Usuario:Dunyaolkeleri/Roman

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statue of Augustus
İlk Roma imperatoru Oktavian Avqustun (h. e.ə. 27 – b.e. 14) məşhur heykəli

Roma imperatorlarının siyahısı - e.ə. 27-ci ildə Senat tərəfindən Avqust adı və titulunun Oktaviana verilməsindən sonra Roma imperiyasını idarə edən hökmdarlar.[1]​[2]​ Oktavian monarxik titulları rədd edərək, özünü princeps senatus (Senatın ilk adamı) və princeps civitatis (dövlətin ilk vətəndaşı) adlandırıb Respublikaçı idarəçiliyin fasadını qorudu. Avqust titulu onun xələflərinə verildi və imperatorlar getdikcə daha monarxik və avtoritar oldular.[3]​

Oktavian tərəfindən qurulan idarəetmə tərzi Principate adlanır və III əsrin sonu və ya IV əsrin əvvəllərinə qədər davam etmişdir.[4]​ Müasir "imperator" sözü ordu tərəfindən müvəffəqiyyətli generala verilən imperator titulundan gəlir; imperiyanın ilkin mərhələsində tituldan yalnız princeps istifadə edirdi.[5]​ Məsələn, Oktavianın rəsmi adı imperator Sezar Divi Filius Avqust idi.[6]​ İmperatorun tabeliyində olan ərazi Roma Respublikası dövründə Avropanın çox hissəsi, Şimali Afrika və Yaxın Şərqin bir hissəsini işğal edildiyinə görə inkişaf etmişdi. Under the republic, the Senate and People of Rome aduthorized provincial governors, who answered only to them, to rule regions of the empire.[7]​ The chief magistrates of the republic were two consuls elected each year; consuls continued to be elected in the imperial period, but their authority was subservient to that of the emperor, who also controlled and determined their election.[8]​ Often, the emperors themselves, or close family, were selected as consul.[9]​

After the Crisis of the Third Century, Diocletian increased the authority of the emperor and adopted the title "dominus noster" (our lord). The rise of powerful barbarian tribes along the borders of the empire, the challenge they posed to the defense of far-flung borders as well as an unstable imperial succession led Diocletian to divide the administration of the Empire geographically with a co-augustus in 286. In 330, Constantine the Great, the emperor who accepted Christianity, established a second capital in Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople. Historians consider the Dominate period of the empire to have begun with either Diocletian or Constantine, depending on the author.[10]​ For most of the period from 286 to 480, there was more than one recognized senior emperor, with the division usually based on geographic regions. This division was consistently in place after the death of Theodosius I in 395, which historians have dated as the division between the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. However, formally the Empire remained a single polity, with separate co-emperors in the separate courts.[11]​

The fall of the Western Roman Empire is dated either from the de facto date of 476, when Romulus Augustulus was deposed by the Germanic Herulians led by Odoacer, or the de jure date of 480, on the death of Julius Nepos, when Eastern emperor Zeno ended recognition of a separate Western court.[12]​[13]​ Historians typically refer to the empire in the centuries that followed as the "Byzantine Empire", orientated toward Hellenic culture and governed by the Byzantine emperors.[15]​ Given that "Byzantine" is a later historiographical designation and the inhabitants and emperors of the empire continually maintained Roman identity, this designation is not used universally and continues to be a subject of specialist debate.[18]​ Under Justinian I, in the sixth century, a large portion of the western empire was retaken, including Italy, Africa, and part of Spain.[19]​ Over the course of the centuries thereafter, most of the imperial territories were lost, which eventually restricted the empire to Anatolia and the Balkans.[26]​ The line of emperors continued until the death of Constantine XI Palaiologos at the fall of Constantinople in 1453, when the remaining territories were conquered by the Ottoman Turks led by Sultan Mehmed II.[25]​[31]​ In the aftermath of the conquest, Mehmed II proclaimed himself kayser-i Rûm ("Caesar of Rome"),[33]​ thus claiming to be the new emperor,[34]​ a claim maintained by succeeding sultans.[35]​ Competing claims of succession to the Roman Empire have also been forwarded by various other states and empires, and by numerous later pretenders.[36]​

Legitimlik[editar]

Siyahıya daxil edilmə meyarları[editar]

Prinsipat (e.ə. 27 – b.e. 284)[editar]

Yulilər-Klavdilər sülaləsi (e.ə. 27 – b.e. 68)[editar]

Portret Adı[39]​ Hakimiyyət illəri Varislik Həyatının təfərrüatları
alt=bust|frameless|145x145px AvqustSezar Avqust 16 yanvar e.ə. 27 – 19 avqust b.e. 14

(40 il, 7 ay, 3 gün)[41]​

Yuli Sezarın nəvəsi və övladlığa götürdüyü oğlu. Gradually acquired further power through grants from, and constitutional settlements with, the Roman Senate. 23 sentyabr e.ə. 63 – 19 avqust 14

(75 yaşında)

Qay Oktavian olaraq doğuldu; ilk dəfə 19 avqust e.ə. 43-cü ildə Roma konsulu seçildi.

Təbii səbəblərdən öldü.[42]​

alt=bust|frameless|136x136px TiberiTiberi Sezar Avqust 17 sentyabr 14 – 16 mart 37

(22 il, 5 ay, 27 gün)

Avqustun ögey oğlu, keçmiş kürəkəni və övladlığa götürdüyü oğlu 16 noyabr e.ə. 42 – 16 mart 37

(77 yaşında)

Təbii səbəblərdən öldüyü ehtimal olunur, Kaliqulanın təhriki ili öldürüldüyü iddia edilir[43]​
alt=bust|frameless|133x133px KaliqulaQay Sezar Avqust Germanik 18 mart 37 – 24 yanvar 41

(3 il, 10 ay, 6 gün)

Tiberinin nəvəsi və övladlığa götürdüyü varisi, Avqustun nəticəsi 31 avqust 12 – 24 yanvar 41

(28 yaşında)

Pretorianlar və senatorların iştirak etdiyi sui-qəsddə öldürüldü[44]​
alt=bust|133x133px KlavdiTiberi Klavdi Sezar Avqust Germanik 24 yanvar 41 – 13 oktyabr 54

(13 il, 8 ay, 19 gün)

Kaliqulanın əmisi, Avqustun nəvəsi, Pretorianlar tərəfindən imperator elan edilmiş və Senat tərəfindən qəbul edilmişdir 1 avqust e.ə. 10 – 13 oktyabr 54

(63 yaşında)

Arvadı Aqrippina tərəfindən oğlu Neronun xeyrinə zəhərləndiyi ehtimal olunur[45]​
alt=bust|frameless|128x128px NeronNeron Klavdi Sezar Avqust Germanik 13 oktyabr 54 – 9 iyun 68

(13 il, 7 ay, 27 gün)

Klavdinin kürəkəni, ögey oğlu və övladlığa götürdüyü oğlu, Avqustun kötücəsi 15 dekabr 37 – 9 iyun 68

(30 yaşında)

Pretorianlar tərəfindən tərk edildikdən və Senat tərəfindən ölümə məhkum edildikdən sonra intihar etdi[46]​

Dörd imperator ili (68–69)[editar]

{{Əsas|Dörd imperator ili}}

Portret Adı Hakimiyyət illəri Varislik Həyatının təfərrüatları
alt=bust|frameless|133x133px QalbaServ Qalba Sezar Avqust 8 iyun 68 – 15 yanvar 69

(7 ay, 7 gün)

Governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, revolted against Nero and seized power after his suicide, with support of the Senate and Praetorian Guard 24 dekabr e.ə. 3 – 15 yanvar 69

(70 yaşında)

Murdered by soldiers of the Praetorian Guard in a coup led by Otho[47]​
alt=bust|frameless|127x127px OtonMark Oton Sezar Avqust 15 yanvar – 16 aprel 69

(3 ay, 1 gün)

Seized power through a coup against Galba 28 aprel 32 – 16 aprel 69

(36 yaşında)

Committed suicide after losing the Battle of Bedriacum to Vitellius[48]​
alt=bust|frameless|133x133px VitelliAul Vitelli Germanik Avqust 19 aprel – 20 dekabr 69

(8 ay, 1 gün)

Governor of Germania Inferior, proclaimed emperor by the Rhine legions on 2 January in opposition to Galba and Otho, later recognized by the Senate 24 sentyabr 15 – 20/22 dekabr 69

(54 yaşında)

Vespasianın qoşunları tərəfindən öldürüldü[49]​

Flavilər sülaləsi (69–96)[editar]

Antoninlər sülaləsi (96–192)[editar]

Beş imperator ili (193)[editar]

Sever sülaləsi (193–235)[editar]

Üçüncü əsr böhranı (235–284)[editar]

Dominat (284–602)[editar]

Tetrarxiya (284–324)[editar]

Konstantin sülaləsi (306–363)[editar]

Valentinian sülaləsi (364–392)[editar]

Feodosi sülaləsi (379–457)[editar]

Qərbin sonuncu imperatorları (455–476)[editar]

Leo sülaləsi (şərq, 457–518)[editar]

Yustinian sülaləsi (şərq, 518–602)[editar]

Sonrakı şərq imperatorları (610–1453)[editar]

İrakli sülaləsi (610–695)[editar]

İyirmi illik anarxiya (695–717)[editar]

İsavriya sülaləsi (717–802)[editar]

Nikefor sülaləsi (802–813)[editar]

Amoriya sülaləsi (820–867)[editar]

Makedon sülaləsi (867–1056)[editar]

Doukas sülaləsi (1059–1078)[editar]

Komnenos sülaləsi (1081–1185)[editar]

Angelos sülaləsi (1185–1204)[editar]

Laskaris sülaləsi (1205–1261)[editar]

Paleoloqos sülaləsi (1259–1453)[editar]

Həmçinin bax[editar]

Qeydlər[editar]

  1. ↑ a b c d Mosshammer, 2008, pp. 342–343.
  2. ↑ a b c d Kienast y Eck, Heil, pp. 53–54.
  3. ↑ Loewenstein, 1973, pp. 329, 403.
  4. ↑ Loewenstein, 1973, p. 238.
  5. ↑ Loewenstein, 1973, p. 329.
  6. ↑ Loewenstein, 1973, p. 245.
  7. ↑ Richardson, 1984, pp. 39–40.
  8. ↑ Wu, 2016, p. 35.
  9. ↑ Loewenstein, 1973, p. 443.
  10. ↑ Loewenstein, 1973, pp. 238, 403.
  11. ↑ Sandberg, 2008, pp. 199–213.
  12. ↑ Arnold, Bjornlie y Sessa, 2016, p. 3.
  13. ↑ Williams y Friell, 1998, p. 187.
  14. ↑ ODB,, p. 264.
  15. ↑ The term basileus eventually replaced augustus as the official title of the emperor, although both were seen as equals already by the times of Constantine I.[14]​
  16. ↑ Mango, 2002, p. 2.
  17. ↑ Goldsworthy, 2009, p. 8.
  18. ↑ The Byzantine Empire is universally recognized as the remnant, continuation or later stage of the Roman Empire. There is no universally agreed date used to separate the ancient Roman and "Byzantine" empires, with proposed dates ranging in age from 284 to 716.[16]​ Some authors reject the term "Byzantine" entirely.[17]​
  19. ↑ Halsall, 2018, p. 53.
  20. ↑ Collins, 2004, pp. 47–49.
  21. ↑ Becker, 1913, p. 370.
  22. ↑ Hartmann, 1913, p. 196.
  23. ↑ Logan, 2012, pp. 71–74.
  24. ↑ Chalandon, 1923, p. 325.
  25. ↑ a b Nicol, 1992, p. ix.
  26. ↑ Spain was lost in 625[20]​ and Africa in 698.[21]​ A large portion of Italy was conquered by the Lombards already under Justinian I's successor, Justin II.[22]​ Rome and its surroundings remained under imperial control until 756, when they became the Papal States,[23]​ though the last Italian holdouts were not lost until 1071 with the fall of Bari.[24]​ The seventh century also saw much of the empire's eastern and southern territories lost permanently to Arab Muslim conquests.[25]​
  27. ↑ Estiot, 1996.
  28. ↑ Treadgold, 1997, p. 734.
  29. ↑ ODB,, p. 360.
  30. ↑ Treadgold, 1997, pp. 859–860.
  31. ↑ There is no "official" count of Roman emperors given that different scholars sometimes include and omit different emperors (see Legitimacy). This list includes 171 emperors, 15 of whose legitimacy is disputed in scholarship (including the obscure figure of Silbannacus, whose existence and role are shrouded in mystery,[27]​ and the four emperors of Nicaea, who are often seen as the "legitimate" emperors during the interregnum of 1204–1261),[28]​ and 5 ruling empresses, 2 of which have variable ascribed status (these being Saint Theodora and Eudokia Makrembolitissa, who were rulers in their own right but are still absent in most lists of rulers[29]​ or just labeled as regents),[30]​ for a total of 176 monarchs. Also included are 33 junior co-emperors, 3 of whose legitimacy is debated, and 1 junior co-empress. All in all, this list thus includes a total of 210 occupants of the Roman imperial office.
  32. ↑ Çolak, 2014, p. 19.
  33. ↑ This was one of the titles used for the emperors in Constantinople by Ottoman writers prior to 1453.[32]​
  34. ↑ Nicol, 1967, p. 334.
  35. ↑ Çolak, 2014, pp. 21–22.
  36. ↑ Nicol, 1992, pp. 115–116.
  37. ↑ Cooley, 2012.
  38. ↑ Syme, 1958.
  39. ↑ Entries also include the regnal name of each emperor. These generally differed from their original birth name, often adopting elements from the previous emperor.[37]​ Augustus's full name would be "Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus" according to Roman naming conventions, but he styled himself as "Imperator Caesar Augustus", treating "Caesar" as a family name.[38]​ Given that "Imperator" was only a victory title, it will be omitted from the emperors' full nomenclature.
  40. ↑ Meijer, 2004, pp. 14–16.
  41. ↑ The conventional date for the Empire's founding is 27 BC,[1]​ when the Senate awarded Octavian the title and name Augustus alongside one of several grants of power.[2]​ Ancient writers, however, give him a rule of 56 years.[1]​ He became de facto sovereign in 31 BC, after defeating his last remaining opposition at the Battle of Actium.[40]​ This is a date also used by some writers.[1]​ Augustus himself dated his accession to legal power to 7 January 43 BC, when he first received imperium.[2]​ Later that year he became consul (19 August) and then triumvir (27 November) alongside Mark Antony and Lepidus. Augustus thus ruled the Roman state for exactly 56 years, but only 40 as "emperor".[2]​
  42. ↑ Grant,, pp. 8, 9, 12–13; Kienast, Eck y Heil,, pp. 53–54, 350.
  43. ↑ Kienast, Eck y Heil,, pp. 70–72, 350; Grant,, pp. 8, 16, 20, 25.
  44. ↑ Kienast, Eck y Heil,, p. 78; Grant,, pp. 8, 25, 27.
  45. ↑ Kienast, Eck y Heil,, p. 82; Grant,, pp. 8, 29, 33.
  46. ↑ Kienast, Eck y Heil,, pp. 88–89, 350; Grant,, pp. 8, 34, 39.
  47. ↑ Kienast, Eck y Heil,, p. 94; Grant,, pp. 43, 44; Hammond,, p. 24.
  48. ↑ Kienast, Eck y Heil,, p. 97; Grant,, pp. 46–47.
  49. ↑ Kienast, Eck y Heil,, pp. 99–100; Grant,, pp. 48–50.

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