Diferencia entre revisiones de «Núcleo familiar»

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| 90.9%
| 90.9%
| 98.0%
| 98.0%
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+WC interior, bañera/ducha y agua corriente caliente (1988) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/hdse/2_hdse_reports/2_thematic_reports/Report%20on%20Housing.asp |title=Report on Housing |publisher=Coe.int |access-date=2012-03-24 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508195708/http://www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/hdse/2_hdse_reports/2_thematic_reports/Report%20on%20Housing.asp |archive-date=2012-05-08 }}</ref>
|-
! País !!WC interior!! Ducha en el baño !! Agua caliente corriente
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgica || 94% || 92% || 87%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Dinamarca || 97% || 94% || N/A
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Francia || 94% || 93% || 95%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Alemania || 99% || 97% || 98%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Grecia || 85% || 85% || 84%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Irelanda]] || 94% || 92% || 91%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Italia]] || 99% || 95% || 93%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Luxemburgo]] || 99% || 97% || 97%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Holanda]] || N/A || 99% || 100%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Portugal]] || 80% || N/A || N/A
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[España]] || 97% || 96% || N/A
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Reino Unido || 99% || 100% || N/A
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+Censos de 1981–82<ref name="bookshop.europa.eu" />
! valign="top" | País
! valign="top" | Ducha en el baño
! valign="top" | WC interior
! valign="top" | Calefacción central
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgica
| 73.9%
| 79.0%
| -
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Dinamarca
| 85.1%
| 95.8%
| 54.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Francia
| 85.2%
| 85.4%
| 67.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Alemania
| 92.3%
| 96.0%
| 70.0%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Grecia
| 69.3%
| 70.9%
| -
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Irelanda
| 82.0%
| 84.5%
| 39.2%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Italia
| 86.4%
| 87.7%
| 56.5%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Luxemburgo
| 86.2%
| 97.3%
| 73.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Holanda
| 95.9%
| -
| 66.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Portugal
| 58.0%
| 58.7%
| -
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| España
| 85.3%
| -
| 22.5%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Reino Unido
| 98.0%
| 97.3%
| -
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; display: inline-table;"
|+Superficie útil media, 1976<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|editor-last=Wynn|editor-first=Martin|title=Housing in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZoOAAAAQAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=978-0-312-39351-9}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
! País !! Area
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Austria]] || {{convert|86|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgica || {{convert|97|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bulgaria]] || {{convert|63|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Canada]] || {{convert|89|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Checoslovaquia]] || {{convert|69|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Dinamarca || {{convert|122|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Finlandia]] || {{convert|71|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Francia || {{convert|82|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Alemania oriental]] || {{convert|60|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Alemania occidental]] || {{convert|95|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Grecia || {{convert|80|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Hungria]] || {{convert|65|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Irlanda || {{convert|88|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Luxemburgo || {{convert|107|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Holanda || {{convert|71|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Noruega]] || {{convert|89|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Polonia]] || {{convert|58|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Portugal]] || {{convert|104|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Rumania]] || {{convert|54|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Unión Soviética]] || {{convert|49|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| España || {{convert|82|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Suecia]] || {{convert|109|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Suiza]] || {{convert|98|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Reino Unido || {{convert|70|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Estados Unidos]] || {{convert|120|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Yugoslavia]] || {{convert|65|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; display: inline-table;"
|+Average usable floor space, 1994<ref>European Commission; {{cite book|last1=Oxley|first1=Michael|last2=Smith|first2=Jacqueline|title=Housing Policy and Rented Housing in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbnaeunvrP0C&pg=PA77|year=1996|publisher=E & F Spon|isbn=978-0-419-20720-7|page=77}}</ref>
! Country !! Area
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Austria || {{convert|85.3|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgium || {{convert|86.3|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Denmark || {{convert|107|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Finland || {{convert|74.8|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| France || {{convert|85.4|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| East Germany || {{convert|64.4|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| West Germany || {{convert|86.7|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Greece || {{convert|79.6|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Ireland || {{convert|88|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Italy || {{convert|92.3|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Luxembourg || {{convert|107|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Netherlands || {{convert|98.6|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Spain || {{convert|86.6|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Sweden || {{convert|92|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United Kingdom || {{convert|79.7|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; display: inline-table;"
|+Floor space, 1992–1993<ref>{{cite book|last=Ōmae|first=Ken'ichi|title=The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJMxSo05yuwC|year=1995|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-02-923341-2}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
! Country !! Year !! Area
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Australia || 1993 || {{convert|191|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United States || 1992 || {{convert|153.2|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[South Korea]] || 1993 || {{convert|119.3|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United Kingdom || 1992 || {{convert|95|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Germany]] || 1993 || {{convert|90.8|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Japan || 1993 || {{convert|88.6|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+Households without an indoor WC, 1980<ref>{{cite book|last=Simon|first=Julian|title=The State of Humanity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrgN0AvFGL0C&pg=PA244|year=1996|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-55786-585-4|page=244}}</ref>
! Country !! %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgium || 19%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| France || 17%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| West Germany || 7%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Greece || 29%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Ireland || 22%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Italy || 11%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Japan]] || 54%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Norway || 17%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Portugal]] || 43%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Spain || 12%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United Kingdom || 6%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; display: inline-table;"
|+Households without a bath or shower
! Country !! %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgium || 24%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| France || 17%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| West Germany || 11%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Italy || 11%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Japan || 17%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Norway || 18%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Spain || 39%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United Kingdom || 4%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+Households with an indoor WC<ref name=Crouch>{{cite book|last=Couch|first=Chris|title=Housing Conditions in Britain and Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9-wAAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society|isbn=978-0-905492-42-1}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
! valign="top" | Country
! valign="top" | 1960–61
! valign="top" | 1970–71
! valign="top" | 1978–79
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Britain
| 87%
| 88%
| 95%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Germany
| 64%
| 85%
| 92.5%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+Households with a bath or shower<ref name="Crouch" />
! valign="top" | Country
! valign="top" | 1960–61
! valign="top" | 1970–71
! valign="top" | 1978–79
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Britain
| 72%
| 91%
| 94.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Germany
| 51%
| 82%
| 89.1%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; display: inline-table;"
|+ Principal residences in France lacking amenities:<ref name="ReferenceA" />
|-
! Year
! Running water
! WC
! Bath or shower
! Central heating
|-
| 1962
| 21.6%
| 59.5%
| 71.1%
| 80.7%
|-
| 1968
| 9.2%
| 45.2%
| 52.5%
| 65.1%
|-
| 1975
| 2.8%
| 26.2%
| 29.8%
| 46.9%
|-
| 1978
| 1.3%
| 20.9%
| 22.9%
| 39.7%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+Households with central heating{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
! Country !! 1970 !! 1978
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Great Britain || 34% || 53%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Germany || 44% || 64%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+US dwellings with bathroom amenities, 1970<ref>{{cite book|last=Lansley|first=Stewart|title=Housing and Public Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zwOAAAAQAAJ|date=1979|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=978-0-7099-0052-8}}</ref>
! Amenity !! %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Bath/shower || 95%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Flush toilet || 96%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+East German amenities<ref name="ReferenceA" />
! valign="top" | Amenity
! valign="top" | 1961
! valign="top" | 1971
! valign="top" | 1979
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Running water
| 66%
| 82.2%
| 89%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| WC
| 33%
| 41.8%
| 50%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Bath/shower
| 22.4%
| 38.7%
| 50%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Central heating
| 2.5%
| 10.6%
| 22%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ Amenities in European dwellings, 1970–71<ref name="google">{{cite book|last=Howenstine|first=Emanuel Jay|title=Housing Vouchers: A Comparative International Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZCx9PraId4C&pg=PA46|year=1985|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-5049-0|page=46}}</ref>
|-
! Country
! Running water
! WC
! Bath/shower
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Austria
| 84.2%
| 69.8%
| 52.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgium
| 88.0%
| 50.4%
| 47.8%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Czechoslovakia
| 75.3%
| 49.0%
| 58.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Denmark
| 98.7%
| 90.3%
| 76.5%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Finland
| 72.0%
| 61.4%
| -
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Greece
| 64.9%
| 41.2%
| 35.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Hungary
| 36.1%
| 27.2%
| 31.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Ireland
| 78.2%
| 69.2%
| 55.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Italy
| 86.1%
| 79.0%
| 64.5%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Netherlands
| -
| 80.8%
| 81.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Norway
| 97.5%
| 69.0%
| 66.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Portugal
| 47.8%
| 33.7%
| 32.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Spain
| 70.9%
| 70.9%
| 46.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Sweden
| 97.4%
| 90.1%
| 78.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Switzerland
| -
| 93.3%
| 80.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United Kingdom
| -
| 86.3%
| 90.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Yugoslavia]]
| 33.6%
| 26.2%
| 24.6%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ British households lacking amenities<ref name=Stafford>{{cite book|last=Stafford|first=D. C.|title=The Economics of Housing Policy|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsofhousi0000staf|url-access=registration|year=1978|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=978-0-85664-159-6}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
|-
! Year
! Bath
! Indoor/outdoor WC
! Hot running water
! Indoor WC
|-
| 1951
| 37.6%
| 7.7%
| -
| -{{contradict-inline|date=March 2019|reason=If 7.7% have an indoor or outdoor WC, this should be more than zero.}}
|-
| 1961
| 22.4%
| 6.5%
| 21.8%
| -{{contradict-inline|date=March 2019}}
|-
| 1966
| 15.4%
| 1.7%
| 12.5%
| 18.3%
|-
| 1971
| 9.1%
| 1.1%
| 6.5%
| 11.5%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ British households sharing amenities<ref name="Stafford" />
|-
! Year
! Bath
! Indoor/outdoor WC
! Hot running water
! Indoor WC
|-
| 1951
| 7.5%
| 14.9%
| -
| -{{contradict-inline|date=March 2019}}
|-
| 1961
| 4.4%
| 6.7%
| 1.8%
| -
|-
| 1966
| 4.1%
| 6.4%
| 2.0%
| 4.4%
|-
| 1971
| 3.2%
| 4.1%
| 1.9%
| 3.1%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Households with durable goods, 1964–1971<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book|last=Karn|first=Valerie Ann|title=Housing standards and costs: a comparison of British standards and costs with those in the U.S.A., Canada, and Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYlPAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=University of Birmingham|isbn=978-0-7044-0053-5}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
!Country
!Year
!Washing machine
!Refrigerator
!Television
!Telephone
|-
|[[Northern Ireland]]
|1971
|45.4%
|40.1%
|87.5%
|27.0%
|-
|[[Scotland]]
|1971
|65.0%
|53.2%
|92.1%
|36.1%
|-
|United Kingdom
|1964
|53.0%
|34.0%
|80.0%
|2.2%
|-
|United Kingdom
|1971
|64.3%
|68.8%
|91.4%
|37.8%
|-
|United States
|1965
|87.4%
|99.5%
|97.1%
|85.0%
|-
|United States
|1970
|92.1%
|99.85
|98.7%
|92.0%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+EEC manual workers with durable goods, 1963–1964<ref name="ReferenceB" />
!Country
!Washing machine
!Refrigerator
!Television
!Telephone
|-
|Belgium
|74.7%
|24.9%
|47.6%
|8.2%
|-
|France
|39.6%
|47.0%
|34.4%
|1.4%
|-
|West Germany
|66.2%
|62.1%
|51.3%
|1.8%
|-
|Italy
|13.6%
|50.2%
|47.9%
|20.0%
|-
|Luxembourg
|82.3%
|64.7%
|27.9%
|23.0%
|-
|Netherlands
|80.4%
|25.5%
|58.0%
|9.4%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+EEC white-collar workers with durable goods, 1963–1964<ref name="ReferenceB" />
!Country
!Washing machine
!Refrigerator
!Television
!Telephone
|-
|Belgium
|68.5%
|57.3%
|48.3%
|40.0%
|-
|France
|48.2%
|71.3%
|43.3%
|15.2%
|-
|West Germany
|62.2%
|79.1%
|51.8%
|19.6%
|-
|Italy
|38.3%
|81.9%
|79.3%
|57.9%
|-
|Luxembourg
|82.3%
|79.2%
|25.2%
|67.3%
|-
|Netherlands
|73.9%
|51.6%
|56.2%
|57.4%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Dwellings with amenities, 1960–71<ref name="ReferenceB" />
!Country
!Year
!Running water
!Indoor running water
!Toilet
!Flush toilet
!Bath/shower
|-
| rowspan="2" |Austria
|1961
|100.0%
|63.6%
| -
| -
|29.6%
|-
|1970
| -
|85.3%
|69.7%
| -
|54.5%
|-
|Belgium
|1961
|76.9%
| -
|99.9%
|47.6%
|24.3%
|-
|Bulgaria
|1965
|28.5%
|28.2%
|100.0%
|11.8%
|8.7%
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Canada]]
|1961
|89.1%
| -
| -
|85.2%
|80.3%
|-
|1967
| -
|95.2%
|93.5%
|92.5%
|89.8%
|-
|1971
| -
| -
| -
|95.4%
|93.4%
|-
|Czechoslovakia
|1961
|60.5%
|49.1%
| -
|39.5%
|33.3%
|-
| rowspan="2" |Denmark
|1960
| -
|92.9%
|100.0%
|83.6%
|48.3%
|-
|1965
|96.7%
|96.7%
|100.0%
|90.9%
|63.4%
|-
| rowspan="2" |England and [[Wales]]
|1961
| -
|98.7%
|93.4%
| -
|78.7%
|-
|1966
| -
| -
| -
|98.2%
|85.1%
|-
|[[Finland]]
|1960
|47.1%
|47.1%
| -
|35.4%
|14.6%
|-
| rowspan="2" |France
|1962
| -
|77.5%
|43.1%
|39.3%
|28.0%
|-
|1968
|92.8%
|91.5%
|56.2%
|53.2%
|48.9%
|-
|East Germany
|1961
| -
|65.7%
|33.7%
| -
|22.1%
|-
| rowspan="2" |West Germany
|1965
| -
|98.2%
| -
|83.3%
|64.3%
|-
|1968
|99.0%
| -
| -
|86.5%
|66.8%
|-
| rowspan="3" |Hungary
|1960
| -
| -
|100.0%
|22.5%
| -
|-
|1963
|32.5%
|25.9%
| -
| -
|18.5%
|-
|1970
|58.6%
|36.4%
|100.0%
|32.7%
|32.2%
|-
|Ireland
|1961
|57.2%
|51.0%
|64.9%
|53.5%
|33.2%
|-
|Italy
|1961
|71.6%
|62.3%
|89.5%
| -
|28.9%
|-
|Luxembourg
|1960
|98.8%
| -
|100.0%
|81.6%
|45.7%
|-
|Netherlands
|1956
|89.6%
| -
|99.9%
|67.5%
|26.8%
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[New Zealand]]
|1960
| -
|90.0%
| -
| -
| -
|-
|1961
|99.6%
|87.8%
| -
|88.5%
| -
|-
|1966
|99.7%
|90.3%
| -
|94.0%
|98.1%
|-
|Norway
|1960
|94.0%
|92.8%
|100.0%
|57.9%
|45.2%
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Poland]]
|1960
|39.1%
|29.9%
|26.9%
|18.9%
|13.9%
|-
|1966
| -
|46.8%
| -
|33.3%
| -
|-
|[[Romania]]
|1966
|48.4%
|12.3%
|100.0%
|12.2%
|9.6%
|-
| rowspan="2" |Scotland
|1961
| -
|94.0%
| -
|92.8%
|69.9%
|-
|1966
| -
| -
| -
|95.7%
|77.4%
|-
| rowspan="2" |Sweden
|1960
| -
|90.0%
| -
|76.2%
|61.0%
|-
|1965
|95.2%
|94.3%
|99.7%
|85.3%
|72.9%
|-
|Switzerland
|1960
| -
|96.1%
|99.7%
| -
|68.8%
|-
|United States
|1960
|94.0%
|92.9%
| -
|89.7%
|88.1%
|-
|Yugoslavia (urban)
|1961
| -
|42.4%
|34.5%
| -
|22.5%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+European households with at least one car, 1978<ref name="google2">{{cite book|last=Dawson|first=John|title=Commercial Distribution in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2gKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-59886-2|page=62}}</ref>
!Country
!%
|-
|Belgium
|69.9%
|-
|Denmark
|57.0%
|-
|France
|66.9%
|-
|West Germany
|62.6%
|-
|Ireland
|65.1%
|-
|Italy
|69.1%
|-
|Netherlands
|67.2%
|-
|United Kingdom
|54.4%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Housing tenure, 1980–1990<ref>{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Michael James|title=Social Policy: A Comparative Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pB1HAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Prentice-Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf|isbn=978-0-13-353905-9}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
!Country
!Year
!Public rental
!Private rental
!Owner-occupied
|-
|Australia
|1988
|5%
|25%
|70%
|-
|Belgium
|1986
|6%
|30%
|62%
|-
|Denmark
|1990
|21%
|21%
|58%
|-
|France
|1990
|17%
|30%
|53%
|-
|Germany
|1990
|25%
|38%
|37%
|-
|Ireland
|1990
|14%
|9%
|78%
|-
|Italy
|1990
|5%
|24%
|64%
|-
|Netherlands
|1988
|43%
|13%
|44%
|-
|Spain
|1989
|1%
|11%
|88%
|-
|United Kingdom
|1990
|27%
|7%
|66%
|-
|United States
|1980
|2%
|32%
|66%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[European Economic Community|EEC]] households with a garden, 1963–64<ref>{{cite book|last=Sampson|first=Anthony|title=The new Europeans: a guide to the workings, institutions and character of contemporary Western Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUZJAAAAYAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Panther|isbn=9780586034347}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
!Country
!%
|-
|Belgium
|58%
|-
|France
|47%
|-
|Italy
|17%
|-
|Netherlands
|21%
|-
|Germany
|45%
|-
|Luxembourg
|81%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Households with durable goods, 1962<ref name="google3">{{cite book|last=Logemann|first=J.|title=The Development of Consumer Credit in Global Perspective: Business, Regulation, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd_FAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194|date=2012-07-16|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=978-1-137-06207-9|page=194}}</ref>
!Country
!Television
!Vacuum cleaner
!Washing machine
!Refrigerator
!Car
|-
|France
|25%
|32%
|31%
|37%
|33%
|-
|Great Britain
|78%
|71%
|43%
|22%
|30%
|-
|United States
|87%
|75%
|95%
|98%
|75%
|}
|}



Revisión del 19:15 21 ene 2022

Painting of a man feeding a baby, two women and another child
Familienidylle por Aimé Pez, 1839

El núcleo familiar es una unidad sociológica formada por una o varias personas que viven en la misma vivienda y comparten las comidas. También puede consistir en una sola familia u otro grupo de personas.[1]​ El núcleo familiar es la unidad básica de análisis en muchos modelos sociales, microeconómicos y gubernamentales, y es importante para la economía y la herencia.[2]

Los modelos de núcleo familiar incluyen familias, familias mixtas, viviendas compartidas, hogares grupales, pensiones, casas de ocupación múltiple (Reino Unido) y ocupación de habitación individual (EE.UU.). En las sociedades feudales, la casa real y las casas medievales de los ricos incluían sirvientes.

Definiciones gubernamentales

A efectos estadísticos en el Reino Unido, un hogar se define como una persona o un grupo de personas que tienen el alojamiento como única o principal residencia y para un grupo, comparten al menos una comida al día o comparten la vivienda, es decir, una sala de estar o sala de estar.[3]​ La introducción de legislación para controlar casas de múltiples ocupaciones en la Ley de Vivienda del Reino Unido (2004)[4]​ requirió una definición más estricta de un solo hogar. Las personas pueden ser consideradas un hogar si están emparentadas: pura o mestiza, adoptiva, padrastro/hijo, suegros (y equivalente para parejas no casadas), una pareja casada o soltera pero viviendo como ... (parejas del mismo o diferente sexo).[5]

La definición del censo de los Estados Unidos también depende de «viviendas separadas»: aquellas en las que los ocupantes viven y comen separados de cualquier otra persona en el edificio.[6]​ Según el censo de EE. UU., un cabeza de familia es la persona (o una de las personas) en cuyo nombre se posee o se alquila (mantiene) la unidad de vivienda; si ninguna persona califica, cualquier residente adulto de una unidad de vivienda se considera cabeza de familia. El gobierno de los EE. UU. anteriormente usaba "cabeza del hogar" y "cabeza de familia", pero esos términos fueron reemplazados por "cabeza de familia" en 1980.[7]​ En la definición del censo de una familia,

... incluye a todas las personas que ocupan una vivienda. Una unidad de vivienda es una casa, un apartamento, una casa móvil, un grupo de habitaciones o una habitación individual que está ocupada (o si está vacante, está destinada a ser ocupada) como vivienda separada. Las viviendas separadas son aquellas en las que los ocupantes viven y comen separados de cualquier otra persona en el edificio y que tienen acceso directo desde el exterior del edificio o a través de un salón común. Los ocupantes pueden ser una sola familia, una persona que viva sola, dos o más familias que vivan juntas o cualquier otro grupo de personas emparentadas o no emparentadas que compartan arreglos de vivienda. (Las personas que no viven en hogares se clasifican como que viven en alojamientos grupales).[8]

El 15 de julio de 1998, Statistics Canada dijo que: Un hogar se define generalmente como compuesto por una persona o grupo de personas que co-residen u ocupan una vivienda.[9]

Definición económica

Aunque una teoría económica de flujo de ingresos único simplifica el modelado, no necesariamente refleja la realidad. Muchos hogares, si no la mayoría, tienen varios miembros que obtienen ingresos. La mayoría de los modelos económicos no equiparan los hogares y las familias tradicionales, y no siempre existe una relación de uno a uno entre los hogares y las familias.[cita requerida]

Definiciones sociales

En trabajo social, un hogar se define de manera similar: un grupo residencial en el que las tareas domésticas se dividen y realizan por cabezas de familia. El cuidado puede ser entregado por un cabeza de familia a otro, dependiendo de sus respectivas necesidades, habilidades y, quizás, discapacidades. La composición del hogar puede afectar las expectativas de vida y salud y los resultados de sus miembros.[10][11]​ La elegibilidad para servicios comunitarios y beneficios sociales puede depender de la composición del hogar.[12]

En sociología, la estrategia del trabajo doméstico (un término acuñado por Ray Pahl en su libro de 1984 Divisiones del trabajo )[13][14]​ es la división del trabajo entre los miembros de un hogar. Las estrategias de trabajo del hogar varían a lo largo del ciclo de vida a medida que los miembros del hogar envejecen o con el entorno económico; pueden ser impuestos por una sola persona o decididos colectivamente.[15]

El feminismo examina cómo los roles de género afectan la división del trabajo en los hogares. En The Second Shift y The Time Bind, el sociólogo Arlie Russell Hochschild presenta evidencia de que en parejas de dos carreras, hombres y mujeres pasan aproximadamente la misma cantidad de tiempo trabajando; sin embargo, las mujeres dedican más tiempo a las tareas del hogar.[16][17]​ Cathy Young (otra escritora feminista) dice que, en algunos casos, las mujeres pueden impedir la participación igualitaria de los hombres en las tareas del hogar y la crianza de los hijos.[18]

Modelos

Los modelos de hogar en el mundo de habla inglesa incluyen familias tradicionales y mixtas, viviendas compartidas y hogares grupales para personas con necesidades de apoyo. Otros modelos que pueden cumplir con las definiciones de un hogar incluyen pensiones , casas en ocupación múltiple (Reino Unido) y ocupación de habitación individual (EE. UU.).[cita requerida]

Estadísticas de vivienda

Viviendas con baños[19]
País 1960 1970 1980
Belgica 23.6% 49.1% 73.9%
Dinamarca 39.4% 73.1% 85.4%
Francia 28.0% 48.9% 85.2%
Alemania 51.9% 71.5% 92.3%
Grecia 10.4% - 69.3%
Irlanda 33.0% 55.3% 82.0%
Italia 10.7% 64.5% 86.4%
Luxemburgo 45.7% 69.4% 86.2%
Holanda 30.3% 75.5% 95.9%
Portugal 18.6% - 58%
España 24.0% 77.8% 85.3%
Reino Unido 78.3% 90.9% 98.0%
WC interior, bañera/ducha y agua corriente caliente (1988) [20]
País WC interior Ducha en el baño Agua caliente corriente
Belgica 94% 92% 87%
Dinamarca 97% 94% N/A
Francia 94% 93% 95%
Alemania 99% 97% 98%
Grecia 85% 85% 84%
Irelanda 94% 92% 91%
Italia 99% 95% 93%
Luxemburgo 99% 97% 97%
Holanda N/A 99% 100%
Portugal 80% N/A N/A
España 97% 96% N/A
Reino Unido 99% 100% N/A
Censos de 1981–82[19]
País Ducha en el baño WC interior Calefacción central
Belgica 73.9% 79.0% -
Dinamarca 85.1% 95.8% 54.6%
Francia 85.2% 85.4% 67.6%
Alemania 92.3% 96.0% 70.0%
Grecia 69.3% 70.9% -
Irelanda 82.0% 84.5% 39.2%
Italia 86.4% 87.7% 56.5%
Luxemburgo 86.2% 97.3% 73.9%
Holanda 95.9% - 66.1%
Portugal 58.0% 58.7% -
España 85.3% - 22.5%
Reino Unido 98.0% 97.3% -
Superficie útil media, 1976[21]
País Area
Austria 86 m² (925,7 ft²)
Belgica 97 m² (1044,1 ft²)
Bulgaria 63 m² (678,1 ft²)
Canada 89 m² (958 ft²)
Checoslovaquia 69 m² (742,7 ft²)
Dinamarca 122 m² (1313,2 ft²)
Finlandia 71 m² (764,2 ft²)
Francia 82 m² (882,6 ft²)
Alemania oriental 60 m² (645,8 ft²)
Alemania occidental 95 m² (1022,6 ft²)
Grecia 80 m² (861,1 ft²)
Hungria 65 m² (699,7 ft²)
Irlanda 88 m² (947,2 ft²)
Luxemburgo 107 m² (1151,7 ft²)
Holanda 71 m² (764,2 ft²)
Noruega 89 m² (958 ft²)
Polonia 58 m² (624,3 ft²)
Portugal 104 m² (1119,4 ft²)
Rumania 54 m² (581,3 ft²)
Unión Soviética 49 m² (527,4 ft²)
España 82 m² (882,6 ft²)
Suecia 109 m² (1173,3 ft²)
Suiza 98 m² (1054,9 ft²)
Reino Unido 70 m² (753,5 ft²)
Estados Unidos 120 m² (1291,7 ft²)
Yugoslavia 65 m² (699,7 ft²)
Average usable floor space, 1994[22]
Country Area
Austria 85,3 m² (918,2 ft²)
Belgium 86,3 m² (928,9 ft²)
Denmark 107 m² (1151,7 ft²)
Finland 74,8 m² (805,1 ft²)
France 85,4 m² (919,2 ft²)
East Germany 64,4 m² (693,2 ft²)
West Germany 86,7 m² (933,2 ft²)
Greece 79,6 m² (856,8 ft²)
Ireland 88 m² (947,2 ft²)
Italy 92,3 m² (993,5 ft²)
Luxembourg 107 m² (1151,7 ft²)
Netherlands 98,6 m² (1061,3 ft²)
Spain 86,6 m² (932,2 ft²)
Sweden 92 m² (990,3 ft²)
United Kingdom 79,7 m² (857,9 ft²)
Floor space, 1992–1993[23]
Country Year Area
Australia 1993 191 m² (2055,9 ft²)
United States 1992 153,2 m² (1649,0 ft²)
South Korea 1993 119,3 m² (1284,1 ft²)
United Kingdom 1992 95 m² (1022,6 ft²)
Germany 1993 90,8 m² (977,4 ft²)
Japan 1993 88,6 m² (953,7 ft²)
Households without an indoor WC, 1980[24]
Country %
Belgium 19%
France 17%
West Germany 7%
Greece 29%
Ireland 22%
Italy 11%
Japan 54%
Norway 17%
Portugal 43%
Spain 12%
United Kingdom 6%
Households without a bath or shower
Country %
Belgium 24%
France 17%
West Germany 11%
Italy 11%
Japan 17%
Norway 18%
Spain 39%
United Kingdom 4%
Households with an indoor WC[25]
Country 1960–61 1970–71 1978–79
Britain 87% 88% 95%
Germany 64% 85% 92.5%
Households with a bath or shower[25]
Country 1960–61 1970–71 1978–79
Britain 72% 91% 94.3%
Germany 51% 82% 89.1%
Principal residences in France lacking amenities:[21]
Year Running water WC Bath or shower Central heating
1962 21.6% 59.5% 71.1% 80.7%
1968 9.2% 45.2% 52.5% 65.1%
1975 2.8% 26.2% 29.8% 46.9%
1978 1.3% 20.9% 22.9% 39.7%
Households with central heating[cita requerida]
Country 1970 1978
Great Britain 34% 53%
Germany 44% 64%
US dwellings with bathroom amenities, 1970[26]
Amenity %
Bath/shower 95%
Flush toilet 96%
East German amenities[21]
Amenity 1961 1971 1979
Running water 66% 82.2% 89%
WC 33% 41.8% 50%
Bath/shower 22.4% 38.7% 50%
Central heating 2.5% 10.6% 22%
Amenities in European dwellings, 1970–71[27]
Country Running water WC Bath/shower
Austria 84.2% 69.8% 52.9%
Belgium 88.0% 50.4% 47.8%
Czechoslovakia 75.3% 49.0% 58.6%
Denmark 98.7% 90.3% 76.5%
Finland 72.0% 61.4% -
Greece 64.9% 41.2% 35.6%
Hungary 36.1% 27.2% 31.7%
Ireland 78.2% 69.2% 55.4%
Italy 86.1% 79.0% 64.5%
Netherlands - 80.8% 81.4%
Norway 97.5% 69.0% 66.1%
Portugal 47.8% 33.7% 32.6%
Spain 70.9% 70.9% 46.4%
Sweden 97.4% 90.1% 78.3%
Switzerland - 93.3% 80.9%
United Kingdom - 86.3% 90.7%
Yugoslavia 33.6% 26.2% 24.6%
British households lacking amenities[28]
Year Bath Indoor/outdoor WC Hot running water Indoor WC
1951 37.6% 7.7% - -Plantilla:Contradict-inline
1961 22.4% 6.5% 21.8% -Plantilla:Contradict-inline
1966 15.4% 1.7% 12.5% 18.3%
1971 9.1% 1.1% 6.5% 11.5%
British households sharing amenities[28]
Year Bath Indoor/outdoor WC Hot running water Indoor WC
1951 7.5% 14.9% - -Plantilla:Contradict-inline
1961 4.4% 6.7% 1.8% -
1966 4.1% 6.4% 2.0% 4.4%
1971 3.2% 4.1% 1.9% 3.1%
Households with durable goods, 1964–1971[29]
Country Year Washing machine Refrigerator Television Telephone
Northern Ireland 1971 45.4% 40.1% 87.5% 27.0%
Scotland 1971 65.0% 53.2% 92.1% 36.1%
United Kingdom 1964 53.0% 34.0% 80.0% 2.2%
United Kingdom 1971 64.3% 68.8% 91.4% 37.8%
United States 1965 87.4% 99.5% 97.1% 85.0%
United States 1970 92.1% 99.85 98.7% 92.0%
EEC manual workers with durable goods, 1963–1964[29]
Country Washing machine Refrigerator Television Telephone
Belgium 74.7% 24.9% 47.6% 8.2%
France 39.6% 47.0% 34.4% 1.4%
West Germany 66.2% 62.1% 51.3% 1.8%
Italy 13.6% 50.2% 47.9% 20.0%
Luxembourg 82.3% 64.7% 27.9% 23.0%
Netherlands 80.4% 25.5% 58.0% 9.4%
EEC white-collar workers with durable goods, 1963–1964[29]
Country Washing machine Refrigerator Television Telephone
Belgium 68.5% 57.3% 48.3% 40.0%
France 48.2% 71.3% 43.3% 15.2%
West Germany 62.2% 79.1% 51.8% 19.6%
Italy 38.3% 81.9% 79.3% 57.9%
Luxembourg 82.3% 79.2% 25.2% 67.3%
Netherlands 73.9% 51.6% 56.2% 57.4%
Dwellings with amenities, 1960–71[29]
Country Year Running water Indoor running water Toilet Flush toilet Bath/shower
Austria 1961 100.0% 63.6% - - 29.6%
1970 - 85.3% 69.7% - 54.5%
Belgium 1961 76.9% - 99.9% 47.6% 24.3%
Bulgaria 1965 28.5% 28.2% 100.0% 11.8% 8.7%
Canada 1961 89.1% - - 85.2% 80.3%
1967 - 95.2% 93.5% 92.5% 89.8%
1971 - - - 95.4% 93.4%
Czechoslovakia 1961 60.5% 49.1% - 39.5% 33.3%
Denmark 1960 - 92.9% 100.0% 83.6% 48.3%
1965 96.7% 96.7% 100.0% 90.9% 63.4%
England and Wales 1961 - 98.7% 93.4% - 78.7%
1966 - - - 98.2% 85.1%
Finland 1960 47.1% 47.1% - 35.4% 14.6%
France 1962 - 77.5% 43.1% 39.3% 28.0%
1968 92.8% 91.5% 56.2% 53.2% 48.9%
East Germany 1961 - 65.7% 33.7% - 22.1%
West Germany 1965 - 98.2% - 83.3% 64.3%
1968 99.0% - - 86.5% 66.8%
Hungary 1960 - - 100.0% 22.5% -
1963 32.5% 25.9% - - 18.5%
1970 58.6% 36.4% 100.0% 32.7% 32.2%
Ireland 1961 57.2% 51.0% 64.9% 53.5% 33.2%
Italy 1961 71.6% 62.3% 89.5% - 28.9%
Luxembourg 1960 98.8% - 100.0% 81.6% 45.7%
Netherlands 1956 89.6% - 99.9% 67.5% 26.8%
New Zealand 1960 - 90.0% - - -
1961 99.6% 87.8% - 88.5% -
1966 99.7% 90.3% - 94.0% 98.1%
Norway 1960 94.0% 92.8% 100.0% 57.9% 45.2%
Poland 1960 39.1% 29.9% 26.9% 18.9% 13.9%
1966 - 46.8% - 33.3% -
Romania 1966 48.4% 12.3% 100.0% 12.2% 9.6%
Scotland 1961 - 94.0% - 92.8% 69.9%
1966 - - - 95.7% 77.4%
Sweden 1960 - 90.0% - 76.2% 61.0%
1965 95.2% 94.3% 99.7% 85.3% 72.9%
Switzerland 1960 - 96.1% 99.7% - 68.8%
United States 1960 94.0% 92.9% - 89.7% 88.1%
Yugoslavia (urban) 1961 - 42.4% 34.5% - 22.5%
European households with at least one car, 1978[30]
Country %
Belgium 69.9%
Denmark 57.0%
France 66.9%
West Germany 62.6%
Ireland 65.1%
Italy 69.1%
Netherlands 67.2%
United Kingdom 54.4%
Housing tenure, 1980–1990[31]
Country Year Public rental Private rental Owner-occupied
Australia 1988 5% 25% 70%
Belgium 1986 6% 30% 62%
Denmark 1990 21% 21% 58%
France 1990 17% 30% 53%
Germany 1990 25% 38% 37%
Ireland 1990 14% 9% 78%
Italy 1990 5% 24% 64%
Netherlands 1988 43% 13% 44%
Spain 1989 1% 11% 88%
United Kingdom 1990 27% 7% 66%
United States 1980 2% 32% 66%
EEC households with a garden, 1963–64[32]
Country %
Belgium 58%
France 47%
Italy 17%
Netherlands 21%
Germany 45%
Luxembourg 81%
Households with durable goods, 1962[33]
Country Television Vacuum cleaner Washing machine Refrigerator Car
France 25% 32% 31% 37% 33%
Great Britain 78% 71% 43% 22% 30%
United States 87% 75% 95% 98% 75%

Referencias

  1. Haviland, William A. (2003). Anthropology. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-534-61020-3. 
  2. O'Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice-Hall. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-13-063085-8. Archivado desde el original el 20 de diciembre de 2016. 
  3. «National Statistics». Statistics.gov.uk\accessdate=2015-05-17. Archivado desde el original el 26 de junio de 2008. 
  4. «UK Housing Act 2004».  See section 258 on p. 201.
  5. «Single Household: brief summary of HA 2004 definition». Flat Justice: Helping Tenants to Get Rent Back. 
  6. «Households». Quickfacts.census.gov. 24 de marzo de 2015. Archivado desde el original el 27 de abril de 2015. Consultado el 17 de mayo de 2015. 
  7. «U.S. Census: Current Population Survey – Definitions and Explanations». Census.gov. Archivado desde el original el 22 de marzo de 2012. Consultado el 24 de marzo de 2012. 
  8. «Households, Persons Per Household, and Households with Individuals Under 18 Years, 2000». Census.gov. 29 de mayo de 2011. Archivado desde el original el 29 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 28 de agosto de 2019. 
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