Usuario:Jts1216/Taller

Shōjō {{About|the Japanese word for orangutan and the legendary creature|other uses|Shojo (disambiguation)}} [[File:Shōjō.sake-cup.ladle.and.sea.detail.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A ''shōjō'' standing on a giant [[sake cup]], and using a long-handled sake ladle to pole through a sea of water or [[sake]]; detail from a whimsical [[Edo period|Edo-period]] painting.]] [[File:Ryoan Shojo.jpg|thumb|A picture of a ''shōjō'' from the [[Wakan Sansai Zue]] from the early 1700s.]] A {{nihongo|'''shōjō'''|{{linktext|猩|々}} or {{linktext|猩|猩}}|heavy drinker or orangutan}} is a kind of [[Japan]]ese sea spirit with red face and hair and a fondness for alcohol.<ref name=Smith>Smith, Richard Gordon. (1908). ''Ancient Tales and Folklore of Japan.'' Chapter XXXVIII, "White Sake," pp. 239-244. London: A. & C. Black. No ISBN. (Reprint edition, Kessinger, Whitefish, MT, no date; http://www.kessinger.net/searchresults-orderthebook.php?ISBN=1428600426; accessed September 18, 2008.) Text and illustrations in color are available at http://books.google.com/books?id=o8QWAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Richard+Gordon+Smith%22&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA239,M1. (Accessed September 14, 2008).</ref><ref name = "Volker">Volker, T. (1975, reprint edition). ''The Animal in Far Eastern Art and Especially in the Art of the Japanese Netsuke, with References to Chinese Origins, Traditions, Legends, and Art.'' Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 141-142. ISBN 90-04-04295-4. These pages, which also include some comments about the origin of the ''shōjō'', can be found [http://books.google.com/books?id=XyEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=shojo+orangutan&source=web&ots=l5c3Og2H36&sig=nRnQU7ES7ukY0DB9kWhLol71FQM&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=12&ct=result#PPA141,M1 here]. (Accessed September 18, 2008).</ref> The legend is the subject of a [[Noh]] play of the same name.<ref name="Daijisen">[[Shogakukan]] Daijisen Editorial Staff (1998), {{nihongo|''Daijisen''|大辞泉}} (Dictionary of the Japanese language), Revised Edition. Tokyo: [[Shogakukan]]. ISBN 978-4-09-501212-4.</ref> There is a Noh mask for this character, as well as a type of [[Kabuki]] stage makeup, that bear the name.<ref name = Daijisen /> The Chinese characters are also a Japanese (and Chinese) word for [[orangutan]], and can also be used in Japanese to refer to someone who is particularly fond of alcohol.<ref name = Daijisen/> ==Chinese origins== [[File:Sheng1sheng1.jpg|thumb|A drawing of a ''shēng shēng'' father and child from a 1596 edition of the ''[[Shan Hai Jing]]''.]]Mythical creatures named "shēng shēng" (狌狌) or "xīng xīng" (猩猩) are mentioned in three passages of the ''[[Shan Hai Jing]]'' ("The Classic of Mountains and Seas"). Birrell,<ref>Birrell, Anne, translator (1999). ''The Classic of Mountains and Seas''. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044719-4.</ref> who translates the creature's name as "live-lively", thus translates the passages: {{quote|There is an animal on the mountain which looks like a long-tailed ape, but it has white ears. It crouches as it moves along and it runs like a human. Its name is the live-lively. If you eat it, you'll be a good runner.|Book One--The Classic of the Southern Mountains--Chapter 1 (p. 3)}} {{quote|Drift Forest is 300 leagues square. It lies east of the land of the live-lively apes. The live-lively apes know the names of humans. These animals are like hogs, but they have a human face.|Book Ten--The Classic of Regions Within the Seas: The South'' (p. 135)}} {{quote|There is a green animal with a human face. Its name is live-lively.|Book Eighteen--The Classic of Regions Within the Seas (p. 192)}} The Chinese character Birrell translates as "green" ([[:wikt:%E9%9D%92#Han_character|青]], qīng) is also used to refer to colors that in English would be considered "blue," (see ''[[Distinguishing blue from green in language]]'') and that illustrator Sun Xiao-qin (孫暁琴, Sūn Xiǎo-qín), in ''Illustrated Classics: Classic of Mountains and Seas'' (经典图读山海经, Jīng Diǎn Tú Dú Shān Hǎi Jīng) chose to portray the ''xīng xīng'' from this same passage as having blue fur.<ref>Wang Gong-qi (王红旗, Wáng Gōng-qí), commentator; Sun Xiao-qin (孫暁琴, Sūn Xiǎo-qín), illustrator (2003). ''Illustrated Classics: The Classic of Mountains and Seas'' (经典图读山海经, Jīng Diǎn Tú Dú Shān Hǎi Jīng). Shanghai: [http://www.cishu.com.cn/ Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]. ISBN 7-5326-1172-8.</ref> Birrell also includes the following note on the creature: {{Quote|''Live-lively (hsing-hsing)'': A type of ape. The translation of its name reflects the phonetic for ‘live’ (''sheng'') in the double graph. It is sometimes translated as the orangutan. [Hao Yi-hsing (郝懿行)] notes that its lips taste delicious. He also cites a text of the fourth century AD that gives evidence of their mental powers and their knowledge of human names: ‘In the Yunnan region, the live-lively animals live in mountain valleys. When they see wine and sandals left out, they know exactly who set this trap for them, and, what is more, they know the name of that person's ancestor. They call the name of the person who set the trap and curse them: “Vile rotter! You hoped to trap me!”’ |(p. 236)}} {{-}} ==In Cryptozoology== In [[Cryptozoology]], the shojo is often referred to as ''xing-xing'' and is believed to be a mainland orangutan. [[Bernard Heuvelmans]] lists this as an entry in his Annotated Checklist of Apparently Unknown Animals With Which Cryptozoology is Concerned, In CRYPTOZOOLOGY, Vol. 5, 1986,on page 16{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} == Nature, folklore, and popular culture == [[File:Smith-Monoyuki-White sake.jpg|thumb|"Shōjō" by the sea, drinking sake, from a 1908 illustration of "White Sake," a Japanese folktale."]] There is a tale involving the ''shōjō'' and white [[sake]]. There was a gravely sick man whose dying wish was to drink sake. His son searched for it near [[Mount Fuji]] and came across the red ''shōjō'', who were having a drinking party on the beach. The ''shōjō'' gave him some sake after listening to his plea. Since the sake revived the dying father, the son went back to the spirit to get more sake each day for five days. A greedy neighbor who also wanted the sake became sick after drinking it. He forced the son to take him to the ''shōjō'' to get the good sake. The ''shōjō'' explained that as his heart wasn't pure, the sacred sake would not have life-restoring benefits, but instead had poisoned the neighbor. The neighbor repented, and the ''shōjō'' gave him some medicine to cure him. The father and the neighbor brewed white sake together.<ref name=Smith/> [[File:Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 029.jpg|thumb|A Noh mask of the ''shōjō.'']] Several plants and animals have ''shōjō'' in their names for their bright, reddish-orange color. Examples include several Japanese [[maple tree]]s, one of them named ''shōjō-no-mai'' or "dancing red-faced monkey" and another named ''shōjō nomura'' or "beautiful red-faced monkey."<ref name = "Vertrees">Vertrees, J.D. and Peter Gregory (2001). ''Japanese Maples: Momiji and Kaede (Third Edition)''. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-88192-501-2. Here, Vertrees and Gregory translate ''shōjō'' as "red-faced monkey" rather than "orangutan."</ref> Certain bright reddish-orange [[dragonflies]] are named {{nihongo|''shōjō tonbo''|猩猩蜻蛉}}, meaning "red-faced dragonfly."<ref name="Jdict">Dragonflies and flies: http://www6.ocn.ne.jp/~aoidayu/tadaima/200410syoujyou.htm. (Accessed September 18, 2008).</ref> Other names with ''shōjō'' refer to real or fancied connections to sake, like the fly {{nihongo|''shōjō bae''|猩猩蠅}} that tends to swarm around open saké.<ref name="Jdict"/> The [[Kyōgen]]-influenced [[Noh]] play ''shōjō'' or ''shōjō midare'' features a ''shōjō'' buying sake, getting drunk and dancing ecstatically, then rewarding the sake seller by making his sake vat perpetually refill itself.<ref>http://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/noh/en/noh_plays/5ban.html</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-22944559_ITM | work=Comparative Drama | title=Japanese Noh and Kyogen plays: staging dichotomy | date=September 22, 2005}}</ref> The ''shōjō'' from the play have been made into wooden dolls (''nara [[ningyō]]''), they are one of the "most common" wooden dolls derived from Noh plays.<ref>Pate, Alan Scott, (2008) ''Japanese Dolls: The Fascinating World of Ningyō'' ISBN 978-4-8053-0922-3 page 167</ref> ''Shōjō'' dolls are used to ward against [[smallpox]].<ref>Pate, Alan Scott, (2008) ''Japanese Dolls: The Fascinating World of Ningyō'' ISBN 978-4-8053-0922-3 page 266</ref> In [[Hayao Miyazaki]]'s animated film ''[[Princess Mononoke]]'', talking, ape-like creatures struggling to protect the forest from human destruction by planting trees are identified as ''shōjō''.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1997 |trans-title=Reading ''Princess Mononoke''|title=『もののけ姫』を読み解 (Mononoke Hime o Yomitoku) |journal=Comicbox |volume= |issue= |pages= |publisher=Fusion Product |location=[[Tokyo]]|url= http://www.comicbox.co.jp/cbmnnk/cbmnnk.html|language=Japanese |accessdate=2008-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title={{nihongo|"Princess Mononoke" Movie Pamphlet|『もののけ姫』映画パンフレット|Mononoke Hime Eiga Panfuretto}} |accessdate=2008-09-21 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Toho|Toho Company]] Product Enterprise Division |location=[[Tokyo]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> Shōjō appeared in a 2005 Japanese film ''[[The Great Yokai War]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title=妖怪大戦争 official site| url=http://yokai-movie.com/index.html | publisher=2005「妖怪大戦争」製作委員会 | accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=yokai gallary 猩猩 | url=http://www.walkerplus.com/movie/special/yokai/gallery/23.html | publisher=(株)角川クロスメディア | accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> The Japanese artist [[Kawanabe Kyōsai]], who was also known for his heavy drinking and eccentric behavior,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=bMMusu0O4zAC&printsec=frontcover |title=Inexorable Modernity: Japan's Grappling with Modernity in the Arts |author=Hiroshi Nara |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2007 |pages=34 p.|isbn=0-7391-1842-0}}</ref> humorously referred to himself as a ''shōjō''.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=TMCHpmDXUeIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=shojo+orangutan |title=Copying the Master and Stealing His Secrets: Talent and Training in Japanese Painting |author=Brenda G. Jordan |author2=Victoria Louise Weston |author3=Victoria Weston |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2003 |pages=217 p.|isbn=0-8248-2608-6}} </ref> The March 30, 2012, episode of the television series ''[[Supernatural (U.S. TV series)|Supernatural]]'', "Party on, Garth," featured a shōjō as the monster of the week. Although, this shōjō appeared to have features more associated with the [[onryō]]. ==See also== {{commons category|Shōjō}} *[[Inari (mythology)|Inari]] *[[Kami]] *[[Yōkai]] *[[List of legendary creatures from Japan]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} == External links == *[http://www.obakemono.com/obake/shojo/ The Obakemono Project] {{Japanese folklore long}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shojo}} [[Category:Japanese mythology]] [[Category:Chinese mythology]] [[Category:Chinese legendary creatures]] [[Category:Tutelary deities]] [[Category:Noh]] [[Category:Kabuki characters]] [[Category:Japanese folklore]]