Usuario:Virum Mundi/Taller/Patrimonio/Mezquita Mahmudiya

Mezquita Mahmudiya
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La mezquita Mahmudiya (en árabe: مسجد المحمودية‎; en hebreo: מסגד מחמודיה‎) es la mezquita más grande e importante de Jaffa (Yafo), actualmente parte de la zona metropolitana de Tel Aviv, Israel. Construida a lo largo de los siglos XVIII y XIX durante el gobierno otomano de Palestina, consiste en un complejo de edificios y arcos ubicados en torno a tres patios internos (dos grandes y uno más pequeño).

Descripción

La construcción de la mezquita original tuvo lugar en 1730 bajo el gobernador local, el jeque Mohamed al-Khalili. Si bien el sabil (fuente pública) empotrado en la muralla sur del complejo, que sirve de símbolo para los oriundos del lugar, se atribuye a Solimán Pasha al-Adil, el gobernador de Acre entre finales del siglo XVIII y comienzos del XIX.​

No obstante, la mayor parte del complejo actual fue construida en 1812 bajo el gobernador otomano de Gaza y Jaffa (que compartían gobernación en la época otomana tardía), Mohamed Abu Nabbut. A él se atribuyen tanto el patrio y plaza principales, situados en el lado occidental del complejo, con sus arcadas y gran sala de oración rectangular cubierta por dos grandes cúpulas poco profundas, como el minarete (alto y de perfil esbelto y refinado).

Si bien apenas se aprecian vestigios de una estructura anterior al siglo XVIII, según investigaciones modernas, Abu Nabbut habría construido el complejo encima de los cimientos de una mezquita más pequeña que pertenecía a la familia Bibi de Jaffa​ (de las familias más acaudaladas de la ciudad, cuyo nombre recibe la casa manantial y actual galería Casa Bibi).

Un aspecto singular del edificio es que más allá de los elementos orientales que lo caracterizan, cuenta también con columnas romanas; estas fueron realizadas y traídas de Cesárea y Ascalón.​

Ubicación

La mezquita Mahmoudiya ocupa lo que era la zona noreste de la ciudad vieja de Jaffa. A mediados del siglo XIX, las murallas de Jaffa se iban desmantelando gradualmente, lo que permitió realizar una importante ampliación de la mezquita. Hacia finales del siglo, la sede del Gobierno local se trasladó al sector oriental de la mezquita, justo fuera de las antiguas murallas. Para facilitar el acceso a la mezquita desde el edificio gubernamental, se construyó una nueva puerta decorada en el muro oriental del complejo, frente a la plaza de la torre del reloj. La llamada «puerta de los gobernadores» presenta un grabado de la Fuente de Solimán (o Sabil de Solimán), una emblemática fuente construida en Jerusalén siglo XVII por Solimán el Magnífico.​

Actualidad

Actualmente, los muros exteriores de la mezquita están en gran parte ocultos por tiendas y puestos de venta callejeros. Sin embargo, las dos cúpulas de la sala de oración, a pesar de su forma aplanada, y la multitud de cúpulas auxiliares aún son visibles desde las calles circundantes. El elemento más destacado de la construcción, el minarete, sigue resaltado en la vecindad de la Antigua Jaffa, muchas veces siendo incluido en imágenes de la silueta del panorama urbano de la ciudad.​

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The mosque built by Mahmud Pasha in 1567 is an early Cairene Ottoman official religious architecture which follows the Mamluk tradition. The positioning of the domed burial chamber behind the prayer hall to face the Citadel and the construction of the minaret on a semicircular buttress protruding from a corner next to the mausoleum show that it used the nearby Madrasa of Sultan Hasan as its model. The minaret, however, is Ottoman.

Sources:

Bates, Ülkü. "Façades in Ottoman Cairo." In The Ottoman City and Its Parts, edited by Irene Bierman, Rifa’at Abou-El-Haj, and Donald Preziosi, 129-172. New Rochelle, N.Y. : A.D. Caratzas, 1991.

Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. Islamic Architecture in Cairo. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1989.

Jarrar, Sabri, András Riedlmayer, and Jeffrey B. Spurr. Resources for the Study of Islamic Architecture. Cambridge, MA: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1994. http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=6053.

Raymond, André. The Great Arab Cities in the 16th-18th Centuries: An Introduction. New York: New York University Press, 1984.

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Mahmudiyeh Mosque

The Mahmoudia Mosque is the largest mosque in Jaffa, and bears the name of its founder, Jaffa’s governor, Muhammad Abu Nabbut..

The Mosque was rebuilt over the foundations of an earlier mosque in the years 1812-1814. The mosque structures are arranged around three inner courtyards. The mosque was decorated with ancient marble pillars brought to Jaffa from Caesarea and Ashkelon, and placed in the mosque upside down with their heads to the ground, which created an inner courtyard surrounded by a harborico of pillars with arches between them.

The large courtyard leads to the mosque structures including the hexagonal minaret and the large prayer hall. The main entrance to the mosque is from its southern side, above which is a plaque noting the year 1227 of the Hijra (1812). Other gates lead to the mosque compound – one leads to the old Sarayah house and the other to the Clock Square. This gate is known as the “Ruler’s Gate”, as it is the one through which the rulers of the city entered the mosque from the new Sarayah house across the road. This is the grandest gate, and it includes byzantine elements incorporated in it and Ottoman decorative elements of the empire’s symbol – the star and the crescent.

In the southern wall of the mosque is installed Sabil Suleiman, whose shape is a large arc that incorporates white marble stones and pink granite. The sabil is named after Suleiman Pasha, ruler of Acre and the commander of Abu Nabbut.

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Considered the largest and most important mosque in Jaffa, this mosque consists of a complex of buildings arranged around two large courtyards and a third smaller courtyard. The buildings, gates, and courtyard were built in various stages during the 18th and 19th centuries while southern Syria was under Ottoman rule. The mosque includes many distinctive monuments, including the dome and the mihrab, and its construction still preserves its ancient and ancient character with stones, narrow corridors and prominent domes that made it one of the exceptional architectural masterpieces in Jaffa and Palestine, and what distinguishes it most is its spiritual atmosphere filled with tranquility and tranquility that attracts many from visitors.

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Property Name: The Great Mosque of Jaffa. Mahmoudiya Mosque

Inventory No: 972-2-39

Date of infill of the inventory form: 2020-09-04

Country (State party): Palestine

Province: Jaffa

Town: Old Jaffa

Geographic coordinates: 32° 3’17.62″N

34°45’19.95″E

Historic Period: Ottoman

Year of Construction: 1735

Style: Ottoman

Original Use: Mosque

Current Use: Mosque

Architect: Unknown

Significance

The monument is an ancient mosque dating back to the Ottoman era and is located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea, in the old town of Jaffa, on the Martyrs Square, where the clock tower is. Its construction was completed in 1812 during the Ottoman rule. It consists of two floors and is characterized by its magnitude and next to it there is a water fountain known as Sabil Mahmudiyah or Suleiman Pasha water fountain. The mosque considered one of the few Islamic and Arab architectural monuments in the city, after the Israeli occupation demolished entire landmarks. It is the Ottoman style, with six domes and one minaret. It is considered the third mosque in Palestine after the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Ibrahimi Mosque.

Selection Criteria

i. to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design

ii. to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared

vi. to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance

State of Preservation

The mosque was abandoned after the Nakba of Palestine in 1948. As a result of the collective expulsion carried out by the occupation, it remained neglected, abandoned and deserted until 1982. Parts of the mosque facing the path were converted into a restaurant and bar under Israeli control. In January 2010, the Al-Aqsa Association for the Care of Endowments and Islamic Sanctities began implementing the second phase of reconstruction and restoration of the Grand Mosque of Jaffa. Restoration and maintenance work on the mosque was completed in July 2016. So that restoration work was carried out at the main entrance from the western side of the “Mahmoudiya” mosque.