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There are many types of heels in varying colors, materials, styles, and heights. High heels have been used in various ways to communicate nationality, professional affiliation, gender, and social status. High heels have been an important statement piece of fashion throughout history in the West.[1] In early 17th-century Europe, high heels were a sign of masculinity and high social status. It wasn't until the end of the century that this trend spread to women's fashion.[2] By the 18th century, high-heeled shoes had split along gender lines. By this time, heels for men were chunky squares attached to riding boots or tall formal dress boots, while women's high heels were narrow and pointy and often attached to slipper-like dress shoes (similar to modern heels).[2] By the 20th century, high heels with a slim profile represented femininity; however, a thick high heel on a boot or clog was still acceptable for men.[1] Until the 1950s, shoe heels were typically made of wood, but in recent years they have been made of a variety of materials including leather, suede, and plastic.[3]
Wearing high heels is associated with greater risk of falls,[4] musculoskeletal pain,[5] the development of foot deformities[5][6] and varicose veins.[7]
History[editar]
Pre-1700s[editar]
Platformed footwear has a long history dating as far back as ancient Egypt, though it is unknown when the platforms made their first appearance. In ancient Egypt, wearing very thick-soled sandals was an indication of upper-class status. Butchers in ancient Egypt also elevated themselves by wearing platformed sandals to keep blood away from their feet.[8][9] In Manchu China during the Qing dynasty platformed shoes, with the elevation in the center of the sole rather than at the heel, were worn by higher-status women.[1]
The Persian cavalry wore galesh, a kind of boot with heels, in order to ensure their feet stayed in the stirrups. Heeled shoes also helped keep Persian arrow-shooting riders, who stood up on galloping horses, safe.[10] This utility of the heel for horseback riders has been preserved in the Western cowboy boot. Before the Industrial age, owning horses was an indicator of wealth, as their maintenance was expensive and time-consuming. As a result, wearing heels was traditionally associated with wealth.[11] This practical use of the heel has set the standard for most horseback riding shoes throughout history and into the present day.
After the Great Schism in the 11th century, the pope notably began wearing red-heeled shoes.[2] In 12th-century India, a statue from the ramappa Temple depicts an Indian woman's foot clad in a raised shoe.[12] During the Medieval period in Europe, both men and women wore platform shoes, the women's variant being known as chopines to raise themselves out of the trash and excrement-filled streets.[13] These heels reached a height of up to 30 pulgadas (76 cm) in 1430. Venetian law later limited the height to three inches—but this regulation was widely ignored.[14] At the end of the Elizabethan era, cavalier boots were introduced for riding. These originally had relatively low heels, but by the time of the English Civil War stacked heels of up to 2 inches were common. A 17th-century law in Massachusetts announced that women would be subjected to the same treatment as witches if they lured men into marriage via the use of high-heeled shoes.[15]
1700s[editar]
- ↑ a b Andrew Reilly; Ben Barry (24 February 2020). Crossing Gender Boundaries: Fashion to Create, Disrupt and Transcend. Intellect Books. pp. 98-. ISBN 978-1-78938-115-3.
- ↑ a b c «Standing TALL: The Curious History of Men in Heels». Google Arts and Culture. Bata Shoe Museum, Toronto, Canada. 2017. Consultado el 20 August 2021. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «BBC Radio 4 - Radio 4 in Four - Nine show-stopping facts about high heels». BBC (en inglés británico). Consultado el 4 de agosto de 2021.
- ↑ Ravindra S. Goonetilleke (6 November 2012). The Science of Footwear. CRC Press. pp. 542-. ISBN 978-1-4398-3569-2.
- ↑ a b Barnish, MS; Barnish, J (13 January 2016). «High-heeled shoes and musculoskeletal injuries: a narrative systematic review.». BMJ Open 6 (1): e010053. PMC 4735171. PMID 26769789. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010053.
- ↑ Error en la cita: Etiqueta
<ref>no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadasdesign - ↑ Tedeschi Filho, Wagner; Dezzotti, Nei R.A.; Joviliano, Edvaldo E.; Moriya, Takachi; Piccinato, Carlos Eli (October 2012). «Influence of high-heeled shoes on venous function in young women». Journal of Vascular Surgery 56 (4): 1039-1044. PMID 22483354. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2012.01.039. Parámetro desconocido
|doi-access=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «High Heels' Damage to the Human Foot». healthcare.utah.edu. 7 January 2016.
- ↑ Mollerup, Per (30 September 2019). High heels. MIT Press. pp. 76-77. ISBN 9780262351577 – via IEEE Xplore.
- ↑ Error en la cita: Etiqueta
<ref>no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadasKremer - ↑ Avery Trufelman. "Feet of Engineering". 99% Invisible. Jun 2014.
- ↑ Error en la cita: Etiqueta
<ref>no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas:43 - ↑ Morris, Paul; Jenny White; Edward Morrison; Kayleigh Fisher (May 2013). «High Heels are Supernormal Stimuli: How Wearing High Heels Affects Judgments of Female Attractiveness». Evolution and Human Behavior 34 (3): 176-181. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.11.006.
- ↑ Margo DeMello (2009). «Sumptuary laws». Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press/ABC-CLIO. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-313-35714-5.
- ↑ Margo DeMello (10 September 2009). «United States». Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-313-35715-2.