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{{fusionar|W. Mark Felt}}
{{Copyedit|t=20140924}}
'''Garganta Profunda''' es el seudónimo de '''[[W. Mark Felt|William Mark Felt]]''' ([[17 de agosto]] de [[1913]]-[[18 de diciembre]] de [[2008]]<ref>{{cita web|url = http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Garganta/profunda/muere/95/anos/elpepuint/20081219elpepuint_6/Tes|título = 'Garganta profunda' muere a los 95 años|fechaacceso = [[19 de diciembre]] de [[2008]]|autor = [[El País|Elpaís.com]]|fecha = 19 de diciembre de 2008}}</ref>), número dos del [[FBI]] en la época en que se destapó el caso [[Escándalo Watergate|Watergate]]. Fue el que informó a [[Bob Woodward]] sobre la participación del presidente estadounidense [[Richard Nixon]] en este escándalo. Gracias a estas informaciones, Woodward y [[Carl Bernstein]] escribieron juntos varios artículos sobre el caso Watergate en el diario ''[[The Washington Post]]'', lo cual produjo la dimisión de Nixon y el encarcelamiento del jefe de personal de la [[Casa Blanca]], H.R. Haldeman, y del consejero presidencial John Ehrlichman.
{{Ficha de persona
== Desarrollo ==
|nombre = William Mark Felt
El nombre de Garganta Profunda procede de la [[Garganta profunda (película)|película pornográfica del mismo nombre]], la cual se convirtió en un fenómeno mediático durante la época. Es también una práctica periodística consistente en proveer información de forma anónima e indirecta. Garganta Profunda se hizo eco en los medios cuando Woodward y Bernstein escribieron el libro ''[[Todos los hombres del presidente (libro)|Todos los hombres del presidente]]''. Una [[Todos los hombres del presidente|película homónima]], basada en el libro, con [[Robert Redford]] y [[Dustin Hoffman]] fue premiada por la Academia.
|nombre de nacimiento = William Mark Felt
|otros nombres = [[Garganta Profunda (Watergate)]]
|imagen = MarkFelt.jpg
|tamaño = 300px
|descripción = William Mark Felt
|fecha de nacimiento = {{birth date|17|8|1913|mf=y}}
|lugar de nacimiento = [[Twin Falls, Idaho|Twin Falls]], [[Idaho]]
|fecha de fallecimiento = {{date|18|12|2008|mf=y}}
|lugar de fallecimiento = [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]], [[California]]
|residencia = {{USA}}
|nacionalidad = {{USA}}
|alma máter = BA, [[University of Idaho]]<br />JD, [[George Washington University]]
|ocupación = Diversos cargos en el FBI <br />[[Washington D.C.]], [[Houston]], [[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]], [[Washington D.C.]], [[Seattle]], [[Washington D.C.]], [[Los Ángeles]], [[Salt Lake City]], [[Kansas City]], [[Washington D.C.]]
|años activo = 1942-1973
|empleador = [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
|cónyuge = Audrey Robinson de [[Gooding]], [[Idaho]]
|hijos = Joan y Marcos}}


=== Escándalo Watergate ===
'''William Mark Felt''' ([[17 de agosto]] de [[1913]]-[[18 de diciembre]] de [[2008]])<ref>{{cita noticia|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/19/washington/19felt.htm|título=W. Mark Felt, Watergate Deep Throat, Murio a los 95 |apellido=Weiner|nombre=Tim|fecha=19 de diciembre de 2008|editorial=The New York Times|fechaacceso=19 de diciembre de 2008}}</ref> fue un [[Agente especial|agente]] del [[FBI]] de los [[Estados Unidos]] quien se retiró en 1973 siendo [[Director Asociado del FBI]]. Después de negar estar involucrado con los reporteros [[Bob Woodward]] y [[Carl Bernstein]] durante 30 años, Felt reveló el [[31 de mayo]] de [[2005]], ser el [[denunciante]] sin rostro del [[Escándalo Watergate]], ''[[Garganta Profunda (Watergate)|Deep Throat]]'' (''Garganta Profunda'').

Felt fue promovido al [[J. Edgar Hoover|Cuartel General del Bureau]] en [[Washington, D.C.]]. Durante la investigación temprana del escándalo de Watergate (1972-74), y poco después de la muerte del perenne director del FBI, [[J. Edgar Hoover]] en mayo de 1972, Felt era Director Asociado del FBI, el puesto de segundo rango en el FBI. Mientras era Director Asociado, Felt facilitó al reportero del ''[[Washington Post]]'' [[Bob Woodward]] información crítica sobre la investigación que finalmente provocaría la dimisión del [[Presidente de los Estados Unidos|presidente]] [[Richard M. Nixon]] el 8 de agosto de 1974. En 1980, Felt fue condenado por el [[delito]] de atentar contra los [[derechos civiles]] de las personas que se creeía asociadas con los miembros de la [[Organización Weather Underground]], ordenando a los agentes del FBI buscar en sus hogares como parte de un intento de prevenir atentados terroristas. Se le ordenó pagar 7000 dólares de [[multa (sanción)|multa]] pero [[indulto|fue indultado]] por el [[Presidente de los Estados Unidos|presidente]] [[Ronald Reagan]] durante su apelación. En 2006, publicó una actualización de su [[autobiografía]] de 1979, ''[[The FBI Pyramid]]''. Su último libro, escrito con John O'Connor, se titula ''A G-Man's Life.''

== Familia y carrera temprana ==
William Mark Felt nació en [[Twin Falls, Idaho]], el 17 de agosto de 1913,<ref>W. Mark Felt, ''The FBI Pyramid: From the Inside'' "La Piramide del FBI: Desde Adentro" (New York: Putnam, 1979) p.&nbsp;11; & Ronald Kessler, ''The F.B.I.: Inside the World's Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency'' (New York: Pocket Books, 1994), p.&nbsp;163.</ref> hijo del carpintero y contratista de obras de Mark Earl Felt y su esposa, la ex Rose R. Dygert.<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', p. 11.</ref> Después de graduarse de la [[Twin Falls High School]] en 1931, recibió un [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] en la [[Universidad de Idaho]] en 1935, y fue miembro y presidente del capítulo Gamma Gamma de la [[fraternidades y hermandades|Fraternidad]] [[Beta Theta Pi]].

Fue a [[Washington D. C.]] para trabajar en la oficina del [[Senado de Estados Unidos|Senador]] [[James P. Pope]] ([[Partido Demócrata (Estados Unidos)|Demócrata]] - [[Idaho]]). En 1938, se casó con Audrey Robinson de [[Gooding]], [[Idaho]], a quien había conocido cuando ambos eran estudiantes de la Universidad de Idaho. Ella había venido a Washington para trabajar en la [[Servicio de Impuestos Internos|Oficina de Rentas Internas]], y los casó el capellán de la [[Estados Unidos Cámara de Representantes]], el reverendo Sheara Montgomery.<ref>[[Ibid.|Ibid]], p. 18.</ref> Felt y Audrey, quien murió en 1984, tuvieron dos hijos, Joan y Marcos.

Felt permaneció con el sucesor de Pope en el Senado, [[David Worth Clark]] (D-Idaho).<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', p.&nbsp;18; & Anthony Theoharis, Tony G. Poveda, Susan Rosenfeld, and Richard Powers eds., ''The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide'' (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), pp.&nbsp;324-325.</ref> Felt asistió a la [[The George Washington University Law School]] en la noche, recibiendo su [[Juris Doctor|grado legal]] en 1940, siendo admitido en la barra del [[Distrito de Columbia]] bar in 1941.<ref>Theoharis et al., ''FBI: Reference Guide'', pp.&nbsp;324-325.</ref>

Después de su graduación, Felt tomó un puesto en la [[Comisión Federal de Comercio]] pero no le agradó el trabajo. Su carga de trabajo era muy liviana. Se adjudicó una causa acerca de una marca de papel higiénico llamado "Red Cross (Cruz Roja)" lo que hacia confundirse a los consumidores que creían que eran hechos por la Cruz Roja Americana. Felt escribió en sus memorias:
{{Cita|:Mi investigación que requirió muchos días de viaje y centenares de entrevistas llegó a dos conclusiones importantes:
:1. La mayoría de las personas ''SI'' usan papel higiénico.
:2. A la mayoría de las personas ''NO'' les agrada ser interrogados acerca de ello.
:Ahí fue cuando comencé a buscar otro empleo.''|'''W. Mark Felt'''<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', p.&nbsp;19.</ref>}}

Postuló para un trabajo en el FBI en noviembre de [[1941]] siendo aceptado. Su primer día de trabajo en el Bureau fue el [[26 de enero]] de [[1942]].

== Primeros años en el FBI ==
{{AP|Federal Bureau of Investigation}}
El director del FBI [[J. Edgar Hoover]] a menudo trasladaba a los agentes para que tuvieran una amplia experiencia. Hoover, según Felt observó, "quería que cada agente estuviese en cualquier oficina de campo en cualquier momento. Dado que él nunca había sido trasladado y no tenía una familia, no tenía ni idea de las dificultades económicas y personales que conllevaba".<ref>Ibid., p.&nbsp;25.</ref>
<!--
Después de completar dieciséis semanas de entrenamiento en la Academia del [[FBI]] en [[Quantico, Virginia]] y en las Oficinas centrales del FBI en Washington, Felt fue asignado de primero a [[Texas]], trabajando en las oficinas de campo en [Houston, Texas|Houston]] y [[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]], pasando tres meses en cada una. El luego regreso a la "Sede de Gobierno", como Hoover llamaba a las Oficinas Centrales del FBI , el fue asignado a la "Sección de Espionaje de la, División de Inteligencia Domestica", rastreando espías y saboteadores durante la [[Segunda Guerra Mundial]], where he worked on the Major Case Desk. His most notable work there was on the "Peasant" case. [[Helmut Goldschmidt]], operating under the codename "Peasant", was a [[Germans|German]] agent in custody in [[England]]. Under Felt's direction, his German masters were informed "Peasant" had made his way to the United States, and were fed [[military deception|disinformation]] on Allied plans.<ref>Thaddeus Holt. ''The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War.'' New York: Scribner, 2004. 452–456</ref>

The Espionage Section was abolished in May 1945 after [[V-E Day]]. After the war, Felt was again in the field, sent first to [[Seattle, Washington]]. After two years of general work, he spent two years as a firearms instructor and was promoted from agent to supervisor. Upon passage of the [[United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946|Atomic Energy Act]] and the creation of the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|U.S. Atomic Energy Commission]], the Seattle office became responsible for completing background checks of workers at the [[Hanford Site|Hanford]] [[plutonium]] plant near [[Richland, Washington]]. Felt oversaw these checks.<ref>Felt, p.&nbsp;29ff.</ref> In 1954, Felt returned briefly to Washington as an inspector's aide. Two months later, he was sent to [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], as assistant special agent in charge of the field office. When he was transferred to [[Los Angeles, California]] fifteen months later, he held the same rank there.
-->

== Investiga el crimen organizado ==
{{VT|Crimen organizado|Mafia}}

En 1956, Felt fue trasladado a [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], y ascendido a agente especial al cargo. La oficina de Salt Lake incluye [[Nevada]] por lo que Felt supervisó algunas de las primeras investigaciones sobre el [[crimen organizado]] en los [[casinos]] de [[Reno]], [[Nevada]] y [[área metropolitana de Las Vegas|Las Vegas]].<ref>Ibid.</ref>(Era de la administración Hoover, y por lo tanto la posición oficial del FBI en ese tiempo, y no había otra cosa que la mafia.)<ref>''J. Edgar Hoover: The Man And The Secrets'', by [[Curt Gentry]], 1991.</ref> <!--In February 1958, he went to [[Kansas City, Missouri]], in his memoir dubbed "the Siberia of Field Offices",<ref>Ibid.</ref> where he oversaw additional investigations of organized crime. By this time, Hoover had had to change his mind about the existence of organized crime, in the wake of the famous [[Apalachin, New York]] [[Apalachin Meeting|conclave of underworld bosses]] in November, 1957.<ref>John O'Connor, "'I'm the Guy They Called Deep Throat'", ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' [http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.vanityfair.com/commentary/content/articles/050530roco02/ PDF]</ref>-->

== Ascendiendo puestos ==
[[Archivo:Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg|left|thumb|[[J. Edgar Hoover]], director del [[FBI]], fotografiado en 1961. Hoover nombró a Felt como la tercera jerarqía dentro del Bureau en 1971.]]

Regresó a Washington en septiembre de 1962. Como asistente de director adjunto de la Oficina a cargo de la División de Formación, Felt ayudó a supervisar la [[Academia del FBI]].<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', p.&nbsp;59.</ref> En noviembre de 1964, se convirtió en director asistente del FBI, como inspector jefe del FBI y jefe de la División de Inspección.<ref>Ibid., p.&nbsp;67.</ref> Esta división supervisó el cumplimiento de los reglamentos del FBI y llevó a cabo investigaciones internas.

<!--On July 1, 1971, Felt was promoted by Hoover to Deputy Associate Director, assisting Associate Director [[Clyde Tolson|Clyde A. Tolson]].<ref>Theoharis et al., ''FBI: Reference Guide'', p.&nbsp;315, p.&nbsp;470; & Curt Gentry, ''J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets'' (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991), p.&nbsp;624.</ref> Hoover's right-hand man for decades, Tolson was in failing health and no longer able to attend to his duties. [[Richard Gid Powers]] wrote that Hoover installed Felt to rein in [[William C. Sullivan]]'s domestic spying operations, as Sullivan had been engaged in secret unofficial work for the [[White House]]. In his memoir, Felt quoted Hoover as having said, "I need someone who can control Sullivan. I think you know he has been getting out of hand."<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', ''page number not given''</ref> In his book, ''The Bureau'', Ronald Kessler said, "Felt managed to please Hoover by being tactful with him and tough on agents."<ref>Kessler, ''F.B.I.: Inside the Agency'', p.&nbsp;163.</ref> [[Curt Gentry]] called Felt "the director's latest fair-haired boy", but who had "no inherent power" in his new post, the real number three being [[John P. Mohr]].<ref>Gentry, ''J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets'', p.&nbsp;24.</ref>-->

== Organizaciones Weather Underground ==
{{AP|Weatherman}}
Entre los grupos criminales que el FBI investigó a principios de 1970 estuvo el [[Weatherman (organización)|Weather Underground]]. El caso terminó siendo archivado a causa de ciertas actividades ilegales del FBI, incluyendo [[intervenciones telefónicas]], robos e interceptaciones de correo. El principal fiscal federal del caso, [[William C. Ibershof]], afirma que Mark Felt y el Fiscal General [[John N. Mitchell]] iniciaron estas actividades ilegales que corrompieron la investigación.<ref>{{cita noticia| editorial=The New York Times| fecha=9 de octubre de 2008| autor=William C. Ibershof| título=Letter to the Editor: Prosecuting Weathermen| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/10/opinion/l10ayers.html}}</ref>
<!--
In 1976, Felt publicly stated he had ordered break-ins and that individual agents were merely obeying orders and should not be punished for it. Felt also stated that acting Director [[L. Patrick Gray]] had also authorized the break-ins, but Gray denied this. Felt said on the [[CBS]] television program ''Face the Nation'' that he would probably be a "[[scapegoat]]" for the Bureau's work.<ref name="Scapegoat">John Crewdson (August 30, 1976), "Ex-F.B.I. Aide Sees 'Scapegoat' Role", ''The New York Times'', p.&nbsp;21.</ref> "I think this is justified and I'd do it again tomorrow", he said on the program. While admitting the break-ins were "extralegal", he justified it as protecting the "greater good." Felt said:
<blockquote>To not take action against these people and know of a bombing in advance would simply be to stick your fingers in your ears and protect your eardrums when the explosion went off and then start the investigation.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}
</blockquote>
-->

== Después de la muerte de Hoover ==
[[Archivo:Patrickgrey.jpeg|frame|left|[[L. Patrick Gray]], director del FBI desde mayo de 1972 a abril de 1973.]]

Hoover murió mientras dormía y se encontró su cadáver en la mañana del [[2 de mayo]] de 1972. Tolson estaba nominalmente a cargo hasta el día siguiente, cuando Nixon nombró [[L. Gris Patrick|L. Patrick Gray III]] como director interino del FBI. Tolson presentó su dimisión, que aceptó rápidamente Gray. Felt tomó después a Tolson como Director Asociado, el puesto número dos de trabajo en el FBI.<ref>Ibid., p.&nbsp;49.</ref>
En el día de su muerte, la secretaria de Hoover por cinco décadas, [[Helen Gandy]], comenzó a destruir sus archivos. Entregó más de 12 cajas rotuladas "Official/Confidential" a Felt el [[4 de mayo]] de 1972. Estas consistían en 167 archivos y 17,750 páginas, muchas de las cuales contenían información altamente sensible. <!--Felt stored them in his office, and Gray told the press that afternoon that "there are no dossiers or secret files. There are just general files and I took steps to preserve their integrity." Felt earlier that day had told Gray, "Mr. Gray, the Bureau doesn't have any secret files", and later accompanied Gray to Hoover's office. They found Gandy boxing up papers. Felt said Gray "looked casually at an open file drawer and approved her work", though Gray would later deny he looked at anything. Gandy retained Hoover's "Personal File" and destroyed it.<ref>Gentry, ''J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets'', p.&nbsp;50; & [[United States Congress]], House of Representatives, "Inquiry Into the Destruction of Former FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's Files and FBI Recordkeeping: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations."</ref> When Felt was called to testify in 1975 by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] about the destruction of Hoover's papers, he said, "There's no serious problems if we lose some papers. I don't see anything wrong and I still don't." At the same hearing Gandy claimed that she had destroyed Hoover's personal files only after receiving Gray's approval. In a letter submitted to the committee in rebuttal of Gandy's testimony, Gray vehemently denied ever giving such permission. Both Gandy's testimony and Gray's letter were included in the committee's final report.<ref>[[United States Congress]], House of Representatives, "Inquiry Into the Destruction of Former FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's Files and FBI Recordkeeping: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations."</ref>

In his memoir, Felt expressed mixed feelings about Gray. While noting Gray did work hard, he was critical at how often he was away from FBI Headquarters. Gray lived in [[Stonington, Connecticut]], and commuted to Washington. He also visited all of the Bureau's field offices except Honolulu. His frequent absences led to the nickname "Three-Day Gray."<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', p.&nbsp;216.</ref> These absences, combined with Gray's hospitalization and recuperation from November 20, 1972 to January 2, 1973,<ref>Ibid., p.&nbsp;225.</ref> meant that Felt was effectively in charge for much of his final year at the Bureau. Bob Woodward wrote "Gray got to be director of the F.B.I. and Felt did the work." Felt wrote in his memoir:
:The record amply demonstrates that President Nixon made Pat Gray the Acting Director of the FBI because he wanted a politician in J. Edgar Hoover's position who would convert the Bureau into an adjunct of the White House machine.<ref>Ibid., p.&nbsp;186.</ref>

Gray's defenders would later argue that Gray simply practiced a different management style than that of Hoover. Gray's program of field office visits was something that Hoover had not done since his early years as director, and some felt this did much to raise the morale of the agents working in those field offices. Furthermore, Gray's leadership style of the FBI seemed to mirror the leadership style he learned in the [[US Navy]], in which the executive officer concentrates on the basic operation of the ship, while the captain concentrates on the position and heading of the ship. Felt believed Gray's methods were an unnecessary distraction and showed a lack of leadership, and was sure he was not the only member of the FBI's leadership who disapproved of Gray's methods, particularly among those who had served under Hoover.
-->

== Watergate ==
{{AP|Escándalo Watergate}}
{{AP|Escándalo Watergate}}
Woodward dijo que acudió a Felt después de que él y Bernstein escribieron sobre el allanamiento a la sede del [[Partido Demócrata de los Estados Unidos|Partido Demócrata]] en el complejo residencial y de oficinas de Watergate en Washington.
Gracias a su rango de director asociado, Felt vio toda la información reunida en la investigación de [[Escándalo Watergate|Watergate]] antes de que llegara a manos de Gray. El agente a cargo, Carlos Nuzum, envió sus conclusiones a [[Robert Gebhardt]], jefe de la División de Investigación, que luego pasaba la información a Felt. Desde el día de la intrusión, 17 de junio de 1972, hasta que la investigación del FBI acabó en junio de 1973, Felt era el punto clave de control para la información del FBI. Había sido uno de los primeros en tener conocimiento de la investigación, ya que se informó de esta a las 7:00 de la mañana del 17 de junio.<ref>Ibid., p.&nbsp;245.</ref> <!--[[Ronald Kessler]], who had spoken to former Bureau agents, reported that throughout the investigation they "were amazed to see material in Woodward and Bernstein's stories lifted almost verbatim from their reports of interviews a few days or weeks earlier."<ref>Kessler, ''F.B.I.: Inside the Agency'', p.&nbsp;269.</ref>-->


Después de una complicada rutina, Felt y Woodward acordarían reunirse en un estacionamiento subterráneo, donde "Garganta Profunda" corroboró la información que los reporteros del Post habían recogido de otras fuentes para delinear la conspiración del Gobierno.
=== Contacto con Bob Woodward ===
=== Se revela la identidad ===
{{AP|Bob Woodward}}
La identidad de Garganta Profunda ha sido uno de los misterios periodísticos mejor guardados de todos los tiempos. Woodward y Bernstein insistían en que no la revelarían hasta que el propio Garganta Profunda falleciera. Sin embargo, una vez que el propio Felt ha revelado su identidad, Woodward, Bernstein y el antiguo editor ejecutivo del ''Post'', [[Ben Bradlee]], confirmaron el [[31 de mayo]] de [[2005]] que Felt fue el contacto que reveló la información sobre el caso Watergate. Pojh
[[Bob Woodward]] primero describió a su fuente con el [[nombre código]] Deep Throat en ''[[Todos los hombres del presidente (libro)|All the President's Men]]'' como "una fuente de la Rama Ejecutiva que tenía acceso a la información del CRP (el [[Comité para la reelección de Presidente]], la organización de la campaña de Nixon en 1972 ), así como a la Casa Blanca."<ref>Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, ''All the President's Men'', 2nd ed. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p.&nbsp;71.</ref><!-- The book also calls him "an incurable gossip" who was "in a unique position to observe the Executive Branch", a man "whose fight had been worn out in too many battles." Woodward had known the source before Watergate and had discussed politics and government with him.


=== Razones del implicado ===
In 2005, Woodward wrote that he met Felt at the [[White House]] in 1969 or 1970 when Woodward was an aide to Admiral [[Thomas F. Moorer]], [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], delivering papers to the White House Situation Room. In his book ''The Secret Man'', Woodward described Felt as "a tall man with perfectly combed gray hair . . . distinguished looking" with "a studied air of confidence, even what might be called a command presence."<ref>Bob Woodward, "How Mark Felt Became 'Deep Throat'", ''The Washington Post''; Woodward ''Secret Man'', p.&nbsp;16</ref> They stayed in touch and spoke on the telephone several times. When Woodward started working at the ''Washington Post'', he phoned Felt on several occasions to ask for information for articles in the ''Post''. Felt's information, taken on a promise that Woodward would never reveal their origin, was a source for a few stories, notably for an article on May 18, 1972, about [[Arthur H. Bremer]], who shot [[George C. Wallace]]. When the Watergate story broke, Woodward called on his friend. Felt advised Woodward on June 19 that [[E. Howard Hunt]] was involved; the telephone number of his White House office had been listed in the address book of one of the burglars. Initially, Woodward's source was known at the ''Post'' as "My Friend", but was tagged "Deep Throat" by ''Post'' editor [[Howard Simons]], after [[Deep Throat (film)|the pornographic movie]]. Woodward has written that idea for the nickname first came to Simons because Felt had been providing the information on a [[deep background]] basis.
Felt fue designado subdirector asociado, el tercer cargo en el FBI, en 1971, y se desilusionó cuando Nixon nombró a [[L. Patrick Gray]] para dirigir la agencia después de la muerte de [[J. Edgar Hoover]] en [[1972]].


En su informe sobre la muerte de Felt, el [[New York Times]] lo catalogó como "la fuente anónima más famosa en la historia de [[Estados Unidos]]".<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20081222190928/mx.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/081219/titulares/portada_gente_felt_watergate_1 Noticia]</ref>
When Felt's name was revealed, it was noted that "My Friend" has the same initial letters as "Mark Felt." Woodward has said this was a coincidence, but in looking back at some of his notes, interviews with Felt during the earliest days of the story were marked with "M.F."-->

=== Código para contactar con Woodward ===
{{AP|Garganta Profunda (Watergate)}}
Woodward afirma que cuando él quería contactar con Garganta Profunda, debía mover una maceta con una bandera roja en el balcón de su apartamento, situado exactamente en Webster House 1718 P Street, Northwest, y cuando Garganta Profunda quería una reunión, este trazaría un círculo rojo en la página veinte del ejemplar de ''[[The New York Times]]'' que Woodward recibía diariamente en su casa, dibujando las manecillas del reloj para señalar la hora exacta del encuentro.<ref>Bernstein and Woodward, ''All the President's Men'', p.&nbsp;71.</ref> <!--Adrian Havill questioned these claims in his 1993 biography of Woodward and Bernstein, stating Woodward's balcony faced an interior courtyard and was not visible from the street, but Woodward responded that it has been bricked in since he lived there. Havill also claimed that copies of ''The Times'' were not delivered marked by apartment, but Woodward and a former neighbor disputed this claim.<ref>Adrian Havill, ''Deep Truth: The Lives of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein'' (New York: Carol Publishing, 1993), pp.&nbsp;78–82.</ref> Woodward has stated:

:How [Felt] could have made a daily observation of my balcony is still a mystery to me. At the time, the back of my building was not enclosed so anyone could have driven in the back alley to observe my balcony. In addition, my balcony and the back of the apartment complex faced onto a courtyard or back area that was shared with a number of other apartment or office buildings in the area. My balcony could have been seen from dozens of apartments or offices.

:There were several embassies in the area. The Iraqi embassy was down the street, and I thought it possible that the FBI had surveillance or listening posts nearby. Could Felt have had the counterintelligence agents regularly report on the status of my flag and flowerpot? That seems unlikely, but not impossible.<ref>"Voice from the shadows", ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', p.&nbsp;35.</ref>-->

=== Haldeman informa a Nixon que Felt estaba entregando información ===

Días después del robo, Nixon y el [[jefe de gabinete de la Casa Blanca]], [[HR Haldeman]], trataron de ejercer presión sobre el FBI para frenar la investigación. El FBI había sido llamado por la policía del [[Distrito de Columbia]], ya que se había encontrado a los ladrones con un equipo de [[escuchas telefónicas]], un delito cuya investigación es responsabilidad del FBI. Haldeman, dijo al presidente Nixon el 23 de junio de 1972, "Mark Felt quiere cooperar porque es ambicioso".<ref>Stanley Kutler, ''Abuse of Power: The New Nixon Tapes'' (New York: Touchstone, 1998), p.&nbsp;67.</ref>

<!--Despite initial suspicions that other agents, including [[Angelo Lano]], had been speaking to the ''Post'',<ref name=WashingtonPost_Dobbs_20050620>{{cite news|accessdate=25 de julio de 2007
|title=Watergate and the Two Lives of Mark Felt: Roles as FBI Official, 'Deep Throat' Clashed
|first=Michael |last=Dobbs
|work=[[Washington Post]] |date=20 de junio de 2005 |page=A01
|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/19/AR2005061900699_pf.html}}</ref> in a taped conversation on October 19, 1972, Haldeman told the president that he had sources, which he declined to name, confirming Felt was speaking to the press.
:You can't say anything about this because it will screw up our source and there's a real concern. [[John N. Mitchell|Mitchell]] is the only one who knows about this and he feels strongly that we better not do anything because . . . If we move on him, he'll go out and unload everything. He knows everything that's to be known in the FBI. He has access to absolutely everything.<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', p.&nbsp;227.</ref>
Haldeman also reported that he had spoken to White House counsel [[John W. Dean]] about punishing Felt, but Dean said Felt had committed no crime and could not be prosecuted.

When Gray returned from his sick leave in January 1973, he confronted Felt about being the source for Woodward and Bernstein. Gray said he had defended Felt to [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Richard G. Kleindienst]]: "You know, Mark, Dick Kleindienst told me I ought to get rid of you. He says White House staff members are concerned that you are the FBI source of leaks to Woodward and Bernstein",<ref>Ibid., p.&nbsp;225.</ref> to which Felt replied, "Pat, I haven't leaked anything to anybody."<ref>Ibid.</ref> Gray told Felt,
:I told Kleindienst that you've worked with me in a very competent manner and I'm convinced that you are completely loyal. I told him I was not going to move you out. Kleindienst told me, "Pat, I love you for that."-->

=== Felt niega ser la fuente ===
Felt fue llamado porque eran "evidentes" las razones por las que se sospechó en la Casa Blanca, como fuente de los periodistas:
{{Cita|Se suponía que debía estar celoso de Gray por su nombramiento recibido en lugar de mí como Director en funciones. Pensaban que mi alta posición en el FBI me dio acceso a toda la información del Watergate y que lo estaba liberando a Woodward y Bernstein en un esfuerzo por desacreditar a Gray, para que este fuera removido y tener otra oportunidad para ser nombrado. Luego estaban los casos frecuentes cuando yo había sido poco cooperador en los pedidos de la Casa Blanca, que pensaba que eran impropios. Supongo que el personal de la Casa Blanca, me había marcado como insubordinado. |W.Mark Felt<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', p.&nbsp;226.</ref>}}

<!--Felt wrote, "it is true I would like to have been appointed FBI director," but "I never leaked information to Woodward and Bernstein or anyone else!"-->

=== Nixon pasa a llevar a Felt nuevamente ===
[[Archivo:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|El Presidente [[Richard Nixon]] saliendo desde la [[Casa Blanca]] el [[8 de agosto]] de [[1974]], poco después de hacer efectiva su renuncia. Las entregas de Felt a Woodward mejoraron la investigación que condujo a esta renuncia.]]

El 17 de febrero de 1973, Nixon nombró a Gray director como reemplazo permanente de Hoover.<ref>Ibid., p.&nbsp;278.</ref> Hasta entonces, Gray había estado en el limbo como director en funciones. En otra conversación grabada el 28 de febrero, Nixon habló con Dean sobre Felt en calidad de informante, y mencionó que él nunca se había encontrado con él. Gray fue obligado a dimitir el 27 de abril, después de que se reveló que había destruido un archivo guardado en la caja fuerte de la Casa Blanca de [[E. Howard Hunt]].<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', p.&nbsp;293; Kessler, ''F.B.I.: Inside the Agency'', p.&nbsp;181; & Kutler, ''Abuse of Power'', p.&nbsp;347.</ref> Gray afirmó a sus superiores que Felt podría ser nombrado su sucesor.
<!--
The day Gray resigned, Kleindienst spoke to Nixon, urging him to appoint Felt as Gray's replacement, but Nixon instead appointed [[William Ruckelshaus]]. Stanley Kutler reported that Nixon said, "I don't want him. I can't have him. I just talked to Bill Ruckelshaus and Bill is a Mr. Clean and I want a fellow in there that is not part of the old guard and that is not part of that infighting in there."<ref>Kutler, ''Abuse of Power'', p.&nbsp;347.</ref> On another White House tape, from May 11, 1973, Nixon and White House Chief of Staff [[Alexander M. Haig]] spoke of Felt leaking material to ''[[The New York Times]]''. Nixon said, "he's a bad guy, you see," and that William Sullivan had told him Felt's ambition was to be director of the Bureau.<ref>Ibid., p.&nbsp;454.</ref>

Felt called his relationship with Ruckelshaus "stormy."<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', p.&nbsp;300.</ref> He said in his memoir Ruckelshaus was a "security guard sent to see that the FBI did nothing which would displease Mr. Nixon."<ref>Ibid., p.&nbsp;293.</ref> Felt retired from the Bureau on June 22, 1973, ending a thirty-one-year career.-->

== Enjuiciado y convicto ==
En la década de 1970, Felt supervisó la operación [[COINTELPRO]], durante un período turbulento en la historia del FBI.<ref>{{cita web|autor=Michael Richardson |url=http://www.examiner.com/x-1969-Boston-Progressive-Examiner~y2008m12d22-Deep-Throats-Operation-COINTELPRO-dwarfed-Watergate-in-criminality |título=Deep Throat's Operation COINTELPRO dwarfed Watergate in criminality |editorial=Examiner.com |fecha= |fechaacceso=9 de abril de 2010|urlarchivo=http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.examiner.com/x-1969-Boston-Progressive-Examiner~y2008m12d22-Deep-Throats-Operation-COINTELPRO-dwarfed-Watergate-in-criminality|fechaarchivo=28 de noviembre de 2015}}</ref> El FBI estaba persiguiendo radicales [[Weather Underground]] que habían plantado bombas en el [[Capitolio de los Estados Unidos|Capitolio]], el [[Pentágono]] y la [[Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos|Departamento de Estado]]. Felt, junto con [[Edward S. Miller]], autorizó a los agentes del FBI para irrumpir en las casas en secreto en 1972 y 1973, sin una [[orden de búsqueda]], en nueve ocasiones. Este tipo de robos FBI eran conocidos como "[[trabajos de bolsa negra]]". Los robos ocurrieron en cinco direcciones en [[Nueva York]] y [[Nueva Jersey]], en casas de parientes y conocidos de los miembros de Weatherman, y no llevaron a la captura de fugitivo alguno. El uso de "trabajos de bolsa negra" por el FBI fue declarado inconstitucional por la [[Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos]] en el caso '' [[Lawrence (Pun) Plamondon|Plamondon]]'', 407 EE.UU. 297 (1972).
<!--
After revelation by the [[Church Committee]] of the FBI's illegal activities, many agents were investigated. Felt in 1976 publicly stated he had ordered break-ins and that individual agents were merely obeying orders and should not be punished for it. Felt also stated Gray also authorized the break-ins, but Gray denied this. Felt said on the CBS television program ''Face the Nation'' he would probably be a "scapegoat" for the Bureau's work.<ref name="Scapegoat" /> "I think this is justified and I'd do it again tomorrow", he said on the program. While admitting the break-ins were "extralegal", he justified it as protecting the "greater good." Felt said:
<blockquote>To not take action against these people and know of a bombing in advance would simply be to stick your fingers in your ears and protect your eardrums when the explosion went off and then start the investigation.
</blockquote>
The Attorney General in the new Carter administration, [[Griffin B. Bell]], investigated, and on April 10, 1978, a federal grand jury charged Felt, Miller and Gray with conspiracy to violate the constitutional rights of American citizens by searching their homes without warrants, though Gray's case did not go to trial and was dropped by the government for lack of evidence on December 11, 1980. Felt told Ronald Kessler:

<blockquote>I was shocked that I was indicted. You would be too, if you did what you thought was in the best interests of the country and someone on technical grounds indicted you.<ref>Kessler, ''F.B.I.: Inside the Agency'', p.&nbsp;194.</ref></blockquote>

The indictment charged violations of Title 18, Section 241 of the [[United States Code]]. The indictment charged Felt and the others
<blockquote>did unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly combine, conspire, confederate, and agree together and with each other to injure and oppress citizens of the United States who were relatives and acquaintances of the Weatherman fugitives, in the free exercise and enjoyments of certain rights and privileges secured to them by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America.<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', p.&nbsp;333.</ref></blockquote>

Felt, Gray, and Miller were arraigned in Washington on April 20. Seven hundred current and former FBI agents were outside the courthouse applauding the "Washington Three", as Felt referred to himself and his colleagues in his memoir.<ref>Ibid., p.&nbsp;337.</ref>

Felt and Miller attempted to plea bargain with the government, willing to agree to a misdemeanor guilty plea to conducting searches without warrants—a violation of {{usc|18|2236}}—but the government rejected the offer in 1979. After eight postponements, the case against Felt and Miller went to trial in the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]] on September 18, 1980.<ref>Robert Pear: "Conspiracy Trial for 2 Ex-F.B.I. Officials Accused in Break-ins", ''The New York Times'', September 19, 1980; & "Long Delayed Trial Over F.B.I. Break-ins to Start in Capital Tomorrow", ''The New York Times'', September 14, 1980, p.&nbsp;30.</ref> On October 29, former President [[Richard M. Nixon]] appeared as a rebuttal witness for the defense, and testified that presidents since [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] had authorized the bureau to engage in break-ins while conducting foreign intelligence and counterespionage investigations.<ref>Robert Pear, "Testimony by Nixon Heard in F.B.I. Trial", ''The New York Times'', October 30, 1980.</ref> It was Nixon's first courtroom appearance since his resignation in 1974. Nixon also contributed money to Felt's legal defense fund, Felt's expenses running over $600,000. Also testifying were former Attorneys General [[Herbert Brownell, Jr.]], [[Nicholas deB. Katzenbach]], [[Ramsey Clark]], [[John N. Mitchell]], and [[Richard G. Kleindienst]], all of whom said warrantless searches in national security matters were commonplace and not understood to be illegal, but Mitchell and Kleindienst denied they had authorized any of the break-ins at issue in the trial. (The Bureau used a national security justification for the searches because it alleged the Weather Underground was in the employ of [[Cuba]].)<ref>Ibid.</ref>

The jury returned guilty verdicts on November 6, 1980. Although the charge carried a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison, Felt was fined $5,000. (Miller was fined $3,500).<ref>Kessler, ''F.B.I.: Inside the Agency'', p.&nbsp;194.</ref> Writing in ''[[The New York Times]]'' a week after the conviction, [[Roy Cohn]] claimed that Felt and Miller were being used as scapegoats by the [[Carter administration]] and it was an unfair prosecution. Cohn wrote it was the "final dirty trick" and that there had been no "personal motive" to their actions.<ref>Roy Cohn, "Stabbing the F.B.I.", ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 15, 1980, p.&nbsp;20.</ref> ''The Times'' saluted the convictions saying it showed "the case has established that zeal is no excuse for violating the Constitution."<ref>"The Right Punishment for F.B.I. Crimes." (Editorial), ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 18, 1980.</ref>-->
Felt y Miller apelaron al veredicto.

== Perdón ==
[[Archivo:Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg|left|thumb|El presidente [[Ronald Reagan]] perdonó a Felt y Miller.]]

En una llamada del 31 de enero de 1981, [[Edwin Meese]] alentó al presidente [[Ronald Reagan]] a elevar un perdón presidencial, y después de la intervención de otros agentes de la ley retirados y exmiembros del FBI, lo hizo. El indulto se dio el 26 de marzo, pero no se anunció al público hasta el 15 de abril. (El retraso fue debido en parte a Reagan recibió un disparo el 30 de marzo). Reagan escribió:

{{Cita|De conformidad con la autoridad que me confiere el artículo II, sección 2 de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos, he concedido indulto pleno y sin condiciones a W. Mark Felt y Edward S. Miller...... Durante su larga trayectoria, Mark Felt y Miller Edward sirvieron a la Oficina Federal de Investigaciones y de nuestra nación con gran distinción. Castigarlos aún más - después de 3 años de actuaciones penales - no serviría a los fines de la justicia...... Sus condenas en la Corte de Distrito de EE.UU., en apelación en el momento en que firmé los indultos, surgió de su creencia de buena fe que sus acciones fueron necesarias para preservar los intereses de seguridad de nuestro país. El expediente demuestra que no actuó con intención criminal, pero en la creencia de que tenían subvenciones de la autoridad que llegaban a los más altos niveles del gobierno....Estados Unidos de América estaba en guerra en 1972, y los señores Felt y Miller siguieron los procedimientos que creían esenciales para mantener el Director del FBI, el Fiscal General y el Presidente de los Estados Unidos informados de las actividades de las potencias extranjeras hostiles y sus colaboradores en este país. Ellos nunca han negado sus acciones, y, de hecho, se adelantaron a reconocer públicamente a fin de aliviar sus agentes subalternos de acciones penales.Hace cuatro años, miles de prófugos y otros que violaron las leyes de Servicio Selectivo, fueron indultados incondicionalmente por mi predecesor. América fue generoso con aquellos que se negaron a servir a su país en la guerra de Vietnam. Podemos ser no menos generoso con dos hombres que actuaron en el alto principio de poner fin al terrorismo que amenazaba a nuestra nación.''|Ronald Reagan.<ref>[http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1981/41581d.htm Statement on Granting Pardons to W. Mark Felt and Edward S. Miller], Ronald Reagan. April 15, 1981.</ref>}}
<!-- Nixon sent Felt and Miller bottles of [[champagne (wine)|champagne]] with the note "Justice ultimately prevails."<ref>Gentry, ''J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets'', p.&nbsp;595; Robert Sam Anson, ''Exile: The Unquiet Oblivion of Richard M. Nixon'', p.&nbsp;233; Laurie Johnston and Robert McG. Thomas, "Congratulations and Champagne from Nixon."</ref> ''The New York Times'' disapproved, saying that America "deserved better than a gratuitous revision of the record by the President."<ref>"Pardoning the F.B.I's Past." (Editorial), ''The New York Times'', April 16, 1980.</ref> Felt and Miller said they would seek repayment of their legal fees from the government.

The chief prosecutor at the trial, John W. Nields, Jr., said "I would warrant that whoever is responsible for the pardons did not read the record of the trial and did not know the facts of the case." Nields also complained that the White House did not consult with the prosecutors in the case, which was usual practice when a pardon was under consideration.<ref>Robert Pear, "President Pardons 2 Ex-F.B.I. Officials in 1970's Break-ins.", ''The New York Times''; & Lou Cannon and Laura A. Kiernan, "President Pardons 2 Ex-FBI Officials Guilty in Break-Ins", ''The Washington Post''.</ref>

Felt reacted by saying, "I feel very excited and just so pleased that I can hardly contain myself. I am most grateful to the President. I don't know how I'm ever going to be able to thank him. It's just like having a heavy burden lifted off your back. This case has been dragging on for five years." Miller told a press conference the day of the announcement "I certainly owe the Gipper one." Their attorney, Thomas Kennelly, said "We thank God and we thank President Reagan that these two good men have been vindicated at last." Carter Attorney General [[Griffin Bell]] said he did not object to the pardons, as the initial convictions showed that behavior such as Felt and Miller's was no longer tolerated.

Despite their pardons, Felt and Miller won permission from the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] to appeal the conviction so as to remove it from their record and to prevent it being used in civil suits by the victims of the break-ins they ordered.<ref>Joe Pichirallo, "Judge Allows Appeals by Ex-Officials Of FBI Despite Pardons by Reagan", ''The Washington Post''.</ref> Ultimately, Felt's law license was returned by the court in 1982, which cited Reagan's pardon. In June 1982, Felt and Miller testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee's security and terrorism subcommittee that the restrictions placed on the FBI by Attorney General [[Edward H. Levi]] were threatening the country's safety.<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', p.&nbsp;349.</ref>-->

== Últimos años ==
Felt publicó sus memorias, ''[[The FBI Pyramid|La pirámide del FBI: Desde Dentro]]'', en 1979. El libro fue coescrito con el biógrafo de Hoover, [[Ralph de Toledano]], aunque el nombre de este último sólo aparece en el aviso de copyright. Toledano en 2005 escribió que el libro había sido "en gran parte escrito por mí desde el manuscrito original leído como ''[[The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table]]''.

{{Cita|Felt me juró que él no era Garganta Profunda, que nunca se había filtrado información al equipo de Woodward y Bernstein o cualquier otra persona. El libro fue publicado y bombardeado.|[[Ralph de Toledano]]<ref>Ralph de Toledano, "Deep Throat's Ghost.." ''[[The American Conservative]]'', 4 de julio de 2005.</ref>}}
<!--
''[[Library Journal]]'' wrote in their review that "at one time Felt was assumed to be Watergate's 'Deep Throat'; in this interesting but hardly sensational memoir, he makes it clear that that honor, if honor it be, lies elsewhere."<ref>Henry Steck, "Review of The FBI Pyramid", ''Library Journal''.</ref> The memoir was a strong defense of Hoover and his tenure as Director and condemned the reaction to criticisms of the Bureau made in the 1970s by the [[Church Committee]] and civil libertarians. He also denounced the treatment of Bureau agents as criminals and said the [[Freedom of Information Act]] and [[Privacy Act of 1974]] only served to interfere with government work and helped criminals. (The flavor of his criticisms is apparent with the very first words of the book: "[[The Bill of Rights is not a suicide pact]]", Justice [[Robert H. Jackson]]'s comment in his dissent to ''[[Terminiello v. City of Chicago]]'', 337 U.S. 1 (1949).)<ref>Felt, ''FBI Pyramid'', p.&nbsp;11.</ref> ''[[The New York Times Book Review]]'' was highly critical of the book saying Felt "seeks to perpetuate a view of Hoover and the F.B.I. that is no longer seriously peddled even on the backs of cereal boxes" and contains "a disturbing number of factual errors",<ref>David Wise, "Apologia by No. 2", ''The New York Times Book Review''.</ref> sentiments echoed by [[Curt Gentry]] who said Felt was "the keeper of the Hoover flame."<ref>Gentry, ''J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets'', p.&nbsp;728.</ref>

In 1990, Felt moved to [[Santa Rosa, California]], from [[Alexandria, Virginia]], his home since the 1970s. In 1992, he bought a home in Santa Rosa and after that lived with his daughter Joan Felt. He suffered a stroke before 1999, reported [[Ronald Kessler]] in his book ''The Bureau.'' According to Kessler's book, in the summer of 1999, Woodward showed up unexpectedly at the home of Felt’s daughter Joan and took him to lunch. Joan Felt, who was taking care of him at her home, told Kessler her father greeted Woodward like an old friend, and their mysterious meeting appeared to be more of a celebration than an interview.

“Woodward just showed up at the door and said he was in the area,” Joan Felt was quoted as saying in Kessler’s book, which was published in 2002. "He came in a white limousine, which parked at a schoolyard about ten blocks away. He walked to the house. He asked if it was okay to have a martini with my father at lunch, and I said it would be fine.”

After Woodward left the house to get the limousine, which was parked almost three-quarters of a mile east at Comstock Junior High School, Joan Felt caught up with him to give him further instructions about what her father could eat for lunch. They walked together to the limo, and Joan Felt rode back with Woodward to pick up her father.

Kessler said in his book that the measures Woodward took to conceal his meeting with Felt lent "credence" to the notion that Felt was Deep Throat. After Woodward confirmed that Felt was Deep Throat, the ''[[New York Post]]'' said on June 3, 2005, "There are plenty of people claiming they knew Deep Throat was actually former FBI man Mark Felt....On May 3, 2002, PAGE SIX reported that Ronald Kessler, author of The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI, says that all the evidence points to former top FBI official W. Mark Felt."

==Deep Throat speculation==
{{for|a detailed overview of speculation prior to May 31, 2005|Deep Throat}}
The identity of Deep Throat was debated for more than three decades, and Felt was frequently mentioned as a possibility. An October 1990 Washingtonian magazine article about "Washington secrets" listed the 15 most prominent Deep Throat candidates, and Felt's name was among them.

Jack Limpert published evidence as early as 1974 that Felt was the informant.<ref>Jack Limpert, "Deeper Into Deep Throat", ''[[Washingtonian]]''.</ref> On June 25 of that year, a few weeks after ''All the President's Men'' was published, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' ran an editorial, "If You Drink Scotch, Smoke, Read, Maybe You're Deep Throat." It began "W. Mark Felt says he isn't now, nor has he ever been Deep Throat." The ''Journal'' quoted Felt saying the character was a "composite" and "I'm just not that kind of person."<ref>Woodward, ''Secret Man'', p.&nbsp;116.</ref> During a [[grand jury]] investigation in 1976, Felt was called to testify and the prosecutor, [[United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division|Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights]] [[John Stanley Pottinger|J. Stanley Pottinger]], discovered that Felt was "Deep Throat", but the secrecy of the proceedings preserved the secrecy of Felt's alter ego from the public.<ref>ibid., p.&nbsp;131.</ref>

In 1992, James Mann, who had been a reporter at ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in 1972 and worked with Woodward, wrote a piece for ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'' saying the source had to have been within the FBI. While he mentioned Felt as a possibility, he said he could not be certain it was him.<ref>James Mann, "Deep Throat: An Institutional Analysis", ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]''.</ref>

[[Alexander P. Butterfield]], the White House aide best known for revealing the existence of Nixon's taping system, told ''The [[Hartford Courant]]'' in 1995, "I think it was a guy named Mark Felt."<ref>Frank Rizzo, "Nixon one role will remain nameless", ''[[The Hartford Courant]]''.</ref> In July 1999, Felt was identified as Deep Throat by The ''[[Hartford Courant]]'', citing Chase Culeman-Beckman, a nineteen-year-old from [[Port Chester, New York]]. Culeman-Beckman said Jacob Bernstein, the son of [[Carl Bernstein]] and [[Nora Ephron]], had told him the name at summer camp in 1988, and that Jacob claimed he had been told by his father. Felt denied the identification to the ''Courant'' saying "No, it's not me. I would have done better. I would have been more effective. Deep Throat didn't exactly bring the White House crashing down, did he?" Bernstein said his son didn't know. "Bob and I have been wise enough never to tell our wives, and we've certainly never told our children."<ref>David Daley, "Deep Throat: 2 boys talking politics at summer camp may have revealed a Watergate secret", ''The Hartford Courant''.</ref> (Bernstein reiterated on June 2, 2005, on the ''Today Show'' that his wife had never known.)

[[Leonard Garment]], President Nixon's former law partner who became White House counsel after [[John W. Dean]]'s resignation, ruled Felt out as Deep Throat in his 2000 book ''In Search of Deep Throat''. Garment wrote:
:The Felt theory was a strong one . . . Felt had a personal motive for acting. After the death of [[J. Edgar Hoover]] . . . Felt thought he was a leading candidate to succeed Hoover . . . The characteristics were a good fit. The trouble with Felt's candidacy was that Deep Throat in ''All the President's Men'' simply did not sound to me like a career FBI man.<ref>Leonard Garment, ''In Search of Deep Throat: The Greatest Political Mystery of Our Time'', pp.&nbsp;146–47.</ref>

Garment said the information leaked to Woodward was inside White House information Felt would not have had access to. "Felt did not fit."<ref>Ibid., pp.&nbsp;170–71.</ref> (Once the secret was revealed, it was noted Felt did have access to such information because the Bureau's agents were interviewing high White House officials.)

In 2002, the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' profiled Felt. Noting his denial in ''The FBI Pyramid'', the paper wrote
:Curiously, his son — [[American Airlines]] pilot Mark Felt — now says that shouldn't be read as a definitive denial, and that he plans to answer the question once-and-for-all in a second memoir. The excerpt of the working draft obtained by the ''Chronicle'' has Felt still denying he's Throat but providing a rationale for why Throat did the right thing.<ref>Vicki Haddock, "The Bay Area's 'Deep Throat' candidate", ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''.</ref>

In February 2005, reports surfaced that Woodward had prepared Deep Throat's [[obituary]] because he was near death. Chief Justice [[William H. Rehnquist]] was battling cancer at the time (he would die in September 2005), and the rumors led to speculation that Rehnquist might have been Deep Throat. Rehnquist
was a Justice Department official early in the Nixon administration and was an associate justice of the Supreme Court at the time Deep Throat was active.-->

== Se revela la identidad de Garganta Profunda ==
La revista ''[[Vanity Fair (revista)|Vanity Fair]]'' reveló que Felt era Garganta Profunda [[31 de mayo]] de [[2005]], cuando publicó un artículo (que aparece en la edición de julio de la revista) en su sitio web por [[John D. O'Connor]], un abogado que actúe en nombre de Felt, en el que Felt dijo: "Yo soy el tipo que solían llamar Garganta Profunda". Después de la historia de ''Vanity Fair'' irrumpió, [[Benjamin C. Bradlee]], el editor clave del ''Washington Post'' durante Watergate, confirmó que Felt era Garganta Profunda. Según el artículo de ''Vanity Fair'', Felt fue persuadido a salir por su familia, que quería aprovechar ofertas del libro y otras oportunidades lucrativas que Felt, inevitablemente, en orden, al menos en parte, a dar sus frutos la educación de sus nietos
<!--Public response varied widely. Felt's family called him an "American hero", suggesting that he leaked information for moral or patriotic reasons. [[G. Gordon Liddy]], who was convicted of burglary in the Watergate scandal, said Felt should have gone to the [[grand jury]] rather than leak.<ref>Martin Schram. "Nixon's henchmen lecture us on ethics." '' [[Newsday]]. '' June 6, 2005. A32.</ref> Some have contrasted Felt's media treatment with that of other [[whistleblower]]s {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}.

Nixon chief counsel [[Charles Colson]], who served [[prison]] time for his actions in the Nixon White House, said Felt had violated "his oath to keep this nation's secrets",<ref>Tom Raum. "Turncoat or U.S. hero? Deep Throat casts divide."'' Journal – Gazette'' ([[Ft. Wayne, Indiana]]). June 2, 2005. 1A.</ref> but a ''Los Angeles Times'' editorial argued that this argument was specious, "as if there's no difference between nuclear strategy and rounding up [[hush money]] to silence your hired burglars."<ref>"Deep Thoughts" (editorial). ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. June 2, 2005. B10.</ref> Ralph de Toledano, who co-wrote Felt's 1979 memoir, said Mark Felt Jr. had approached him in 2004 to buy Toledano's half of the copyright. Toledano agreed to sell but was never paid and attempted to rescind the deal, threatening legal action. A few days before the ''Vanity Fair'' article was released, Toledano finally received a check. He later said:
:I had been gloriously and illegally deceived, and Deep Throat was, in characteristic style, back in business — which given his history of betrayal, was par for the course.<ref>Ralph de Toledano, "Deep Throat's Ghost." ''[[The American Conservative]].'' July 4, 2005.</ref>

Speculation about Felt's motives at the time of the scandal has varied widely as well. Some suggested it was revenge for Nixon choosing Gray over Felt to replace Hoover as FBI Director. Others suggest Felt acted out of institutional loyalty to the FBI. Political scientist [[George Friedman]] argued that: "The Washington Post created a morality play about an out-of-control government brought to heel by two young, enterprising journalists and a courageous newspaper. That simply wasn't what happened. Instead, it was about the FBI using The Washington Post to leak information to destroy the president, and The Washington Post willingly serving as the conduit for that information while withholding an essential dimension of the story by concealing Deep Throat's identity."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/the_deeper_truth_about_deep_throat/ |title=The deeper truth about Deep Throat |publisher=MercatorNet |date=24 de diciembre de 2008 |accessdate=9 de abril de 2010}}</ref> MIT professor [[Noam Chomsky]] argued that it was Nixon's dismantling of the [[Bretton Woods system]] that made him an enemy of multinational corporations and international bankers.<ref>Chomsky, Noam (2002) '''Understanding Power'''</ref>
[[Publisher]]s were interested in signing Felt to a book deal after the revelation. Weeks after the ''[[Vanity Fair magazine|Vanity Fair]]'' article was released, PublicAffairs Books, whose [[CEO]] was a ''Washington Post'' reporter and editor during the Watergate era, announced that it signed a deal with Felt. The new book was to include material from his 1979 [[memoir]] with an update. The new volume was scheduled for publication in the spring of 2006. Felt sold the movie rights to his story to [[Universal Pictures]] for development by [[Tom Hanks]]'s production company, Playtone. The book and movie deals were valued at US $1 million.<ref>Bob Thompson. "Deep Throat Family Cuts Publishing, Film Pacts; Tom Hanks to Develop Movie About Secret Watergate Source." ''The Washington Post''. June 16, 2005. C1.</ref>

In the summer of 2005, Woodward published his account of his contacts with Felt, ''The Secret Man: The Story of Watergate's Deep Throat'' (ISBN 0-7432-8715-0). The book received mixed reviews.
-->

== Muerte ==
El 18 de diciembre de 2008, Felt falleció mientras dormía en un [[hospicio]] en el centro de [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]], [[California]].<ref name="wp12182008">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121900056.html «Mark Felt, Better Known as 'Deep Throat,' Dies at 95.»] ''[[Washington Post]]''.</ref> De acuerdo con su hija, se sentía muy bien después de haberse tomado un buen desayuno, pero al rato comentó que estaba cansado y se fue a dormir. Tenía 95 años de edad. Ninguna causa de muerte fue liberada inmediatamente a la prensa. Se sabía que Felt había sufrido [[insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva]] en los últimos años.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-081218-obit-felt-story,0,6452767.story |título=Topic Galleries |editorial=chicagotribune.com |fecha= |fechaacceso=9 de abril de 2010|urlarchivo=http://web.archive.org/web/20081222050028/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-081218-obit-felt-story,0,6452767.story|fechaarchivo=22 de diciembre de 2008}}</ref> Patricia Sullivan informó de su muerte en el ''Washington Post'', con informaciones adicionales de Bob Woodward y de escritores profesionales del ''Post''.<ref name="wp12182008" />


== Referencias ==
== Referencias ==
{{listaref|2}}
{{listaref|2}}


{{NF|1913|2008|Garganta Profunda}}
== Bibliografía ==
[[Categoría:Watergate]]
{{columnas}}
[[Categoría:Secretos]]
* Anson, Robert Sam. ''Exile: The Unquiet Oblivion of Richard M. Nixon''. New York: [[Simon and Schuster]], 1984. (ISBN 0-671-44021-7)
[[Categoría:Políticos de Estados Unidos]]
* Benfell, Carol. "A Family Secret: Joan Felt Explains Why Family Members Urged Her Father, Watergate's 'Deep Throat' to Reveal His Identity". ''The Press Democrat'' ([[Santa Rosa, California]]). June 5, 2005. A1.
* Bernstein, Carl and Bob Woodward. ''All the President's Men''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974. (ISBN 0-671-21781-X)
* Cannon, Lou and Laura A. Kiernan. "President Pardons 2 Ex-FBI Officials Guilty in Break-Ins". '' [[The Washington Post]]. '' April 16, 1981. A1.
* Cohn, Roy. "Stabbing the F.B.I." ''[[The New York Times]]''. November 15, 1980. 20.
* Crewdson, John. "Ex-Aide Approved F.B.I. Burglaries." ''[[The New York Times]]. '' August 18, 1976. A1.
* Crewdson, John. "Ex-F.B.I. Aide Sees 'Scapegoat' Role". ''[[The New York Times]]. '' August 30, 1976. 21.
* Daley, David. "Deep Throat: 2 boys talking politics at summer camp may have revealed a Watergate secret." ''The [[Hartford Courant]]''. July 28, 1999. A1.
* "Deep Thoughts" (editorial). ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. June 2, 2005. B10.
* Duke, Lynne. "Deep Throat's Daughter, The Kindred Free Spirit" ''[[The Washington Post]].'' June 12, 2005. A1.
* Felt, W. Mark. ''The FBI Pyramid: From the Inside''. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1979. (ISBN 0-399-11904-3).
* Garment, Leonard. ''In Search of Deep Throat: The Greatest Political Mystery of Our Time.'' New York: Basic Books, 2000. ISBN 0-465-02613-3
* Gentry, Curt. ''J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets''. New York: W.W. Norton, 1991. (ISBN 0-393-02404-0)
* Haddock, Vicki. "The Bay Area's 'Deep Throat' candidate." ''[[The San Francisco Chronicle]]''. June 16, 2002. D1.
* Havill, Adrian. ''Deep Truth: The Lives of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein''. New York: Birch Lane Press, 1993. ISBN 1-55972-172-3
* Holt, Thaddeus, "The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War". New York: Scribner, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-5042-7.
* Horrock, Nicholas M. "Gray and 2 Ex-F.B.I Aides Indicted on Conspiracy in Search for Radicals." ''[[The New York Times]]. '' April 11, 1978. A1.
* Johnston, David, "Behind Deep Throat's Clandestine Ways, a Cloak-and-Dagger Past." [[The New York Times]]. June 4, 2005
* Johnston, Laurie and Robert McG. Thomas. "Congratulations and Champagne from Nixon." ''[[The New York Times]]. '' April 30, 1981. C18.
* Kamen, Al and Laura A. Kiernan. "Lawyers". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. June 28, 1982. B3.
* Kessler, Ronald. ''The F.B.I.: Inside the World's Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency''. New York: Pocket Books, 1993. ISBN 0-671-78657-1
* Kutler, Stanley I., editor. ''Abuse of Power: The New Nixon Tapes''. New York: The Free Press, 1997. ISBN 0-684-84127-4
* Lardner, George. "Attorney General Backs FBI Pardons but Ex-Prosecutor Disagrees". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. April 17, 1981. A9.
* Limpert, Jack. [http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.washingtonian.com/people/deepthroat.html#0874 "Deeper Into Deep Throat"]. ''[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]]''. August 1974.
* Mann, James. [http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199205/mann "Deep Throat: An Institutional Analysis"]. ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]''. May 1992.
* Marro, Anthony. "Gray and 2 Ex-F.B.I. Aides Deny Guilt as 700 at Court Applaud Them". ''[[The New York Times]]''. April 21, 1978. A13.
* O'Connor, John D. [http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2005/07/deepthroat200507 "'I'm the Guy They Called Deep Throat'"]. ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]. '' July 2005. 86–89, 129–133. Retrieved on November 21, 2008.
* "Pardoning the F.B.I's Past". (Editorial). ''[[The New York Times]]''. April 16, 1980. A30.
{{nueva columna}}
* Pear, Robert. "Conspiracy Trial for 2 Ex-F.B.I. Officials Accused in Break-ins." ''[[The New York Times]]''. September 19, 1980. A14.
* Pear, Robert. "Long Delayed Trial Over F.B.I. Break-ins to Start in Capital Tomorrow". ''[[The New York Times]]. '' September 14, 1980. 30.
* Pear, Robert. "President Pardons 2 Ex-F.B.I. Officials in 1970's Break-ins." ''[[The New York Times]]''. April 16, 1981. A1.
* Pear, Robert. "Prosecutors Rejected Offer of Plea to F.B.I. Break-ins". ''[[The New York Times]]''. January 11, 1981. 24.
* Pear, Robert. "Testimony by Nixon Heard in F.B.I. Trial." ''[[The New York Times]]''. October 30, 1980. A17.
* Pear, Robert. "2 Ex-F.B.I. Agents Get Light Fines for Authorizing Break-ins in 70's". ''[[The New York Times]]''. December 16, 1980. A1.
* Pear, Robert. "2 Pardoned Ex-F.B.I. Officials to Seek U.S. Payment of Some Legal Fees." ''[[The New York Times]]''. May 1, 1981. A14.
* Pichirallo, Joe. "Judge Allows Appeals by Ex-Officials Of FBI Despite Pardons by Reagan". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. July 24, 1981. C5.
* Raum, Tom. "Turncoat or U.S. hero? Deep Throat casts divide". ''The Journal – Gazette'' ([[Ft. Wayne, Indiana]]). June 2, 2005. 1A.
* "The Right Punishment for F.B.I. Crimes." (Editorial). ''[[The New York Times]]''. December 18, 1980. A30.
* Rizzo, Frank. "Nixon one role will remain nameless." '' The [[Hartford Courant]]. '' December 17, 1995. G1.
* Schram, Martin. "Nixon's henchmen lecture us on ethics". '' [[Newsday]]. '' June 6, 2005. A32.
* Steck, Henry. Review of The FBI Pyramid. ''Library Journal''. April 1, 1980. 850.
* Summers, Anthony. ''Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover''. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1993. (ISBN 0-399-13800-5)
* [[Athan Theoharis|Theoharis, Athan G.]], Tony G. Poveda, Susan Rosefeld, and Richard Gid Powers. ''The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide''. New York: Checkmark Books, 2000. (ISBN 0-8160-4228-4)
* Thompson, Bob. "Deep Throat Family Cuts Publishing, Film Pacts; Tom Hanks to Develop Movie About Secret Watergate Source." ''[[The Washington Post]]''. June 16, 2005. C1.
* Toledano, Ralph de. "Deep Throat's Ghost". ''[[The American Conservative]].'' July 4, 2005.
* [[United Press International]]. "2 Ex-FBI Aides Urge Relation of Spying Rules." ''[[The Miami Herald]]''. June 27, 1982. 24A.
* [[United States Congress]]. [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. Committee on Government Operations. Subcommittee on Government Information and Individual Rights. ''Inquiry Into the Destruction of Former FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's Files and FBI Recordkeeping: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, [[Ninety-fourth United States Congress|94th Congress]], December 1, 1975''. Washington, D.C.: [[United States Government Printing Office]], 1975.
* United States. [[National Archives and Records Administration]]. Office of the [[Federal Register]]. ''Public Papers of the President: Ronald Reagan, 1981.'' [[Washington, D.C.]]: [[United States Government Printing Office]], 1982. [http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/publicpapers.html Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration]
* Wise, David. "Apologia by No. 2". ''[[The New York Times]] Book Review''. January 27, 1980. 12.
* Woodward, Bob. "How Mark Felt Became 'Deep Throat.'" ''[[The Washington Post]]''. June 2, 2005. A1.
* Woodward, Bob. ''The Secret Man: The Story of Watergate's Deep Throat''. New York: [[Simon and Schuster]], 2005. (ISBN 0-7432-8715-0)
{{final columnas}}

== Enlaces externos ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons}}
* Dohrn, Jennifer. [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/06/02/1445253 I Was The Target Of Illegal FBI Break-Ins Ordered by Mark Felt aka "Deep Throat"] (2 June 2005). ''Democracy Now!''
* Dean, John W. [http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dean/20050603.html Why The Revelation of the Identity Of Deep Throat Has Only Created Another Mystery] (3 June 2005. ''Findlaw.'' See also his extensive [http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dean/20050603.appendix.html appendix] collecting all of Woodward's references to "Deep Throat" in ''All The President's Men.''
* [http://www.supportui.uidaho.edu/default.aspx?pid=24967#Felt University of Idaho Alumni Hall of Fame – 1972] W. Mark Felt
* [http://www.legacy.com/SFGate/DeathNotices.asp?Page=Lifestory&PersonID=121576532 AP Obituary] in the [[San Francisco Chronicle]]

{{NF|1913|2008|Felt, W. Mark}}

[[Categoría:FBI]]
[[Categoría:FBI]]
[[Categoría:Involucrados en escándalo Watergate]]

Revisión del 16:19 18 sep 2017

Se ha sugerido que este artículo o sección sea fusionado con W. Mark Felt. Para más información, véase la discusión.
Una vez que hayas realizado la fusión de contenidos, pide la fusión de historiales aquí.
Uso de esta plantilla: {{sust:Fusionar|Nombre de hasta otros veinte artículos para fusionar separados por "|"}}

Garganta Profunda es el seudónimo de William Mark Felt (17 de agosto de 1913-18 de diciembre de 2008[1]​), número dos del FBI en la época en que se destapó el caso Watergate. Fue el que informó a Bob Woodward sobre la participación del presidente estadounidense Richard Nixon en este escándalo. Gracias a estas informaciones, Woodward y Carl Bernstein escribieron juntos varios artículos sobre el caso Watergate en el diario The Washington Post, lo cual produjo la dimisión de Nixon y el encarcelamiento del jefe de personal de la Casa Blanca, H.R. Haldeman, y del consejero presidencial John Ehrlichman.

Desarrollo

El nombre de Garganta Profunda procede de la película pornográfica del mismo nombre, la cual se convirtió en un fenómeno mediático durante la época. Es también una práctica periodística consistente en proveer información de forma anónima e indirecta. Garganta Profunda se hizo eco en los medios cuando Woodward y Bernstein escribieron el libro Todos los hombres del presidente. Una película homónima, basada en el libro, con Robert Redford y Dustin Hoffman fue premiada por la Academia.

Escándalo Watergate

Artículo principal: Escándalo Watergate

Woodward dijo que acudió a Felt después de que él y Bernstein escribieron sobre el allanamiento a la sede del Partido Demócrata en el complejo residencial y de oficinas de Watergate en Washington.

Después de una complicada rutina, Felt y Woodward acordarían reunirse en un estacionamiento subterráneo, donde "Garganta Profunda" corroboró la información que los reporteros del Post habían recogido de otras fuentes para delinear la conspiración del Gobierno.

Se revela la identidad

La identidad de Garganta Profunda ha sido uno de los misterios periodísticos mejor guardados de todos los tiempos. Woodward y Bernstein insistían en que no la revelarían hasta que el propio Garganta Profunda falleciera. Sin embargo, una vez que el propio Felt ha revelado su identidad, Woodward, Bernstein y el antiguo editor ejecutivo del Post, Ben Bradlee, confirmaron el 31 de mayo de 2005 que Felt fue el contacto que reveló la información sobre el caso Watergate. Pojh

Razones del implicado

Felt fue designado subdirector asociado, el tercer cargo en el FBI, en 1971, y se desilusionó cuando Nixon nombró a L. Patrick Gray para dirigir la agencia después de la muerte de J. Edgar Hoover en 1972.

En su informe sobre la muerte de Felt, el New York Times lo catalogó como "la fuente anónima más famosa en la historia de Estados Unidos".[2]​

Referencias

  1. ↑ Elpaís.com (19 de diciembre de 2008). «'Garganta profunda' muere a los 95 años». Consultado el 19 de diciembre de 2008. 
  2. ↑ Noticia
Obtenido de «https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._Mark_Felt&oldid=101981500»