Batalla de Jamrud

Batalla de Jamrud
	Parte de Guerras Afgano-Sij
	; Un retrato del fuerte Jamrud
Fecha	30 de abril de 1837
Lugar	Jamrud, Pakistán, Imperio Sij; (actual Jaiber Pastunjuá)
Coordenadas	34°00′12″N 71°22′43″E / 34.0034, 71.3786
Resultado	Disputado
Beligerantes
Emirato de Afganistán	Imperio Sij
Comandantes
Dost Mohammad Khan; Akbar Khan; Afzal Khan	Ranjit Singh; Hari Singh Nalwa †; Mahan Singh Mirpuri
Fuerzas en combate
7,000 hombres de caballería; 2,000 mecheros ; 20,000 Khybers; 50 piezas de artillería	800 hombres de la guarnición de Jamrud ; 10,000 fuerzas de socorro/refuerzos
	[editar datos en Wikidata]

La batalla de Jamrud (División de Peshawar, Pakistán) fue un enfrentamiento bélico entre el Emirato de Afganistán y el Imperio Sij llevado a cabo el 30 de abril de 1837. Este conflicto fue el último esfuerzo realizado por el emir afgano Dost Mohammad Khan para recuperar la ciudad de Peshawar, ya que dicha urbe había sido la antigua capital afgana de invierno. Las fuerzas afganas se enfrentaron a las fuerzas sij en la localidad de Jamrud. El ejército sij guarnecido pudo lograr contener a las fuerzas afganos hasta que llegaron refuerzos sij para su relevo.^[2]^[3]

Fondo[editar]

La batalla de Jamrud se libró entre los sijs bajo las órdenes de su líder el Maharajá Ranjit Singh contra los afganos liderados por el Emir Dost Mohammed Khan. Tras la consolidación del Imperio sij en la región del Punjab, el Maharajá Ranjit Singh había iniciado una ola de invasiones en los territorios controlados por los afganos. Los afganos habían estado perdiendo sus territorios ocupados durante mucho tiempo por los sijs durante los años anteriores debido a conflictos internos, y habían visto cómo su otrora poderoso imperio se encogía poco a poco con la pérdida de la región de Punjab, Multán, Cachemira, Derajat (Sulaimán), Hazara, Balakot, Attock, Peshawar y Jamrud.

Batalla[editar]

Hacia fines de 1836, Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa atacó y capturó el pequeño pero muy estratégico pueblo fortificado de Jamrud, situado en el lado sur de una cadena montañosa en la desembocadura del paso de Khyber. Con la conquista de Jamrud, la frontera del Imperio sij ahora bordeaba la frontera de Afganistán.

En 1837, el ejército sij estuvo en Lahore para la boda de Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh, nieto de Maharajá Ranjit Singh. El emir de Afganistán, Dost Mohammad Khan, acompañado por cinco de sus hijos, se apresuró con su ejército para expulsar a los sijs de Peshawar. El general sij, Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa, murió en la batalla. Muchos testigos presenciales afirmaron que Nalwa ordenó que colgaran su cadáver fuera del fuerte antes de morir, lo que disuadió a los afganos de atacar, creyendo que Nalwa todavía estaba vivo.^[4] Sin embargo, la guarnición sij continuó luchando hasta que llegaron refuerzos sij de Lahore y expulsaron a los afganos. La batalla terminó cuando los afganos se retiraron a Kabul.

Resultado[editar]

Hari Singh resultó fatalmente herido y luego murió a causa de las heridas. Los afganos no pudieron ocupar el fuerte, ni pudieron apoderarse de Peshawar o Jamrud.^[2]^[3] El resultado de la batalla se disputa entre los historiadores. Algunos sostienen que el fracaso de los afganos en tomar el fuerte y la ciudad de Peshawar o la ciudad de Jamrud es una victoria para los sijs.^[5] Por otro lado, algunos afirman que el asesinato de Hari Singh Nalwa resultó en una victoria afgana.^[6] James Norris, profesor de ciencias políticas en la Universidad Internacional Texas A&M, afirma que el resultado de la batalla no fue concluyente.^[7]

Véase también[editar]

Referencias[editar]

↑ ^a ^b Maharaja Ranjit Singh: A short life sketch, Ganda Singh, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial, (Nirmal Publishers, 1986), 43.[1]
↑ ^a ^b Jean Marie Lafont (2002). Maharaja Ranjit Singh. p. 43. «In spite of all their efforts, however, the Afghans could neither occupy the fort of Jamrud nor dislodge the Sikhs from their position and gain possession of Peshawar.»
↑ ^a ^b Tom Lansford (2017). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. p. 21,22. ISBN 9781598847604. «In 1837, Afghan ruler Dost Mohammed Khan gathered an army to push the Sikhs back from the Khyber pass. They laid siege to the Sikh fort at Jamrud. A Sikh army advanced to relieve the siege, and the two forces met at the Battle of Jamrud. The Sikhs defeated the Afghans. The battle marked the end of the Afghan-Sikh wars.»
↑ Chief and families of Note in Punjab, Vol II, op.cit., pp. 87,89,90
↑ Several scholars consider the Sikhs to have been victorious: * Hasrat, Bikrama Jit (1977), Life and Times of Ranjit Singh: A Saga of Benevolent Despotism, V.V. Research Institute Book Agency, p. 137 .: "The doubtful Sikh victory at Jamrud in 1837 had made it clear to Ranjit Singh that policies of hatred and repression in the northwestern frontier so far pursued had failed in its objective." * Paddy, Docherty (31 de julio de 2010), Khyber pass, Il Saggiatore, pp. 186-187, ISBN 978-88-6576-029-1 . * Ingram, Edward (1993), «India and the North-West Frontier: The First Afghan War», en A. Hamish Ion; Elizabeth Jane Errington, eds., Great Powers and Little Wars: The Limits of Power, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 44, ISBN 978-0-275-93965-6 .: "The second was Peshawar, which controlled the entry to the Khyber Pass and had been seized in 1834 by Ranjit Singh from Dost Mohammed, who tried in 1837 to get it back but lost his chance at the Battle of Jamrud."
↑ Other scholars consider the Afghans to have been victorious: * Roberts, Jeffery J. (2003), The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 4, ISBN 978-0-275-97878-5 .: "In 1837 Dost's son, Akbar Khan, led an Afghan army to victory at Jamrud. Akbar, however, did not follow up his success with an advance to Peshawar, and the city remained in Sikh hands." * Clements, Frank; Adamec, Ludwig W. (2003), Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 74, ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8 .: "Dost Mohammed Khan defeated the Sikhs at the Battle of Jamrud in 1837."
↑ John, Norris; Norris, J. A. (1967), The First Afghan War 1838-1842, Cambridge University Press, p. 109, ISBN 978-0-521-05838-4 .: "The resulting Battle of Jamrud on 30 April 1837 was a bloody Sikh-Afghan encounter where both sides suffered severe losses. The outcome was largely inconclusive but served to further inflame the continued cross-border feuding and induced the Afghans to seek assistance from the Russian-influenced Persians."

Datos: Q4871308

[Maharaja-1] Maharaja Ranjit Singh: A short life sketch, Ganda Singh, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial, (Nirmal Publishers, 1986), 43.[1]

[Lafont-2] Jean Marie Lafont (2002). Maharaja Ranjit Singh. p. 43. «In spite of all their efforts, however, the Afghans could neither occupy the fort of Jamrud nor dislodge the Sikhs from their position and gain possession of Peshawar.»

[LansfordTom-3] Tom Lansford (2017). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. p. 21,22. ISBN 9781598847604. «In 1837, Afghan ruler Dost Mohammed Khan gathered an army to push the Sikhs back from the Khyber pass. They laid siege to the Sikh fort at Jamrud. A Sikh army advanced to relieve the siege, and the two forces met at the Battle of Jamrud. The Sikhs defeated the Afghans. The battle marked the end of the Afghan-Sikh wars.»

[punjab-4] Chief and families of Note in Punjab, Vol II, op.cit., pp. 87,89,90

[disputesik-5] Several scholars consider the Sikhs to have been victorious: * Hasrat, Bikrama Jit (1977), Life and Times of Ranjit Singh: A Saga of Benevolent Despotism, V.V. Research Institute Book Agency, p. 137 .: "The doubtful Sikh victory at Jamrud in 1837 had made it clear to Ranjit Singh that policies of hatred and repression in the northwestern frontier so far pursued had failed in its objective." * Paddy, Docherty (31 de julio de 2010), Khyber pass, Il Saggiatore, pp. 186-187, ISBN 978-88-6576-029-1 . * Ingram, Edward (1993), «India and the North-West Frontier: The First Afghan War», en A. Hamish Ion; Elizabeth Jane Errington, eds., Great Powers and Little Wars: The Limits of Power, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 44, ISBN 978-0-275-93965-6 .: "The second was Peshawar, which controlled the entry to the Khyber Pass and had been seized in 1834 by Ranjit Singh from Dost Mohammed, who tried in 1837 to get it back but lost his chance at the Battle of Jamrud."

[disputeafg-6] Other scholars consider the Afghans to have been victorious: * Roberts, Jeffery J. (2003), The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 4, ISBN 978-0-275-97878-5 .: "In 1837 Dost's son, Akbar Khan, led an Afghan army to victory at Jamrud. Akbar, however, did not follow up his success with an advance to Peshawar, and the city remained in Sikh hands." * Clements, Frank; Adamec, Ludwig W. (2003), Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 74, ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8 .: "Dost Mohammed Khan defeated the Sikhs at the Battle of Jamrud in 1837."

[Norris-7] John, Norris; Norris, J. A. (1967), The First Afghan War 1838-1842, Cambridge University Press, p. 109, ISBN 978-0-521-05838-4 .: "The resulting Battle of Jamrud on 30 April 1837 was a bloody Sikh-Afghan encounter where both sides suffered severe losses. The outcome was largely inconclusive but served to further inflame the continued cross-border feuding and induced the Afghans to seek assistance from the Russian-influenced Persians."

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