Usuario:Rowanwindwhistler/Fragmentos15

{{Infobox royalty |name = Tamar the Great |image = Tamar (Vardzia fresco detail).jpg |caption = Fresco at the church of Dormition in [[Vardzia]] |succession = [[Queen of Georgia]] |reign = 27 March 1184 - 18 January 1213<ref name="dod">{{cite book|last1=Pennington|first1=Reina|last2=Higham|first2=Robin D.S.|title=Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=acbeAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 January 2018|volume=2|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0313327084|page=428}}</ref> |coronation = 1178 as co-regent <br />1184 as queen-regnant <br />[[Gelati Monastery]] |predecessor = [[George III of Georgia|George III]] |successor = [[George IV of Georgia|George IV]] |spouse = [[Yuri Bogolyubsky]] (1185-1187)<br />[[David Soslan]] (1191-1207) |issue = [[George IV of Georgia|George IV]]<br />[[Rusudan of Georgia|Rusudan]] |house = [[Bagrationi dynasty]] |house-type = Dynasty |father = [[George III of Georgia]] |mother = [[Burdukhan of Alania]] |birth_date = 1160 |birth_place = |death_date = 18 January 1213<br />(aged 52-53) |death_place = [[Agarani Fortress|Agarani Castle]] |religion = [[Georgian Orthodox Church]] <br />[[Archivo:Queen Tamar monogram.png|90px]] [[Archivo:Queen Tamar SG black.svg|50px]] <br /> Royal [[monogram]]s |signature = Tamar signature.svg |}} Tamar la Grande (en georgiano: თამარი; hacia el 1160-18 de enero del 1213) fue una reina georgiana que rigió el país entre 1184 y 1213, periodo en el que el reino llegó a su apogeo.​ Pertenecía la dinastía Bagrationi y, pese a ser mujer, reinó con el título de mepe («rey»), con el que aparece en las crónica medievales georgianas.​

A Tamar la proclamaron heredera de su padre Jorge III de Georgia en el 1178, momento en el que comenzó a gobernar junto a él. Cuando Jorge falleció, la nobleza mostró su decidida oposición a que conservase el trono en calidad de monarca. Tamar, empero, logró desbatar a sus adversarios de la aristocracia y emprendió una audaz política exterior, que se vio favorecida por la decadencia del Imperio selyúcida, hostil a Georgia. Aprovechando las victorias de sus predecesores y la disponibilidad de un ejército poderoso, formó un imperio que dominó el Cáucaso hasta su caída dos décadas después del fallecimiento de la reina, a causa de las invasiones mongolas.​

Tamar se casó dos veces. El primer matrimonio, con el príncipe de la Rus' de Kiev Yuri, duró del 1185 al 1187 y acabó con el divorcio de la pareja y la expulsión del príncipe, que no consiguió recuperar el trono pese a intentarlo en varias ocasiones. El segundo matrimonio fue con el príncipe alano David Soslan, al que Tamar desposó en el 1191 y con el que tuvo dos hijos: Jorge y Rusudan, que sucedieron a su madre en el trono.​​

Tamar's association with the period of political and military successes and cultural achievements, combined with her role as a female ruler, has led to her idealization and romanticization in Georgian arts and historical memory. She remains an important symbol in Georgian popular culture and has been canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church as the Holy Righteous Queen Tamar (წმიდა კეთილმსახური მეფე თამარი, ts'mida k'etilmsakhuri mepe tamari), with her feast day commemorated on 14 May (O.S. 1 May).

Modern

Prince Gagarin's reproduction of the royal panel at Betania, depicting George IV (left), Tamar (center), and George III (right), flanked by the warrior saints (1847).

Signature of Tamar in 1202.

Much of the modern perception of Queen Tamar was shaped under the influence of 19th-century Romanticism and growing nationalism among Georgian intellectuals of that time. In the Russian and Western literatures of the 19th century, the image of Queen Tamar reflected the European conceptions of the Orient - of which Georgia was perceived as a part - and the position and characteristics of women in it.​ The Tyrolean writer Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer described Tamar as a "Caucasian Semiramis".​ Fascinated by the "exotic" Caucasus, the Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov wrote the romantic poem Tamara (en ruso: Тамара; 1841) in which he utilized the old Georgian legend about a siren-like mountainous princess whom the poet gave the name of Queen Tamar. Although Lermontov's depiction of the Georgian queen as a destructive seductress had no apparent historical background, it has been influential enough to raise the issue of Tamar's sexuality, a question that was given some prominence by the 19th-century European authors.​ Knut Hamsun's 1903 play Dronning Tamara ("Queen Tamara") was less successful; the theatre critics saw in it "a modern woman dressed in a medieval costume" and read the play as "a commentary on the new woman of the 1890s."​ Russian conductor Mily Balakirev composed a symphony named "Tamara".

In Georgian literature, Tamar was also romanticized, but very differently from the Russian and Western European view. The Georgian romanticists followed a medieval tradition in Tamar's portrayal as a gentle, saintly woman who ruled a country permanently at war. This sentiment was further inspired by the rediscovery of a contemporary, 13th-century wall painting of Tamar in the then-ruined Betania monastery, which was uncovered and restored by Prince Grigory Gagarin in the 1840s. The fresco became a source of numerous engravings circulating in Georgia at that time and inspired the poet Grigol Orbeliani to dedicate a romantic poem to it. Furthermore, the Georgian literati, reacting to Russian rule in Georgia and the suppression of national institutions, contrasted Tamar's era to their contemporary situation, lamenting the irretrievably lost past in their writings. Hence, Tamar became a personification of the heyday of Georgia, a perception that has persisted down to the present time.​

Tamar's marriage to the Rus' prince Yuri has become a subject of two resonant prose works in modern Georgia. Shalva Dadiani's play, originally entitled The Unfortunate Russian (უბედური რუსი; 1916-1926), was attacked by Soviet critics for distorting the "centuries-long friendship of the Russian and Georgian peoples."​ Under Communist Party pressure, Dadiani had to revise both the title and plot in accordance with the official ideology of the Soviet state.​ In 2002, a satirical short-story The First Russian (პირველი რუსი) penned by the young Georgian writer Lasha Bughadze and focused on a frustrated wedding night of Tamar and Yuri outraged many conservatives and triggered a nationwide controversy, including heated discussions in the media, the Parliament of Georgia and the Patriarchate of the Georgian Orthodox Church.​

Genealogy

The chart below shows the abbreviated genealogy of Tamar and her family, tracing it from Tamar's grandfather to her grandchildren.​

Bibliografía

• Alemany, Agustí (2000). Sources of the Alans: A Critical Compilation. Leiden, Boston and Köln: Brill. ISBN 90-04-11442-4. 
• Allen, William Edward David (1971) [1932]. A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century (2nd edición). New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-6959-6. 
• Čiževskij, Dmitrij (1971) [1960]. History of Russian Literature: From the Eleventh Century to the End of the Baroque. The Hague: De Gruyter (Mouton & Co., Publishers). ISBN 9789027919175. 
• Dondua, Varlam; Berdzenishvili, Niko (1985). Жизнь царицы цариц Тамар (The Life of the Queen of Queens Tamar) (en russian). Tbilisi: Metsniereba.  (English Summary)
• Dragadze, Tamara (1984). Kinship and Marriage in the Soviet Union: Field Studies. London and Boston: Routledge. ISBN 0-7100-0995-X. 
• Eastmond, Antony (1997). «Gender and Orientalism in Georgia in the Age of Queen Tamar». En James, Liz, ed. Women, Men and Eunuchs: Gender in Byzantium. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 100-118. ISBN 0415146852. 
• Eastmond, Antony (1998). Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Press. ISBN 0-271-01628-0. 
• Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-263-4. 
• Japaridze, Gocha (2012). «თამარ მეფის გარდაცვალების თარიღის შესახებ [On the Date of the Death of Queen Tamar]». Saistorio Krebuli (en georgian) 2: 348-363. ISSN 1987-7285. 
• Javakhishvili, Ivane (1983). ქართველი ერის ისტორია, ტ. 2. (History of the Georgian Nation, Volume 2) (en georgian). Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 
• Khazanov, Anatoly M.; Wink, André, eds. (2001). Nomads in the Sedentary World. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1369-7. 
• Lordkipanidze, Mariam Davydovna; Hewitt, George B. (1987). Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries. Tbilisi: Ganatleba Publishers. 
• Melikishvili, Giorgi; Anchabadze, Zurab (1979). საქართველოს ისტორიის ნარკვევები ტ. 3: საქართველო XI-XV საუკუნეებში (Studies in the History of Georgia, Volume 3: Georgia in the 11th-15th Centuries) (en georgian). Tbilisi: Sabchota Sakartvelo. 
• Metreveli, Roin (1992). მეფე თამარი (Queen Tamar) (en georgian). Tbilisi: Ganatleba Publishers. ISBN 5-520-01229-6. 
• Oxfeldt, Elisabeth (2005). Nordic Orientalism: Paris and the Cosmopolitan Imagination. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press (University of Copenhagen). ISBN 87-635-0134-1. 
• Pahlitzsch, Johannes (1996). «Georgians and Greeks in Jerusalem (1099-1310)». En Ciggaar, Krijnie; Teule, Herman, eds. East and West in the Crusader States. Leuven and Dudley: Peeters Press. pp. 35-52. ISBN 90-429-1287-1. 
• Rapp, Stephen H. (1993). «Coinage of T'amar, Sovereign of Georgia in Caucasia». Le Muséon 106 (3-4): 309-330. 
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• Rayfield, Donald (1994). The Literature of Georgia: A History. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198151913. 
• Salia, Kalistrat (1983). History of the Georgian Nation (Translator: Katharine Vivian) (2nd edición). Paris: Académie française. 
• Kuehn, Sara (2011). The Dragon in Medieval East Christian and Islamic Art. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 9789004186637. 
• Sikharulidze, Ksenia (1979). «Rituals and Songs of Weather in Georgian Poetic Folklore». En Blacking, John A.R.; Keali'inohomoku, Joann W., eds. The Performing Arts: Music and Dance. IXth International Congress of Anthropologica. The Hague, Paris and New York: De Gruyter (Mouton Publishers). pp. 167-176. ISBN 90-279-7870-0. 
• Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994) [1988]. The Making of the Georgian Nation (2nd edición). Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20915-3. 
• Spurling, Amy (2001). «The Georgian Literary Scene». PEN Bulletin of Selected Books. 51-53: 96. 
• Tillett, Lowell (1969). The Great Friendship: Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nationalities. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 
• Toumanoff, Cyril (1966). «Armenia and Georgia». The Cambridge Medieval History (Volume 4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 593-637. 
• Toumanoff, Cyril (July 1940). «On the Relationship between the Founder of the Empire of Trebizond and the Georgian Queen Thamar». Speculum (The University of Chicago Press) 15 (3): 299-312. JSTOR 2855207. doi:10.2307/2855207. 
• Tuite, Kevin (2003). «Political and Social Significance of Highland Shrines in Post-Soviet Georgia». Amirani 9: 7-23. 
• Vasiliev, Alexander (January 1936). «The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1222)». Speculum (The University of Chicago Press) 11 (1): 3-37. JSTOR 2846872. doi:10.2307/2846872. 
• Vateĭshvili, Dzhuansher Levanovich (2003). Грузия и европейские страны. Очерки истории взаимоотношений, XIII-XIX века. Том 1. Грузия и Западная Европа, XIII-XVII века. Книга 1. (Georgia and the European Countries: Studies of Interrelationship in the 13th-19th Centuries. Volume 1: Georgia and Western Europe, 13th-17th Centuries. Book 1.) (en russian). Moscow: Nauka. ISBN 5-02-008869-2. 

Enlaces externos

• Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre Rowanwindwhistler/Fragmentos15.
• Georgian coins minted in Tamar's reign, Zeno - Oriental Coins Database.
• Irakli Paghava, THE FIRST ARABIC COINAGE OF GEORGIAN MONARCHS: REDISCOVERING THE SPECIE OF DAVIT IV THE BUILDER (1089-1125), KING OF KINGS AND SWORD OF MESSIAH