Usuario:Daniel Sánchez Almanza/Thomcord
| Thomcord | ||
|---|---|---|
 Several cluster of blue-black grapes hang from the vine | ||
| Color de la baya | Noir | |
| Pedigree 1 | Sultanina (Thompson seedless) | |
| Pedigree 2 | Concord | |
| Regiones notables | San Joaquin Valley, California | |
| Riesgos | powdery mildew (tolerant) | |
| Instituto criador | Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA | |
| Año de cruce | 1983 | |
La Uva Thomcord es un tipo de uva de mesa sin semilla e híbrida de la popular Thompson Seedless o uva Sultanina(una variante de Vitis vinifera) y la uva Concord (una variante de Vitis labrusca ). Thomcord fue desarrollada en 1983 por los criadores de uvas de California que trabajando para el Servicio de Investigación Agrícola (SIA), una agencia del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos (DAEU), como parte de una prueba para entender mejor el procedimiento de cultivo de uva sin semilla.
Es aromática, su sabor "labrusca" es similar al de la uva Concord, pero suavizado, dulce como la uva Thompson Seedles. Thomcord crece bien en climas calientes y secos, madura entre finales de Julio y mediados de Agosto y tolera el oídio. Tiene una promociona variada, resultando un promedio de 15.1 kilogramos de uvas por vid, pero ha alcanzado a producir entre 30 y 32 kilogramos por vid en ensayos de cultivo. El peso de las bayas es entre 2.72 y 3.38 gramos y tienen una piel medianamente gruesa de un tono azul negro que se adhiere a la fruta, al contrario de la uva Concord, que tiene una piel gruesa que puede deslizarse fácilmente. Las semillas que tiene son pequeñas, pero mas grandes que las semillas de la uva Thompson.
Esta planta no esta restringida para distribución. El material de propagación libre de virus esta disponible en la Fundación de Servicios de Plantas en la Universidad de California en Davis y su material genético esta archivado en el Sistema Nacional para el Germoplasma. Después de 17 años de pruebas, fue declarada lista para su uso en 20003. Se encuentra disponible en supermercados.[1]
Description[editar]
Thomcord grape is a hybrid of Thompson Seedless grape (Vitis vinifera, or Sultanina), which is popular in supermarkets during the summer, and seeded Concord grape (Vitis labrusca), commonly used to make grape juice and jelly.[2][3] It is a plump, juicy, seedless table grape and is slightly firmer than Concord. Thomcord has a blue-black skin with medium thickness and a whitish bloom.[2][3][4] Unlike Concord, whose tough skin separates easily from the fruit, Thomcord has a more edible skin that clings to the flesh, much like Thompson Seedless.[2][5] It has an aromatic flavor, similar to the Concord in taste ("labrusca"), though lighter due to the sweet, mild taste from Thompson Seedless.[2][3][5]
Thomcord is suitable for hot, dry growing conditions, more so than Concord and other Concord seedless types. Its adaptability to hot dry climates was derived from Thompson Seedless. It grows well in California's vineyards, particularly the San Joaquin Valley,[2] just like Thompson Seedless.[3] The plant is tolerant of (but not resistant to) powdery mildew,[5][4] and is less susceptible to the fungus than Ruby Seedless, but more susceptible than Mars, Venus, Niabell, and Cayuga White varieties.[2] The fungus can affect its leaves, stems, rachis (stem of the grape cluster), and berries. The grape ripens in the summer (mid-season), between late July and mid-August.[3][6]
| Color | Skin type | Seed type | Aborted seed size | Growing conditions | Flavor profile | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thompson Seedless | White | Adhering, thin | Aborted | Very small | Hot, dry climate | Mild & sweet |
| Concord | Blue | Separable, thick & tough | Viable | N/A | High humidity | "Foxy" |
| Thomcord | Blue-black | Adhering, medium thickness | Aborted | Small | Hot, dry climate | "labrusca", but mild & sweet |
Production details[editar]
Thomcord is a productive variety, with a yield comparable to Thompson Seedless. When two cordons (arms) of the vines are trained horizontally on wires ("bilateral-trained") and are pruned to remove most of the previous year's growth ("spur-pruned") during the winter, it can produce up to 13–16 kg (29–35 lb) per vine, or an average of 15.1 kg (33 lb).[2][4] In 2002, cane-pruned vines of Thomcord were significantly more productive than Sovereign Coronation and were comparable to the Venus variety, averaging 21,3 kg (47,0 lb) per vine. Unlike Thompson Seedless, which has its cluster size thinned as a normal production practice, Thomcord's is not thinned because of its smaller cluster size. The grape clusters range in weight between 259 and 534 g (0.571 and 1.177 lb)[2] and average 340 g (0,7 lb),[4] have medium to slightly loose tightness (or are "well-filled", meaning the individual pedicels are not easily visible), and have a conical shape with a small wing.[2][4]
Compared with Thompson Seedless, the berry weight and diameter of Thomcord are larger, but cluster tightness is similar. The berry length ranged between 18.2 and 18.3 mm (0.72 and 0.72 in) and the diameter ranged from 16.7 to 17.2 mm (0.66 to 0.68 in) in tests between 2001 and 2002. The berries weigh between 2.72 and 3.38 g (0.096 and 0.119 oz), averaging 2,85 g (0,1 oz) in 2002, which is on par with Venus, but heavier than Sovereign Coronation, and even more so than Thompson Seedless. The fruit's size has not been shown to increase appreciably by girdling the vines or by applying gibberellic acid when the berries set.[2]
The aborted seeds of Thomcord are small, but in some years they can become sclerified (a thickening and lignification of the walls of plant cells and the subsequent dying off of the protoplasts), making them more noticeable inside the medium-soft flesh. There are usually two aborted seeds per berry, which averaged between 14 and 22.3 mg in 2001 and 2002. This varied in comparison to Venus depending on the year and location, was comparable to the Sovereign Coronation, and was significantly smaller than the Sovereign Rose and Saturn varieties. However, as with the other cultivars, it was consistently larger than Thompson Seedless, which had the smallest aborted seeds.[2]
Vegetative description[editar]
The mature leaves on the vine have three lobes with open upper lateral sinuses (spaces between the lobes) of medium depth. The main vein is slightly longer than the petiole (stalk attaching the leaf blade to the stem), and the petiole sinus opens widely. Between the veins on the underside of both the mature and young leaf there are dense hairs that lie flat against the surface. The teeth on the edge of the leaf blade are convex on both sides, medium in size, and short relative to their width. Young leaf blades are dark copper red on the upper surface.[2]
The shoots have at least three consecutive tendrils. Young shoots are fully open and have very dense hairs of medium anthocyanin coloration that lie flat against the tip. The internode of the young shoot is green with red stripes on the front (dorsal) side and solid green on the back (ventral) side.[2]
History[editar]
In 1983,[4] research horticulturist David W. Ramming and technician Ronald L. Tarailo—Californian grape breeders working for the ARS, the chief scientific research agency of the USDA—crossed Thompson Seedless and Concord in order to answer a technical question about a newly developed procedure for breeding novel, superior seedless grapes.[3] The researchers wanted to demonstrate that plants created from embryo culture were derived from fertilized eggs (zygotic) instead of the maternal tissue (somatic).[2] From 1231 emasculations (removal of male flower parts to control pollination) of Thompson Seedless, the researchers produced 130 ovules using embryo rescue procedures.[2][4] From these, 40 embryos developed and three seedlings were planted. The original seedling of Thomcord was planted in 1984 in plots in cooperation with California State University, Fresno.[2] It was later selected in 1986 by Ramming and Tarailo and tested in the San Joaquin Valley under the name A29-67, and was introduced as "Thomcord."[2][3]
The new hybrid was tested and scrutinized for 17 years before it was declared ready for growers and gardeners and was released on .[2][3] Around 2008, trials outside of California were just beginning.[2] Thomcord quickly became a hit at farmers' markets while it was being tested, and it has appeared in the fresh-fruit section at supermarkets.[1] This continued the long-standing success of the ARS' grape-breeding research in California, which has developed some of the most popular seedless grapes on the market as well as red, white, and black grapes varieties for hobbyists and professional growers since 1923.[3]
Although it has been called a "sentimental favorite" at farmers' markets, it is not expected to become a major commercial variety because its flavor is not as neutral as more popular grapes, such as Thompson Seedless, Crimson Seedless, or Flame Seedless. However, Ramming predicted that it would become a specialty item, much like the Muscat varieties, due to its distinctive, Concord-like flavor.[5] Because of its strong reception at farmers' markets, it could compete with Concord and Niabell varieties in eastern markets, according to Ramming.[2]
Disponibilidad[editar]
La Fundación de Servicio de Plantas en la Universidad de California, Davis registro la Uva Thomcord y la encontró libre de virus. La Fundación ofrece material certificado para propagación libre de virus. Esta fundación también deposita material genético en el Sistema Nacional para el Germoplasma, que ofrece material para investigación, incluyendo desarrollo y comercializan de nuevos cultivos. El Servicio de Investigación Agrícola no ofrece la uva Thomcord para distribución.[2]
La Uva Thomcord es variedad para el publico y su propagación y distribución no están restringidas..[4]
References[editar]
{{Reflist]]
- ↑ a b «Thomcord Seedless Grapes». 14 August 2014. Archivado desde el original el 27 September 2015. Consultado el 27 September 2015.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r s t u Ramming, D. W. (2008). «"Thomcord" Grape». Hort Science 43 (3): 945-946. Consultado el 2 de enero de 2011.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Wood, M. (16 June 2006). «Thomcord Grape: Flavorful, Attractive—and Seedless!». United States Department of Agriculture. Archivado desde el original el 2 January 2011. Consultado el 2 January 2011.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h «Sweet Scarlet and Thomcord — Two New Table Grape Varieties Released from ARS» (PDF). FPS Grape Program Newsletter (Foundation Plant Services): 4. October 2004. Archivado desde el original el 2 January 2011. Consultado el 2 January 2011.
- ↑ a b c d e Pollock, D. (31 July 2006). «THOMCORD: New Grape Variety Draws Ready Fans». Sacramento Bee. Archivado desde el original el 2 January 2011. Consultado el 2 January 2011.
- ↑ Ramming, D.W. «The USDA/ARS grape breeding program at Parlier, CA» (PDF). National Viticulture Research Conference. Archivado desde el original el 2 January 2011. Consultado el 2 January 2011.