Usuario:Fabiola Mastache/Landscape urbanism

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El Paisaje urbanista es una teoría de planeación urbana que argumenta que la mejor manera de organizar las ciudades es a través del diseño del paisaje de la ciudad, en vez del diseño de sus edificios. La frase "paisaje urbanista" apareció por primera vez a mediados de los 90´s. Desde entonces, la frase "paisaje urbanista" ha tomado diferentes significados, pero es más usado para la respuesta postmodernista o post-postmodernista de los "failings" del Nuevo urbanismo y el cambio de

o the "failings" of New Urbanism and the shift away from the comprehensive visions, and demands, for modern architecture and urban planning.

La frase "paisaje urbanista" apareció por primera vez en el trabajo de Peter Connolly, un estudiante de Diseño Urbano del RMIT Melbourne. Masters of Urban Design student from RMIT Melbourne. En 1994, Connolly usó la frase en el título de su propuesta de Masters of Urban Design proposal enRMIT Melbourne. En este, el sugirió que "el lenguaje del "paisaje urbanista" apenas existe y necesita articularse", y que "el urbanismo que existe... es limitado en la exploración del paisaje". También uso el término "paisaje como urbanismo" en 1994 en su ensayo '101 Ideas Acerca de Parques Grandes'.[1]​ En 1996 Tom Turner escribió que

Here, he suggested that 'a language of "landscape urbanism" barely exists and needs articulating', and that 'existing urbanisms ... are limited in the exploration of the landscape'. He also used the term 'landscape as urbanism' in his 1994 essay, '101 Ideas About Big Parks'.[1]​

La ciudad del futuro va a ser una serie infinita de paisajes: psicológico y físico, urbano y rural, flowing apart and together. Van a ser mapeadas y planificadas para propósitos especiales, con resultados registrados en sistemas de información geográficos(GIS), que tienen el poder de construir y recuperar innumerables planes, imágenes y otros registros. Christopher Alexander estaba en lo correcto: una ciudad no es un árbol. Es un paisaje.[2]​

A partir de los finales de los 90s, la frase "paisaje urbanista" era usado por arquictectos paisajistas en Estados Unidos para referirse a la re-organización of declining post-indutrial cities, como Detroit. En los 2000s, era usado en Europa por arquitectos para referirse a una manera flexible de integrar infraestructuras de grande escala, viviendas y espacios abiertos. Para finales de los 2000s, la frase se asoció con parques urbanistas sumamente comercializados,como el diseño del parque Olympic. From the late 1990s, the phrase 'landscape urbanism' was used by landscape architects in the United States to refer to the re-organisation of declining post-industrial cities, such as Detroit. From the 2000s, it was used in Europe by architects to mean a highly flexible way of integrating large-scale infrastructure, housing and open space. By the late 2000s, the phrase became associated with highly commercialised, multi-phase urban parks, such as Olympic park design.

Historia[editar]

El desarrollo de una respuesta operativa al amplio y vago concepto de paisaje urbanista, fue hecho en la Architectural Association en Londres. Antes de este periodo de exploración en el diseño, el paisaje urbanista nunca fue elaborado como una práctica seria del diseño. Hoy en día, mucho de la cultura del diseño que ha sido asociado con el paisaje urbanista, fue desarollado en el programa AA Landscape Urbanism durante los principios de su periodo formativo y su influencia persiste en muchas instituciones educativas. Un gran número de prácticas que han escogido adaptar el diseño y el enfoque conceptual al urbanismo han adaptado también muchas de estas estrategias de diseño.

El primer evento importante del "paisaje urbanista" fue la conferencia de Paisaje Urbanista patrocinado por la Fundación Graham en Chicago en Abril de 1997. Algunos de los oradores fueron Charles Waldheim, Mohsen Mostafavi, James Corner de James Corner/Field Operations, Alex Wall, y Adriaan Geuze de la firma West 8, entre otros. El periodo formativo de Paisaje Urbanista puede remontarse a la Universidad RMIT y a la Universidad de Pennsylvania a finales de 1980, en una época en la que Peter Connolly, Richard Weller, James Corner, Mohsen Mostafavi y otros estaban explorando los límites artificiales de la Arquitectura Paisajista, Diseño Urbanista y Arquitectura, buscando mejores maneras de lidiar con los proyectos urbanos complejos. Sin embargo, sus trabajos citan y sintetizan las ideas de los métodos, programas y manifestaciones de la influencia modernista que apareció a principios del siglo veinte. Charles Waldheim, Anu Mathur, Alan Berger, Chris Reed, entre otros, eran estudiantes de la Universidad de Pennsylvania durante este periodo formativo del Paisaje Urbanista. Después de la conferencia de Chicago, las escuelas de diseño europeas y las instituciones de diseño Norteamericanas formaron programas académicos y empezaron a formalizar el campo de los estudios del Paisaje Urbanista, incluyendo la Universidad de Toronto, Harvard Graduate School of Design, Oslo School of Architecture [5], el Instituto Tecnológico de Massachussets [6], la Universidad Católica en Leuven, Belgica [7], la Universidad de Illinois en Chicago y la Architectural Association en Londres.

The development of an actual operative response to the broad and often vague concepts surrounding landscape urbanism was largely developed at the Architectural Association in London. Prior to this period of design exploration, landscape urbanism had never been clearly developed as an actual design practice. Today, much of the design culture that has come to be associated with landscape urbanism was initiated and developed in the AA Landscape Urbanism program during its early formative period and its influence persists in many educational institutions. A number of practices that have chosen to adopt the design and conceptual approach towards urbanism have also adopted many of these design strategies.

Themes[editar]

James Corner is the author of an essay entitled "Terra Fluxus." He has identified four general ideas that are important for use in Landscape Urbanism. They are as follows:

1 Process over time - Understanding the fluid or changing nature of any environment and the processes that affect change over time. A respect for natural processes (Ecology) - the idea that our lives intertwine with the environment around us, and we should therefore respect this when creating an urban environment. Landscape Urbanism is concerned with a working surface over time – a type of urbanism that anticipates change, open endedness and negotiation.

2 Horizontality - The use of horizontal alignment in landscaping, rather than relying on vertical structuring.

3 Working Methods /Techniques - Those who practice the idea of landscape urbanism should be able to adapt their techniques to the environment that they are in.

4 The imaginary - That in many ways the failing of twentieth century planning can be attributed to the absolute impoverishment of the imagination to extend new relationships and sets of possibilities [3]​

Projects[editar]

The following are Landscape Urbanism projects that are available that can provide more information about the theory in practice:

Criticism[editar]

Landscape urbanism has been criticized as an idea that is only loosely defined from a set of flashy projects. These are expensive schemes with a commercial and esthetic purpose that satisfy a local or regional ambition to invest in ecology or sustainability without posing a more globally applicable approach. A true merger of landscape architecture with the field of Urban Ecology lacks. From this criticism Frederick Steiner introduced landscape ecological urbanism as an approach that can include the field of urban ecology and Wybe Kuitert has shown how such integrative planning and management of the city should rely on analysis.[4]​ Discerning the potential quality of wild nature in the city is a first step to see how new urban ecology might be developed. Potential vegetation maps for a city are the tool to this end.[5]​

One opponent to Landscape Urbanism is New Urbanism, led by Andres Duany,[6]​ which promotes walkable communities and smart growth with its Transit Oriented Development (TOD) and Traditional Neighborhood Design (TND). In response to landscape urbanism’s focus on expansive green space in urban development, Duany stated that “density and urbanism are not the same.” Further, “unless there is tremendous density, human beings will not walk.” [6]​ The result is patches of green sprawl that lose connectivity to the greater network.

Emo Urbanism[7]​ is another philosophy critical of Landscape Urbanism. The movement contends that Landscape Urbanism views ecology as an aesthetic element of style and not urban ecology. The artificial ecology replaces the entropic state[8]​ to re-create a landscape that fits a particular brand or aesthetic. The loss is a dynamic, adaptive, and certainly essential urban system. Emo urbanism differs by making evolving "nature" a key component of the design process. The realization of this process is called “Urbanature" and "Big Nature." As an evolving urban ecology, Charles Morris Anderson has described this connection as the “thinness.” It is the simultaneous perception and implicit understanding of the past, present, and future. Emo Urbanist projects include the built work of Charles Anderson at the Olympic Sculpture Park [9]​[10]​[11]​ in Seattle, WA; The Anchorage Museum Common[12]​ in Anchorage, AK; the yet to be constructed Project Phoenix [13]​ in Haiti and Hellinikon's Metropolitan Park [14]​ in Athens, Greece.

Ian Thompson has published a critical review of landscape urbanism in which he identifies its ten tenets and asks six critical questions. His conclusions are:

...there are ideas with the Landscape Urbanism discourse which have great merit, among which I would include the breaking down of professional distinctions, the integration of ecological thinking, the foregrounding of infrastructure, the interest in the positive use of waste materials and the emphasis upon functionality rather than mere appearance. There is also a quantity of dubious philosophy, unhelpful imagery and obscurantist language that Landscape Urbanism ought to dump. ... Larding the case for Landscape Urbanim with Deleuzian and Derridean references was a mistake, since it was done principally to impress an academic elite, and it has even left large sections of its intended audience bemused'.[15]​

See also[editar]

Further reading[editar]

  • Almy, Dean, "Center 14: On Landscape Urbanism", The Center for American Architecture and Design, The University of Texas at Austin, 2007
  • Allen, Stan. "Mat Urbanism: The Thick 2-D." Case: Le Corbusier's Venice Hospital and the Mat Building Revival. Ed. Hashim Sarkis. Munich ; New York: Prestel, 2001.
  • Connolly, Peter, "Embracing Openness: Making Landscape Urbanism Landscape Architectural: Part 2", in "The Mesh Book: Landscape/Infrastructure", Edited by Julian Raxworthy and Jessica Blood, RMIT University Press, Melbourne, 2004, 200-219.
  • Corner, James. Recovering Landscape : Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999.
  • Czerniak, Julia. CASE--Downsview Park Toronto. Munich ; New York; Cambridge, Mass.: Prestel; Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, 2001.
  • Duany, Andres. The New Civic Art: Elements Of Town Planning. New York: Rizzoli 2003. Print.
  • Kapelos, G. (1994). Interpretations of Nature : Contemporary Canadian Architecture, Landscape and Urbanism. Kleinburg, Canada: McMichael Canadian Art Collection.
  • Kerb 15 - Landscape Urbanism]. This issue includes contributions from Charles Waldheim, Mohsen Mostafavi, FOA, Karres en Brands, Kongjian Yu, Kyong Park, Kathryn Gustafson, Stephen Read, Kelly Shannon, Richard Weller, Sue Anne Ware, Cesar Torres, Peter Connolly and Adrian Napoleone, Melbourne, RMIT Press, 2007.
  • Landscape Urbanism: An Annotated Bibliography
  • Koolhaas, Rem. "Atlanta." S,M,L,XL. New York: Monacelli Press, 1999.
  • Landscape Urbanism
  • Moran, E. F. (2011). People And Nature: An Introduction To Human Ecological Relations. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
  • Mostafavi, Mohsen, Ciro Najle, and Architectural Association. Landscape Urbanism : A Manual for the Machinic Landscape. London: Architectural Association, 2003.
  • Tanzer, K. (2007). The Green Braid : Towards An Architecture Of Ecology, Economy And Equity. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Topos 71 -Landscape Urbanism. This issue includes contributions from Charles Waldheim, James Corner, Mohsen Mostafavi, Adriaan Geuze, Susannah Drake, Kongjian Yu, Frederick Steiner, and Dean Almy.
  • Wilson, Matthew. 'Vertical Landscraping, a Big Regionalism for Dubai', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 34, 925-40. 2010.

References[editar]

  1. ↑ a b Kerb: Journal of Landscape Architecture, no 1, Melbourne: RMIT University Press, 1995.
  2. ↑ Turner, Tom, City as landscape, London E&FN Spon, 1996 p.v
  3. ↑ Corner, James (2006). «Terra Fluxus». Landscape Urbanism Reader. 
  4. ↑ Steiner, F. R. (2011). «Landscape Ecological Urbanism: Origins and Trajectories, Landscape and Urban Planning 100: 333-337 and Wybe Kuitert (2013) Urban landscape systems understood by geo-history map overlay». Journal of Landscape Architecture 8 (1): 54-63. doi:10.1080/18626033.2013.798929. 
  5. ↑ Kuitert (2013). «The Nature of Urban Seoul: Potential Vegetation Derived from the Soil Map». International Journal of Urban Sciences 17 (1): 95-108. doi:10.1080/12265934.2013.766505. 
  6. ↑ a b http://bettercities.net/article/street-fight-landscape-urbanism-versus-new-urbanism-14855
  7. ↑ Soleri, Paolo (2012). Lean Linear City. Cosanti Press. ISBN 978-1-883340-07-0. 
  8. ↑ http://www.thehighline.org/galleries/images/high-line-1999-2006
  9. ↑ http://www.werk.us/portfolio/olympic-sculpture-park/
  10. ↑ [1]
  11. ↑ [2]
  12. ↑ http://www.werk.us/portfolio/anchorage-museum/
  13. ↑ [3]
  14. ↑ [4]
  15. ↑ Ian Thompson (2012) Ten Tenets and Six Questions for Landscape Urbanism, Landscape Research, 37:1, 7-26,

External links[editar]

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