Tratado Joseon-Estados Unidos de 1882

El Tratado de Paz, Amistad, Comercio y Navegación^[1] (coreano: 조·미수호통상조약, hanja: 朝美修好通商條約), también conocido como el Tratado de Shufeldt, fue negociado entre representantes de los Estados Unidos y la dinastía Joseon de Corea en 1882.^[2]

El borrador final fue aceptado en Chemulpo (actual Incheon) cerca de la capital coreana de Hanseong (Seúl) en abril y mayo de 1884.^[3]

Antecedentes[editar]

En 1876, Corea estableció un tratado comercial con Japón después de que los barcos japoneses se acercaran a Ganghwado y amenazaran con disparar contra la capital coreana. Las negociaciones del tratado con los estadounidenses y con varios países europeos fueron posibles gracias a la finalización de esta obertura japonesa inicial.^[4]

Las negociaciones con China fueron una característica importante del proceso que resultó en este tratado.^[5]

Disposiciones del tratado[editar]

Estados Unidos y Corea negociaron y aprobaron un tratado de 14 artículos. El tratado estableció amistad mutua y asistencia mutua en caso de ataque; y el tratado también abordó asuntos tan específicos como los derechos extraterritoriales para los ciudadanos estadounidenses en Corea y el estatus comercial de nación más favorecida.^[1]^[6]

Extracto[editar]

El tratado abarca una variedad de temas.

El artículo 1 establecía:

Habrá paz y amistad perpetuas entre el presidente de los Estados Unidos y el rey de los elegidos y los ciudadanos y súbditos de sus respectivos gobiernos. Si otras potencias tratan injusta u opresivamente con cualquiera de los gobiernos, la otra ejercerá sus buenos oficios al ser informados del caso para lograr un acuerdo amistoso, mostrando así sus sentimientos amistosos.^[6]

Artículo 2: intercambio de representantes diplomáticos y consulares
Artículo 3: naves de los Estados Unidos naufragadas en la costa de Corea
Artículo 4: jurisdicción extraterritorial de los Estados Unidos sobre sus ciudadanos en Corea
Artículo 5: los comerciantes y los buques mercantes deberán pagar recíprocamente los derechos
Artículo 6: derechos recíprocos de residencia y protección de los ciudadanos de ambas naciones.
Artículo 7: que prohíbe la exportación o importación de opio
Artículo 8: exportación de "productos alimenticios" y ginseng rojo
Artículo 9: que regula la importación de armas y municiones
Artículo 10: derechos recíprocos al empleo de mano de obra nativa
Artículo 11: intercambios de estudiantes
Artículo 14: la cláusula habitual de la nación más favorecida

El tratado se mantuvo vigente hasta la anexión de Corea en 1910.^[6]

Consecuencias[editar]

El tratado de los Estados Unidos estableció una plantilla que fue modelada explícitamente en tratados con otras naciones occidentales: Alemania en 1883, Rusia e Italia en 1884, Francia en 1886 y otros también.^[7]

El tratado permaneció vigente incluso después de que se estableciera el protectorado japonés en 1905,^[8] pero terminó con la anexión japonesa de Corea en 1910.

Véase también[editar]

Tratado desigual

Referencias[editar]

↑ ^a ^b United States. Dept. of State (1889). John H. Haswell (ed.). Treaties and conventions concluded between the United States of America since July 4, 1776. G.P.O. p. 216.
↑ Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921-1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament, p. 17., p. 17, at Google Books; excerpt, "It is certain that in 1882 the United States recognized the independence and territorial integrity of Korea by entering into a treaty of amity and commerce with her as a separate national entity. The treaty was in due form. It was ratified by the Senate and in regular course it was formally "proclaimed" by President Arthur. Japan was the first nation to officially "congratulate" both Korea and the United States upon its consummation. This fact is noted in the report of Hon. John A. Bingham to Secretary Frelinghuysen, April 14, 1883. As though to emphasize the international effect of this treaty in recognizing this national entity, China protested the sending of Korean ministers to the United States, claiming suzerainty over Korea. The protest was patiently and fully considered on its merits and was overruled. Later China, conceding the position of the United States, also recognized, by specific treaty the independence and separate entity of Korea. Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy, following the course of the United States, also made treaties of amity and commerce with Korea as a separate nation." [italics + bold added for emphasis]
↑ Yŏng-ho Ch'oe et al. (2000). Sources of Korean Tradition, p. 235, p. 235, at Google Books; excerpt, "Korea signed a similar accord with the United States (the Treaty of Chelump'o, 1882) that was followed by similar agreements with other Western nations."
↑ Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). The History of Korea, pp. 107-108., p. 107, at Google Books
↑ Kang, Woong Joe. (2005) The Korean struggle for International identity in the foreground of the Shufeldt Negotiation, 1866-1882, p. 136., p. 136, at Google Books; Kang, Jae-un (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism, p. 459., p. 459, at Google Books; Pletcher, David M. (2001). The Diplomacy of Involvement: American economic expansion across the Pacific, 1784-1900, p. 186., p. 186, at Google Books
↑ ^a ^b ^c Korean Mission, p. 29., p. 29, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."
↑ Kim, p. 107., p. 107, at Google Books
↑ Korean Mission p. 36., p. 36, at Google Books; excerpt, "Official rescript issued by Japan, November 22, 1905, declares: 'In bringing this agreement to the notice of the powers having treaties with Korea, the Imperial Government declares that * * * they will see that these treaties are maintained and respected, and they also engage not to prejudice In any way the legitimate commercial and industrial interests of those powers in Korea'".

Datos: Q697104

[:0-1] United States. Dept. of State (1889). John H. Haswell (ed.). Treaties and conventions concluded between the United States of America since July 4, 1776. G.P.O. p. 216.

[2] Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921-1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament, p. 17., p. 17, at Google Books; excerpt, "It is certain that in 1882 the United States recognized the independence and territorial integrity of Korea by entering into a treaty of amity and commerce with her as a separate national entity. The treaty was in due form. It was ratified by the Senate and in regular course it was formally "proclaimed" by President Arthur. Japan was the first nation to officially "congratulate" both Korea and the United States upon its consummation. This fact is noted in the report of Hon. John A. Bingham to Secretary Frelinghuysen, April 14, 1883. As though to emphasize the international effect of this treaty in recognizing this national entity, China protested the sending of Korean ministers to the United States, claiming suzerainty over Korea. The protest was patiently and fully considered on its merits and was overruled. Later China, conceding the position of the United States, also recognized, by specific treaty the independence and separate entity of Korea. Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy, following the course of the United States, also made treaties of amity and commerce with Korea as a separate nation." [italics + bold added for emphasis]

[3] Yŏng-ho Ch'oe et al. (2000). Sources of Korean Tradition, p. 235, p. 235, at Google Books; excerpt, "Korea signed a similar accord with the United States (the Treaty of Chelump'o, 1882) that was followed by similar agreements with other Western nations."

[4] Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). The History of Korea, pp. 107-108., p. 107, at Google Books

[5] Kang, Woong Joe. (2005) The Korean struggle for International identity in the foreground of the Shufeldt Negotiation, 1866-1882, p. 136., p. 136, at Google Books; Kang, Jae-un (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism, p. 459., p. 459, at Google Books; Pletcher, David M. (2001). The Diplomacy of Involvement: American economic expansion across the Pacific, 1784-1900, p. 186., p. 186, at Google Books

[:1-6] Korean Mission, p. 29., p. 29, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."

[7] Kim, p. 107., p. 107, at Google Books

[8] Korean Mission p. 36., p. 36, at Google Books; excerpt, "Official rescript issued by Japan, November 22, 1905, declares: 'In bringing this agreement to the notice of the powers having treaties with Korea, the Imperial Government declares that * * * they will see that these treaties are maintained and respected, and they also engage not to prejudice In any way the legitimate commercial and industrial interests of those powers in Korea'".

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