fourth digit ratio, testosterone and perceived male dominance». Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270 (1529): 2167-72. PMC 1691489. PMID 14561281. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2502. 
  41. ↑ Burriss RP, Little AC, Nelson EC; Little; Nelson (June 2007). «2D:4D and sexually dimorphic facial characteristics». Archives of Sexual Behavior 36 (3): 377-84. PMID 17203400. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9136-1. 
  42. ↑ Sluming, Vanessa A.; Manning, John T. (January 2000). «Second to fourth digit ratio in elite musicians Evidence for musical ability as an honest signal of male fitness». Evolution and Human Behavior 21 (1): 1-9. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00026-4. 
  43. ↑ Nye, John V. C.; Androuschak, Gregory; Desierto, Desirée; Jones, Garett; Yudkevich, Maria (2012). «2D:4D Asymmetry and Gender Differences in Academic Performance». PLoS ONE 7 (10): e46319. PMC 3466225. PMID 23056282. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046319. Consultado el 20 de septiembre de 2014. 
  44. ↑ 2D:4D values are associated with mathematics performance in business and economics students. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.10.001. 
  45. ↑ «Finger length ratio (2D:4D) and sex differences in aggression during a simulated war game». Personality and Individual Differences 42 (4): 755-764. 1 de marzo de 2007. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.08.009. 
  46. ↑ «Testosterone and domain-specific risk: Digit ratios (2D:4D and rel2) as predictors of recreational, financial, and social risk-taking behaviors». Personality and Individual Differences 51 (4): 412-416. 1 de septiembre de 2011. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.003. 
  47. ↑ «Second to fourth digit ratio and cooperative behavior». Biological Psychology 71 (1): 111-115. 1 de enero de 2006. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.06.001. 
  48. ↑ «Art as an Indicator of Male Fitness: Does Prenatal Testosterone Influence Artistic Ability?». Evolutionary Psychology (en inglés) 12 (3): 147470491401200303. 1 de julio de 2014. ISSN 1474-7049. doi:10.1177/147470491401200303. 
  49. ↑ Brosnan, Mark J. (1 de febrero de 2008). «Digit ratio as an indicator of numeracy relative to literacy in 7-year-old British schoolchildren». British Journal of Psychology (en inglés) 99 (1): 75-85. ISSN 2044-8295. PMID 17535470. doi:10.1348/000712607X197406. 
  50. ↑ «Fetal Testosterone and Criminality: Test of Evolutionary Neuroandrogenic Theory». Criminology (en inglés) 53 (1): 54-73. 1 de febrero de 2015. ISSN 1745-9125. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12056. 
  51. ↑ «Criminality and the 2D:4D Ratio: Testing the Prenatal Androgen Hypothesis». ResearchGate 59 (3). 1 de enero de 2015. ISSN 1552-6933. 
  52. ↑ «The association between 2D:4D ratio and cognitive empathy is contingent on a common polymorphism in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR rs53576)». ResearchGate 58: 23-32. 16 de abril de 2015. ISSN 1873-3360. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.007. 
  53. ↑ Austin, Elizabeth J.; Manning, John T.; McInroy, Katherine; Mathews, Elizabeth (November 2002). «A preliminary investigation of the associations between personality, cognitive ability and digit ratio». Personality and Individual Differences 33 (7): 1115-24. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00002-8. 
  54. ↑ Fink et al. 2004[verifica la fuente]
  55. ↑ Luxen, Marc F.; Buunk, Bram P. (October 2005). «Second-to-fourth digit ratio related to Verbal and Numerical Intelligence and the Big Five». Personality and Individual Differences 39 (5): 959-66. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.016. 
  56. ↑ «Effect of Prenatal Androgen on Adult Personality: Greater Openness with More Female-Typical 2D:4D Digit Ratios». Current Psychology (en inglés) 32 (2): 197-202. 23 de abril de 2013. ISSN 1046-1310. doi:10.1007/s12144-013-9170-9. 
  57. ↑ Voracek, M. (July 2009). «Who wants to believe? Associations between digit ratio (2D:4D) and paranormal and superstitious beliefs». Personality and Individual Differences 47 (2): 105-109. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.051. 
  58. ↑ Brosnan MJ (February 2008). «Digit ratio as an indicator of numeracy relative to literacy in 7-year-old British schoolchildren». British Journal of Psychology 99 (Pt 1): 75-85. PMID 17535470. doi:10.1348/000712607X197406. Resumen divulgativo – LiveScience (22 de mayo de 2007). 
  59. ↑ «Second to fourth digit ratio and the ‘big five’ personality factors». Personality and Individual Differences 37 (3): 495-503. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.09.018. 
  60. ↑ «Relationships among Musical Aptitude, Digit Ratio and Testosterone in Men and Women». PLoS ONE 8 (3): e57637. 8 de marzo de 2013. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3592910. PMID 23520475. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057637. 
  61. ↑ Manning, John T. (2002). Digit Ratio: A Pointer To Fertility, Behavior And Health. New Brunswick: Rutger University Press. pp. 65-68. ISBN 0813530296. 
  62. ↑ «Picture recall skills correlate with 2D:4D ratio in women but not men». Evolution and Human Behavior 25 (3): 174-181. 1 de mayo de 2004. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.03.004. 
  63. ↑ Derval, Diana. The Right Sensory Mix: Targeting Consumer Product Development Scientifically. Springer, 2010, p. 129-130.
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  69. ↑ Tortorice JL (2002). Written on the body: butch vs. femme lesbian gender identity and biological correlates of low digit ratio. Rutgers University. OCLC 80234273. 
  70. ↑ McFadden D, Shubel E; Shubel (December 2002). «Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females». Hormones and Behavior 42 (4): 492-500. PMID 12488115. doi:10.1006/hbeh.2002.1833. 
  71. ↑ Hall LS, Love CT; Love (February 2003). «Finger-length ratios in female monozygotic twins discordant for sexual orientation». Archives of Sexual Behavior 32 (1): 23-8. PMID 12597269. doi:10.1023/A:1021837211630. 
  72. ↑ Rahman Q, Wilson GD; Wilson (April 2003). «Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability?». Psychoneuroendocrinology 28 (3): 288-303. PMID 12573297. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00022-7. 
  73. ↑ Putz, David A.; Gaulin, Steven J. C.; Sporter, Robert J.; McBurney, Donald H. (May 2004). «Sex hormones and finger length: What does 2D:4D indicate?». Evolution and Human Behavior 25 (3): 182-99. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.03.005. Archivado desde el original el 7 January 2010.  Parámetro desconocido |df= ignorado (ayuda)
  74. ↑ Rahman Q (May 2005). «Fluctuating asymmetry, second to fourth finger length ratios and human sexual orientation». Psychoneuroendocrinology 30 (4): 382-91. PMID 15694118. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.10.006. 
  75. ↑ Kraemer B, Noll T, Delsignore A, Milos G, Schnyder U, Hepp U; Noll; Delsignore; Milos; Schnyder; Hepp (2006). «Finger length ratio (2D:4D) and dimensions of sexual orientation». Neuropsychobiology 53 (4): 210-4. PMID 16874008. doi:10.1159/000094730. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  76. ↑ Wallien MS, Zucker KJ, Steensma TD, Cohen-Kettenis PT; Zucker; Steensma; Cohen-Kettenis (August 2008). «2D:4D finger-length ratios in children and adults with gender identity disorder». Hormones and Behavior 54 (3): 450-4. PMID 18585715. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.05.002. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  77. ↑ Grimbos T, Dawood K, Burriss RP, Zucker KJ, Puts DA; Dawood; Burriss; Zucker; Puts (2010). «Sexual orientation and the second to fourth finger length ratio: a meta-analysis in men and women». Behav Neurosci 124 (2): 278-287. PMID 20364887. doi:10.1037/a0018764. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  78. ↑ Hirashi K, Sasaki S, Shikishima C, Ando J; Sasaki; Shikishima; Ando (Jun 2012). «The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in a Japanese twin sample: heritability, prenatal hormone transfer, and association with sexual orientation». Arch Sex Behav 41 (3): 711-24. PMID 22270254. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9889-z. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  79. ↑ Wlodarski, Rafael; Manning, John; Dunbar, R. I. M. (1 de febrero de 2015). «Stay or stray? Evidence for alternative mating strategy phenotypes in both men and women». Biology Letters (en inglés) 11 (2): 20140977. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 4360109. PMID 25652222. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0977. 
  80. ↑ Csathó A, Osváth A, Bicsák E, Karádi K, Manning J, Kállai J; Osváth; Bicsák; Karádi; Manning; Kállai (February 2003). «Sex role identity related to the ratio of second to fourth digit length in women». Biological Psychology 62 (2): 147-56. PMID 12581689. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(02)00127-8. 
  81. ↑ McIntyre MH (December 2003). «Digit ratios, childhood gender role behavior, and erotic role preferences of gay men». Archives of Sexual Behavior 32 (6): 495-6. PMID 14627046. doi:10.1023/A:1026054625638. 
  82. ↑ Brown WM, Finn CJ, Cooke BM, Breedlove SM; Finn; Cooke; Breedlove (February 2002). «Differences in finger length ratios between self-identified 'butch' and 'femme' lesbians». Archives of Sexual Behavior 31 (1): 123-7. PMID 11910785. doi:10.1023/A:1014091420590. 
  83. ↑ Hiraishi K, Sasaki S, Shikishima C, Ando J.; Sasaki; Shikishima; Ando (2012). «The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in a Japanese twin sample: heritability, prenatal hormone transfer, and association with sexual orientation». Archives of Sexual Behavior 41 (3): 711-24. PMID 22270254. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9889-z. 
  84. ↑ Churchchill AJG, Manning JT, Peters M; Manning; Reimers (2007). «The effects of sex, ethnicity, and sexual orientation on self-measured digit ratio (2D:4D)». Archives of Sexual Behavior 36 (2): 251-260. PMID 17394056. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9166-8. 
  85. ↑ «Biological markers of asexuality: Handedness, birth order, and finger length ratios in self-identified asexual men and women.». Arch. Sex. Behav. 43: 299-310. 2014. PMID 24045903. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0175-0. 
  86. ↑ S.J. Robinson, J.T. Manning; Manning (2000). «The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and male homosexuality». Evolution and Human Behavior 21 (5): 333-345. PMID 11053694. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00052-0. 
  87. ↑ M.V. Voracek, J.T. Manning & I. Ponocny; Manning; Ponocny (2005). «Digit ratio (2D:4D) in homosexual and heterosexual men from Austria». Archives of Sexual Behavior 34 (3): 335-340. PMID 15971016. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-3122-x. 
  88. ↑ «Sexual Orientation and the Second to Fourth Finger Length Ratio: A Meta-Analysis in Men and Women». Behavioral Neuroscience 124 (2): 278 -287. 2010. PMID 20364887. doi:10.1037/a0018764. 

Enlaces externos

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