Pogromo de Delhi de 2020

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Pogromo de Delhi de 2020
Localización
País India
Lugar Distrito de Delhi noreste, India
Coordenadas 28°40′55″N 77°16′26″E / 28.682, 77.274
Datos generales
Tipo disturbio
Causa islamofobia
Participantes nacionalistas hindúes
Histórico
Fecha de inicio 23 de febrero-29 de febrero de 2020
Desenlace
Heridos 20
[editar datos en Wikidata]

El pogromo de Delhi de 2020, o disturbios del noreste de Delhi, fueron múltiples oleadas de agresiones, destrucción de propiedades, asesinatos y disturbios en el noreste de Delhi, que comenzaron el 23 de febrero de 2020 y fueron causados principalmente por turbas hindúes que atacaban a musulmanes.[1]​[2]​ De las 53 personas muertas 36 eran musulmanas.[3]​[4]​[5]​ Entre los muertos también se encontraban un policía, un oficial de inteligencia y varios hindúes que fueron baleados o apaleados.[4]​ Más de una semana después de que terminara la violencia, cientos de heridos languidecían en instalaciones médicas con personal inadecuado y se encontraban cadáveres en desagües abiertos.[6]​ A mediados de marzo, varios musulmanes seguían desaparecidos.[1]​

Los musulmanes fueron marcados como objetivos de la violencia.[7]​[8]​[9]​ Para determinar su religión, los hombres musulmanes, que a diferencia de los hindúes suelen ser circuncidados, fueron obligados a desnudarse de cintura para abajo antes de ser agredidos.[10]​[11]​[12]​ Las turbas hindúes prendieron fuego a las casas y negocios de los musulmanes y apalearon, castraron y mataron a docenas de personas, en ocasiones con ayuda de la policía.[13]​ La violencia empezó en Jaffrabad, en el noreste de Delhi, donde un grupo de mujeres se estaba manifestando en contra de las enmiendas a la ley de ciudadanía.[14]​ El 23 de febrero de 2020, un líder del Bharatiya Janata (partido gobernante) pidió a la policía de Delhi que despejara las carreteras y, en caso contrario, amenazó con "salir a la calle".[15]​[16]​ Después del ultimátum de Mishra, estalló la violencia.[17]​ Los alborotadores con cascos y palos, piedras, espadas o pistolas, y las banderas color azafrán del nacionalismo hindú entraron en los barrios musulmanes, mientras la policía permanecía al margen.[18]​[19]​ Se escucharon cánticos de " Jai Shri Ram " ("Victoria del Señor Rama "), un eslogan religioso favorecido por el partido del primer ministro Narendra Modi .[5]​ En el barrio de Shiv Vihar, grupos de hombres hindúes violentos atacaron casas y negocios musulmanes durante tres días, a menudo bombardeándolos con cilindros de gas para cocinar y destripándolos sin resistencia por parte de la policía.[20]​ En algunos casos, los musulmanes respondieron a las amenazas percibidas devolviendo la violencia; el día 25 una turba musulmana se acercó a un barrio hindú arrojando piedras y cócteles molotov y disparando armas de fuego.[21]​ Durante este tiempo, también se contaron historias de sijes e hindúes que acudieron en ayuda de los musulmanes sitiados;[22]​ en algunos barrios, las comunidades religiosas cooperaron para protegerse de la violencia.[23]​

El gobierno indio rápidamente caracterizó la violencia como espontánea y el primer ministro, Narendra Modi, hizo un llamamiento a la calma en Twitter.[24]​ La policía de Delhi fue acusada por los ciudadanos afectados, testigos oculares, organizaciones de derechos humanos y líderes musulmanes de todo el mundo de no proteger a los ciudadanos musulmanes.[6]​ Los videos mostraban a la policía actuando de manera coordinada contra los musulmanes, en ocasiones ayudando deliberadamente a las bandas hindúes.[25]​ Testigos dijeron que algunos policías se unieron a los ataques contra los musulmanes.[26]​

Después de que la violencia disminuyó en los barrios mixtos hindú-musulmanes densamente poblados del noreste de Delhi, algunas organizaciones hindúes continuaron exhibiendo a presuntas víctimas hindúes de la violencia musulmana en un intento de remodelar el relato de los hechos y aumentar aún más la hostilidad hacia los musulmanes.[27]​ Unos 1.000 musulmanes buscaron refugio en un campamento de socorro en las afueras de Delhi.[28]​ Pandillas de hindúes aparecieron en varios barrios musulmanes en los días previos al festival hindú de Holi, celebrado en 2020 el 9 de marzo, para asustar a los musulmanes y hacer que abandonaran sus hogares.[29]​

Contexto[editar]

Las protestas comenzaron en India en diciembre de 2019 en respuesta a la aprobación de la Ley de Ciudadanía (Enmienda) (CAA), que permite la naturalización acelerada de inmigrantes de Pakistán, Bangladés y Afganistán siempre que sean hindúes o sijes. La Ley ha sido vista como discriminatoria para los musulmanes y amenazante para su existencia en India cuando se combina con el Registro Nacional de Ciudadanos (NRC) anticipado.[30]​[31]​[32]​[33]​ Por ese motivo, un grupo de musulmanas decidió llevar a cabo una sentada que desató las iras de los nacionalistas hindúes.

Cronología[editar]

El pogromo coincidió con la visita de Donald Trump a India.[34]​[35]​

Referencias[editar]

  1. ↑ a b Ellis-Peterson, Hannah; Azizur Rahman, Shaikh (16 de marzo de 2020), «Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots», The Guardian (Delhi), consultado el 17 de marzo de 2020, «As the mob attacks came once, then twice and then a third time in this north-east Delhi neighbourhood, desperate stallholders repeatedly ran to Gokalpuri and Dayalpur police stations crying out for help. But each time they found the gates locked from the inside. For three days, no help came. ... Since the riots broke out in Delhi at the end of February, the worst religious conflict to engulf the capital in decades, questions have persisted about the role that the Delhi police played in enabling the violence, which was predominately Hindu mobs attacking Muslims. Of the 51 people who died, at least three-quarters were Muslim, and many Muslims are still missing.» .
  2. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Abi-Habib, Maria (1 de marzo de 2020), «In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse», The New York Times, consultado el 1 de marzo de 2020, «This past week, as neighborhoods in India's capital burned and religiously driven bloodletting consumed more than 40 lives, most of them Muslim, India's government was quick to say that the violence was spontaneous... Many Muslims are now leaving, hoisting their unburned things on their heads and trudging away from streets that still smell of smoke.» .
  3. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Yasir, Sameer; Raj, Suhasini; Kumar, Hari (12 de marzo de 2020), «'If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims», Photographs by Loke, Atul, The New York Times, consultado el 13 de marzo de 2020, «Two-thirds of the more than 50 people who were killed and have been identified were Muslim.» .
  4. ↑ a b Slater, Joanna; Masih, Niha (6 de marzo de 2020), «In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn», The Washington Post, consultado el 6 de marzo de 2020, «At least 53 people were killed or suffered deadly injuries in violence that persisted for two days. The majority of those killed were Muslims, many shot, hacked or burned to death. A police officer and an intelligence officer were also killed. So too were more than a dozen Hindus, most of them shot or assaulted.» .
  5. ↑ a b Slater, Joanna; Masih, Niha (2 de marzo de 2020), «What Delhi's worst communal violence in decades means for Modi's India», The Washington Post, consultado el 15 de marzo de 2020, «Zaitoon, 40, who goes by one name, half-cried as she rummaged through the items. She said mobs entered her lane shouting "Jai Shri Ram," or "Victory to Lord Ram," a slogan favored by Modi's party, and demanded to know which houses were occupied by Muslims. She said she saw a neighbor set on fire in front of her, an account repeated by other witnesses.» .
  6. ↑ a b Frayer, Lauren (7 de marzo de 2020), Delhi Riots Aftermath: 'How Do You Explain Such Violence?', NPR, consultado el 7 de marzo de 2020, «But hundreds of wounded are languishing in understaffed medical facilities. Corpses are still being discovered in drainage ditches. Victims are still dying in hospitals. The death toll has reached 53... Police are facing accusations from victims, witnesses, human rights groups, opposition politicians and Muslim leaders worldwide that they failed to protect Muslim citizens, and in some cases, even incited attacks themselves.» .
  7. ↑ Withnall, Adam (27 de febrero de 2020), «Targeted for being Muslim», The Independent, archivado desde el original el 27 de febrero de 2020, consultado el 4 de marzo de 2020, «His was one of around eight homes belonging to Muslims targeted by a rampaging mob in this Delhi neighbourhood on Tuesday afternoon, picked for destruction because they sat next to a mosque in this otherwise mostly Hindu-populated neighbourhood, vandalised, looted and then gutted with fire.» .
  8. ↑ Wamsley, Laurel; Frayer, Lauren (26 de febrero de 2020), In New Delhi, Days Of Deadly Violence And Riots, NPR, consultado el 25 de marzo de 2020, «Hindu mobs appear to have targeted Muslims primarily – not people protesting the citizenship law.» .
  9. ↑ Abi-Habib, Maria (5 de marzo de 2020), «Violence in India Threatens Its Global Ambitions», The New York Times, consultado el 6 de marzo de 2020, «But as the leaders celebrated each other in India's capital, Hindu mobs began going after Muslim protesters in neighborhoods just a few miles away while the police looked on or joined in.» .
  10. ↑ Landrin, Sophie (4 de marzo de 2020), «Attaques contre les musulmans à New Delhi : " J'ai pensé que j'allais mourir " Trois jours d'attaques meurtrières perpétrées par les nationalistes hindous dans le nord de la capitale indienne laissent des vies dévastées.», Le Monde, consultado el 25 de marzo de 2020, «D’autres musulmans ont été déshabillés pour vérifier s’ils étaient circoncis, battus à mort et jetés dans les égouts à ciel ouvert de ce quartier pauvre et poussiéreux. (Other Muslims were stripped naked to check if they were circumcised, beaten to death and thrown into the open sewers of this poor and dusty neighbourhood.)» .
  11. ↑ Ellis-Peterson, Hannah; Azizur Rahman, Shaikh (6 de marzo de 2020), «'I cannot find my father's body': Delhi's fearful Muslims mourn riot dead», The Guardian (Delhi), consultado el 7 de marzo de 2020, «According to a witness, Arshad kept quiet, so the mob forced down his trousers. On seeing he was circumcised, as is common among Muslims in India, the mob instantly beat him to death. His bloodied body was later found in a gutter, his pants still around his ankles... In the aftermath, even in unaffected areas of Delhi, an exodus of Muslim families began this week, with swathes packing up their bags and returning for good to their home villages, fearing for their safety in the capital.» .
  12. ↑ Wamsley, Laurel; Frayer, Lauren (26 de febrero de 2020), In New Delhi, Days Of Deadly Violence And Riots, NPR, consultado el 25 de marzo de 2020, «Mobs have stopped people and demanded to know their religion. 'At least one photojournalist said he was asked to remove his pants to prove his religious identity,' the BBC adds. (Circumcision is common among male adherents of Islam.)» .
  13. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey (12 de marzo de 2020). «How Delhi’s Police Turned Against Muslims». The New York Times (en inglés estadounidense). ISSN 0362-4331. Consultado el 11 de enero de 2023. 
  14. ↑ «Por qué causa controversia la nueva ley de ciudadanía "antimusulmana" en India que podría convertir en apátridas a decenas de miles de personas». BBC News Mundo. Consultado el 11 de enero de 2023. 
  15. ↑ «BJP leader Kapil Mishra's 3-day ultimatum to Delhi Police». India Today. Consultado el 26 de febrero de 2020. 
  16. ↑ «"We'll Be Peaceful Till Trump Leaves," BJP Leader Kapil Mishra Warns Delhi Police». NDTV.com. Consultado el 26 de febrero de 2020. 
  17. ↑ Kuchay, Bilal (24 de febrero de 2020). «Fresh violence erupts in Indian capital during anti-CAA protests». Al Jazeera. Consultado el 25 de mayo de 2020. 
  18. ↑ Landrin, Sophie (26 de febrero de 2020). «Inde : New Delhi en proie à de violents conflits intercommunautaires» [India: New Delhi plagued by violent inter-community conflicts]. Le Monde (en francés). Consultado el 4 de marzo de 2020. «Des hordes d’émeutiers casqués, armés de bâtons, de pierres, de sabres ou de pistolets, portant des drapeaux safran – la couleur des nationalistes hindous – ont pris d’assaut cette zone. Des véhicules, des échoppes, ainsi que des maisons appartenant à des musulmans, ont été incendiés sous les yeux d’une police totalement passive. (Hordes of helmeted rioters, armed with sticks, stones, sabers or pistols, carrying saffron flags – the color of Hindu nationalists – stormed this area. Vehicles, stalls, as well as houses belonging to Muslims, were set on fire in front of a totally passive police force.)». 
  19. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Yasir, Sameer; Raj, Suhasini; Kumar, Hari (12 de marzo de 2020), «'If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims», Photographs by Loke, Atul, The New York Times, consultado el 13 de marzo de 2020, «Hindu mobs fanned out and targeted Muslim families. Violence crackled in the air. Police officers watched as mobs of Hindus, their foreheads marked by saffron stripes, prowled the streets with baseball bats and rusty bars, looking for Muslims to kill. The sky was filled with smoke. Muslim homes, shops and mosques were burned down.» .
  20. ↑ Ellis-Peterson, Hannah; Azizur Rahman, Shaikh (6 de marzo de 2020), «'I cannot find my father's body': Delhi's fearful Muslims mourn riot dead», The Guardian (Delhi), consultado el 7 de marzo de 2020, «In Shiv Vihar, from where they and many others had escaped, almost every Muslim home lay in blackened ruins, and two mosques looked like bomb sites. For three days, Hindu rioters attacked Shiv Vihar's Muslim localities and ran mayhem without any resistance from police. The mobs repeatedly used gas canisters as weapons, setting them alight and exploding them in Muslim properties so that the walls crumbled entirely.» .
  21. ↑ Slater, Joanna; Masih, Niha (2 de marzo de 2020), «What Delhi's worst communal violence in decades means for Modi's India», The Washington Post, consultado el 15 de marzo de 2020, «In the riots that swept northeastern Delhi, Muslims mobilized to counter perceived threats and clashed with Hindus. A two-lane road separates Muslim-dominated Mustafabad from Hindu-dominated Bhagirathi Vihar. Hindus say a large mob approached from the Muslim side Tuesday night, throwing stones and Molotov cocktails and firing guns. 'It became difficult to save our lives,' said Yogesh Kumar, 24, an accountant. 'When the fire spreads, everything gets torched,' Sanjay Kumar, 40, said bitterly as he looked around at the destroyed storefronts and burned facades along a lane leading from the main road. He blamed Kapil Mishra, the BJP leader who issued the original threat to protesters who mounted a sit-in.» .
  22. ↑ Ellis-Peterson, Hannah (1 de marzo de 2020), «Inside Delhi: beaten, lynched and burnt alive», The Guardian (Delhi), consultado el 27 de marzo de 2020, «But for all the tales of discord, dozens of accounts were also given to the Observer of how Sikh and Hindu families helped save their Muslim neighbours, sheltering them in their homes as the violence broke out or helping them escape as the mobs descended.» .
  23. ↑ Barton, Naomi (1 de marzo de 2020). «How Muslim and Hindu Neighbours Protected Each Other Through the Long Night at Chand Bagh». The Wire. Consultado el 3 de marzo de 2020. 
  24. ↑ «Donald Trump and Narendra Modi hug as Delhi burns». The Economist. 26 de febrero de 2020. «Both sides soon resorted to shooting; most of the fatalities, which included two policemen, were caused by gunfire... The police, which in Delhi are controlled by the central government, only deployed in strength on February 26th. On the orders of a court, they also began registering complaints of incitement. Mr Modi's national-security adviser toured affected districts, giving his 'word of honour' that residents could feel safe. The prime minister himself, after three days of silence, belatedly tweeted a plea for calm.» 
  25. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Yasir, Sameer; Raj, Suhasini; Kumar, Hari (12 de marzo de 2020), «'If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims», Photographs by Loke, Atul, The New York Times, consultado el 13 de marzo de 2020, «Now, more evidence is emerging that the Delhi police, who are under the direct command of Mr. Modi's government and have very few Muslim officers, concertedly moved against Muslims and at times actively helped the Hindu mobs that rampaged in New Delhi in late February, burning down Muslim homes and targeting Muslim families.» .
  26. ↑ Slater, Joanna; Masih, Niha (6 de marzo de 2020), «In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn», The Washington Post, consultado el 6 de marzo de 2020, «The police force – which is directly overseen by the central government – has come under criticism for failing to stop the violence. Witnesses say some officers joined the attacks on Muslims.» .
  27. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Yasir, Sameer; Raj, Suhasini; Kumar, Hari (12 de marzo de 2020), «'If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims», Photographs by Loke, Atul, The New York Times, consultado el 13 de marzo de 2020, «The religiously mixed and extremely crowded neighborhoods in northeastern Delhi that were on fire in late February have cooled. But some Hindu politicians continue to lead so-called peace marches, trotting out casualties of the violence with their heads wrapped in white medical tape, trying to upend the narrative and make Hindus seem like the victims, which is stoking more anti-Muslim hatred.» .
  28. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Yasir, Sameer; Raj, Suhasini; Kumar, Hari (12 de marzo de 2020), «'If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims», Photographs by Loke, Atul, The New York Times, consultado el 13 de marzo de 2020, «Some Muslims are leaving their neighborhoods, having lost all faith in the police. More than 1,000 have piled into a camp for internally displaced people that is rising on Delhi's outskirts.» .
  29. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Yasir, Sameer; Raj, Suhasini; Kumar, Hari (12 de marzo de 2020), «'If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims», Photographs by Loke, Atul, The New York Times, consultado el 13 de marzo de 2020, «India's population is about 80 percent Hindu, and gangs of Hindus threatened Muslims in several Delhi neighborhoods to leave before the Hindu holiday Holi that was celebrated this week.» .
  30. ↑ «Ten killed in Delhi violence during Trump visit». BBC News. 25 de febrero de 2020. Consultado el 25 de febrero de 2020. 
  31. ↑ «Shaheen Bagh: The women occupying Delhi street against citizenship law – 'I don't want to die proving I am Indian'». BBC. 4 de enero de 2020. Archivado desde el original el 8 de enero de 2020. Consultado el 13 de enero de 2020. 
  32. ↑ Bakshi, Asmita (2 de enero de 2020). «Portraits of resilience: the new year in Shaheen Bagh». Livemint. Archivado desde el original el 13 de enero de 2020. Consultado el 13 de enero de 2020. 
  33. ↑ «Shaheen Bagh residents brave the cold as anti-CAA stir enters Day 15». The Hindu. 29 de diciembre de 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Consultado el 13 de enero de 2020. 
  34. ↑ «Visita oficial del presidente de Estados Unidos, Donald Trump, a la India». La Vanguardia. 24 de febrero de 2020. Consultado el 11 de enero de 2023. 
  35. ↑ Kamdar, Mira (28 de febrero de 2020). «What Happened in Delhi Was a Pogrom». The Atlantic (en inglés). Consultado el 12 de enero de 2023. 
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