Diferencia entre revisiones de «Fusarium»
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{{Taxobox | color = lightblue |
{{Taxobox | color = lightblue |
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| name = ''Fusarium'' |
| name = ''Fusarium'' |
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Son patógenos facultativos, capaces de sobrevivir en el agua y suelo alimentándose de materiales en descomposición. Son importantes agentes de contaminación en los laboratorios de microbiología. |
Son patógenos facultativos, capaces de sobrevivir en el agua y suelo alimentándose de materiales en descomposición. Son importantes agentes de contaminación en los laboratorios de microbiología. |
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'''''Fusarium''''' es un extenso género de [[hongo]]s [[filamentosos]] ampliamente distribuido en el suelo y en asociación con plantas. La mayoría de las especies son [[saprofitas]] y son unos miembros relativamente abundantes de la microbiota del suelo. Algunas especies producen [[micotoxinas]] en los cereales y que pueden afectar a la salud de personas y animales si estas entran en la cadena alimentaria. La principal toxina producida por estas especies de ''Fusarium'' son [[fumonisinas]] y [[trichothecenos]]. |
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==Enfermedades== |
==Enfermedades== |
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: - Uso inapropiado de lentes de contacto |
: - Uso inapropiado de lentes de contacto |
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: - Otros traumas accidentales |
: - Otros traumas accidentales |
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==Crop Damage== |
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===Barley=== |
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[[Fusarium graminearum]] commonly infects barley if there is rain late in the season. It is of economic impact to the Malting and Brewing industries as well as feed barley. Fusarium contamination in barley can result in head blight and in extreme contaminations the barley can appear pink. [3] |
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[[Fusarium graminearum]] can also cause root rot and seedling blight. The total losses in the US of barley and wheat crops between 1991 and 1996 have been estimated at $3 billion. [3] |
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==Use as human food== |
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[[Fusarium venenatum]] is produced industrially for use as a human food by Marlow Foods, Ltd., and is marketed under the name [[Quorn]] in Europe and North America. |
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==Biological warfare== |
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Mass casualties occurred in the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1930s and 1940s when ''Fusarium''-contaminated wheat flour was baked into bread, causing [[alimentary toxic aleukia]] with a 60% mortality rate. Symptoms began with [[abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], and [[prostration]]. Within days [[fever]], [[chills]], [[myalgia]]s and [[bone marrow]] depression with [[granulocytopenia]] and secondary [[sepsis]]. Further symptoms included [[pharyngeal]] or [[laryngeal]] [[ulceration]] and diffuse bleeding into the skin ([[petechiae]] and [[ecchymoses]]), [[melena]], bloody diarrhea, [[hematuria]], [[hematemesis]], [[epistaxis]], [[vaginal bleeding]], [[Pancytopenia]] and [[gastrointestinal]] ulceration. ''Fusarium sporotrichoides'' contamination was found in affected grain in 1932, spurring research for medical purposes and for use in [[biological warfare]]. The active ingredient was found to be [[trichothecene]] [[T-2 mycotoxin]], and was produced in quantity and weaponized prior to the passage of the [[Biological Weapons Convention]] in 1972. The Soviets were accused of using the agent, dubbed ''"yellow rain"'', to cause 6,300 deaths in [[Laos]], [[Kampuchea]], and [[Afghanistan]] between 1975 and 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/issue9/bu0024.pdf|title=Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans|date=September 1, 1999|author=World Health Organization|accessdate=2007-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drugpolicy.org/docUploads/Mycoherbicide06.pdf|title=Repeating mistakes of the past: another mycoherbicide research bill|author=Drug Policy Alliance|date=2006|accessdate=2007-05-27}}</ref> |
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Following an outbreak of ''[[Fusarium oxysporum]]'' that affected [[coca]] plantations in [[Peru]], and other crops planted in the area, the [[United States]] has proposed the use of the agent as a [[mycoherbicide]] in drug eradication. In 2000, a proposal was passed to use the agent as part of [[Plan Colombia]]. In response to concerns that use of the fungus could be perceived as [[biological warfare]], the [[Clinton Administration]] "waived" this use of ''Fusarium''. A subsequent law passed in 2006 has mandated the testing of [[mycoherbicide]] agents - either ''[[Fusarium oxysporum]]'' or ''[[Pleospora papaveracea]]'' - in field trials in U.S. territory.<ref name="tni">{{cite web|url=http://www.tni.org/docs/200705111419584743.pdf|title=Evaluating Mycoherbicides for Illicit Drug Crop Control: |
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Rigorous Scientific Scrutiny is Crucial}}</ref> Use of ''[[Fusarium oxysporum]]'' for these tests has raised concerns because resistant [[coca]] from the previous outbreak has been widely cultivated, and the fungus has been implicated in the birth of 31 [[anencephalic]] children in the [[Rio Grande]] region of [[Texas]] in 1991, the loss of [[palm tree]]s in [[Los Angeles]], and eye infections from [[contact lens]] solutions. The alternative ''[[Pleospora papaveracea]]'' is less well-known; despite decades of study in the [[Soviet]] biowarfare lab in [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]], the relevant mycotoxins reportedly have not yet been isolated, named, or studied.<ref name="tni" /> |
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==References== |
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<references /> |
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[3] Brewing Microbiology 3rd Edition Priest and Campbell, ISBN0-306-47288-0 |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/fusarium.htm Doctor Fungus] |
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* [http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/3122.html ''Fusarium'' and ''Verticillium'' Wilts of Tomato, Potato, Pepper, and Eggplant] |
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* [http://www.bugwood.org/container/fusarium.html ''Fusarium'' Root Rot in Container Tree Nurseries] |
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* [http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/turf/publications/fusarium.html ''Fusarium'' Blight on Turfgrass] |
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* [http://paridss.usask.ca/specialcrop/pulse_diseases/pea/fusarium.html Pea ''Fusarium'' Wilt] |
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* [http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/f_oxys.htm ''Fusarium'' oxysporum] |
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* [http://www.logicalimages.com/resourcesFusariumKeratitis.htm ''Fusarium'' Keratitis] |
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* [http://www.fusarium-news.com Latest News on ''Fusarium'' Eye Fungus Contact Lens Infections] |
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[[Category:Fusarium]] |
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[[Category:Plant pathogens and diseases]] |
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[[Category:Animal diseases]] |
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{{esbozo|microbiología}} |
{{esbozo|microbiología}} |
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Revisión del 22:19 27 dic 2007
Los hongos del género Fusarium tienen gran importancia económica como pestes de los cultivos, principalmente Fusarium oxysporum, provocando la fusariosis. Las esporas del hongo son fácilmente reconocibles al microscopio por su forma de media luna o de canoa.
Son patógenos facultativos, capaces de sobrevivir en el agua y suelo alimentándose de materiales en descomposición. Son importantes agentes de contaminación en los laboratorios de microbiología.
Fusarium es un extenso género de hongos filamentosos ampliamente distribuido en el suelo y en asociación con plantas. La mayoría de las especies son saprofitas y son unos miembros relativamente abundantes de la microbiota del suelo. Algunas especies producen micotoxinas en los cereales y que pueden afectar a la salud de personas y animales si estas entran en la cadena alimentaria. La principal toxina producida por estas especies de Fusarium son fumonisinas y trichothecenos.
Enfermedades
Diversas especies del género Fusarium causan infecciones en humanos, tanto superficiales como sistémicas llamadas en general fusariosis. Entre otras:
- - Queratomicosis
- - Onicomicosis
- - Infecciones cutáneas
Riesgo
La población expuesta es aquella que sufre traumas oculares:
- - Agricultores
- - Trabajadores de la construcción
- - Uso inapropiado de lentes de contacto
- - Otros traumas accidentales
Crop Damage
Barley
Fusarium graminearum commonly infects barley if there is rain late in the season. It is of economic impact to the Malting and Brewing industries as well as feed barley. Fusarium contamination in barley can result in head blight and in extreme contaminations the barley can appear pink. [3]
Fusarium graminearum can also cause root rot and seedling blight. The total losses in the US of barley and wheat crops between 1991 and 1996 have been estimated at $3 billion. [3]
Use as human food
Fusarium venenatum is produced industrially for use as a human food by Marlow Foods, Ltd., and is marketed under the name Quorn in Europe and North America.
Biological warfare
Mass casualties occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s when Fusarium-contaminated wheat flour was baked into bread, causing alimentary toxic aleukia with a 60% mortality rate. Symptoms began with abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and prostration. Within days fever, chills, myalgias and bone marrow depression with granulocytopenia and secondary sepsis. Further symptoms included pharyngeal or laryngeal ulceration and diffuse bleeding into the skin (petechiae and ecchymoses), melena, bloody diarrhea, hematuria, hematemesis, epistaxis, vaginal bleeding, Pancytopenia and gastrointestinal ulceration. Fusarium sporotrichoides contamination was found in affected grain in 1932, spurring research for medical purposes and for use in biological warfare. The active ingredient was found to be trichothecene T-2 mycotoxin, and was produced in quantity and weaponized prior to the passage of the Biological Weapons Convention in 1972. The Soviets were accused of using the agent, dubbed "yellow rain", to cause 6,300 deaths in Laos, Kampuchea, and Afghanistan between 1975 and 1981.[1][2]
Following an outbreak of Fusarium oxysporum that affected coca plantations in Peru, and other crops planted in the area, the United States has proposed the use of the agent as a mycoherbicide in drug eradication. In 2000, a proposal was passed to use the agent as part of Plan Colombia. In response to concerns that use of the fungus could be perceived as biological warfare, the Clinton Administration "waived" this use of Fusarium. A subsequent law passed in 2006 has mandated the testing of mycoherbicide agents - either Fusarium oxysporum or Pleospora papaveracea - in field trials in U.S. territory.[3] Use of Fusarium oxysporum for these tests has raised concerns because resistant coca from the previous outbreak has been widely cultivated, and the fungus has been implicated in the birth of 31 anencephalic children in the Rio Grande region of Texas in 1991, the loss of palm trees in Los Angeles, and eye infections from contact lens solutions. The alternative Pleospora papaveracea is less well-known; despite decades of study in the Soviet biowarfare lab in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, the relevant mycotoxins reportedly have not yet been isolated, named, or studied.[3]
References
- ↑ World Health Organization (September 1, 1999). «Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans». Consultado el 27 de mayo de 2007.
- ↑ Drug Policy Alliance (2006). «Repeating mistakes of the past: another mycoherbicide research bill». Consultado el 27 de mayo de 2007.
- ↑ a b «Evaluating Mycoherbicides for Illicit Drug Crop Control: Rigorous Scientific Scrutiny is Crucial».
[3] Brewing Microbiology 3rd Edition Priest and Campbell, ISBN0-306-47288-0
External links
- Doctor Fungus
- Fusarium and Verticillium Wilts of Tomato, Potato, Pepper, and Eggplant
- Fusarium Root Rot in Container Tree Nurseries
- Fusarium Blight on Turfgrass
- Pea Fusarium Wilt
- Fusarium oxysporum
- Fusarium Keratitis
- Latest News on Fusarium Eye Fungus Contact Lens Infections
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