Patrimonio natural de la humanidad

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Esta es una versión antigua de esta página, editada a las 21:35 3 mar 2016 por BenjaBot (discusión · contribs.). La dirección URL es un enlace permanente a esta versión, que puede ser diferente de la versión actual.

Patrimonio natural de la humanidad es el título otorgado por la UNESCO a diversos lugares a lo largo del planeta que no han sido tocados por el ser humano.

UNESCO

Los bienes que el Comité del Patrimonio Mundial ha inscrito en la lista a 153 lugares.

La lista oficial en español está desactualizada desde julio de 2003. Desde entonces se han incorporado algunos países, ha variado la denominación de algunos países y se ha ampliado la definición de algunos bienes. La lista que se presenta más abajo incorpora algunas de esas actualizaciones.

Lista

ALEMANIA

[ ph.019 ] - 1995 - Sitio fosilífero de Messel

Messel Pit Fossil Site

[ ph.11133 ] - 2007 - Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany

Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany

[ ph.11314 ] - 2009 - The Wadden Sea

The Wadden Sea

ARGENTINA

[ ph.038 ] - 1981 - Los Glaciares

Los Glaciares

[ ph.039 ] - 1984 - Parque nacional de Iguazú

Iguazu National Park

[ ph.041 ] - 1999 - Península Valdés

Península Valdés

[ ph.043 ] - 2000 - Parques naturales de Ischigualasto y Talampaya

Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks

AUSTRALIA

[ ph.051 ] - 1981 - La Gran Barrera

Great Barrier Reef

[ ph.053 ] - 1982 - Islas de Lord Howe

Lord Howe Island Group

[ ph.054 ] - 1986, 1994 - Bosques lluviosos de la región centro-este de Australia

Gondwana Rainforests of Australia

[ ph.056 ] - 1988 - Trópicos húmedos de Queensland

Wet Tropics of Queensland

[ ph.057 ] - 1991 - Bahía Shark, Australia occidental

Shark Bay, Western Australia

[ ph.058 ] - 1992 - Isla Fraser

Fraser Island

[ ph.059 ] - 1994 - Sitios fosilíferos de mamíferos (Riversleigh-Naracoorte)

Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte)

[ ph.060 ] - 1997 - Islas Heard y McDonald

Heard and McDonald Islands

[ ph.061 ] - 1997 - Isla Macquarie

Macquarie Island

[ ph.062 ] - 2000 - Región de las Montañas Azules

Greater Blue Mountains Area

[ ph.063 ] - 2003 - Parque Nacional de Purnululu

Purnululu National Park

[ ph.01369 ] - 2011 - Ningaloo Coast

Ningaloo Coast

BANGLADESH

[ ph.075 ] - 1997 - Los Sundarbans

The Sundarbans

BELICE

[ ph.086 ] - 1996 - Sistema de Reservas de la Barrera del Arrecife de Bélice

Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System

BIELORRUSIA

[ ph.076 ] - 1979, 1992 - Bosque de Belovezhskaya Puscha-Bialowieza

Belovezhskaya Pushcha / Bia?owie?a Forest

[ ph.076 ] - 1979, 1992 - Bosque de Belovezhskaya Puscha-Bialowieza

Belovezhskaya Pushcha / Bia?owie?a Forest

BOLIVIA

[ ph.092 ] - 2000 - Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado

Noel Kempff Mercado National Park

BRASIL

[ ph.099 ] - 1986 - Parque nacional Iguaçu

Iguaçu National Park

[ ph.104 ] - 1999 - Bosque Atlántico - Reservas del sudeste

Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves

[ ph.105 ] - 1999 - Costa del descubrimiento - Reservas del bosque Atlántico

Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves

[ ph.106 ] - 2000 - Complejo de Conservación del Pantanal

Pantanal Conservation Area

[ ph.107 ] - 2000, 2003 - Complejo de la Conservación de la Amazonía Central

Central Amazon Conservation Complex

[ ph.108 ] - 2001 - Islas atlánticas brasileñas: Reservas de Fernando de Noronha y Atolón de las Rocas

Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves

[ ph.109 ] - 2001 - Áreas protegidas del Cerrado: Parques Nacionales de Chapada dos Veadeiros y Emas

Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks

BULGARIA

[ ph.115 ] - 1983 - Parque nacional Pirin

Pirin National Park

[ ph.117 ] - 1983 - Reserva natural de Srebarna

Srebarna Nature Reserve

CAMERÚN

[ ph.121 ] - 1987 - Reserva de fauna de Dja

Dja Faunal Reserve

CANADÁ

[ ph.123 ] - 1978 - Parque nacional Nahanni

Nahanni National Park

[ ph.124 ] - 1979 - Parque provincial de los Dinosaurios

Dinosaur Provincial Park

[ ph.133 ] - 1979, 1992, 1994 - Tatshenshini-Alsek, Parque Nacional de Kluane, Parque Nacional y Reserva de Wrangell-St.-Elias, y Parque Nacional de la Bahía de los Glaciares

Kluane / Wrangell-St Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek

[ ph.133 ] - 1979, 1992, 1994 - Tatshenshini-Alsek, Parque Nacional de Kluane, Parque Nacional y Reserva de Wrangell-St.-Elias, y Parque Nacional de la Bahía de los Glaciares

Kluane / Wrangell-St Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek

[ ph.127 ] - 1983 - Parque nacional Wood Buffalo

Wood Buffalo National Park

[ ph.128 ] - 1984, 1990 - Parque de las montañas Rocosas canadienses

Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks

[ ph.130 ] - 1987 - Parque nacional Gros Morne

Gros Morne National Park

[ ph.134 ] - 1995 - Parque Internacional de la Paz Glacier-Waterton

Waterton Glacier International Peace Park

[ ph.134 ] - 1995 - Parque Internacional de la Paz Glacier-Waterton

Waterton Glacier International Peace Park

[ ph.132 ] - 1999 - Parque de Miguasha

Miguasha National Park

[ ph.01285 ] - 2008 - Joggins Fossil Cliffs

Joggins Fossil Cliffs

COLOMBIA

[ ph.171 ] - 1994 - Parque nacional Los Katios

Los Katíos National Park

[ ph.848 ] - 2006 - Santuario de Fauna y Flora de Malpelo

Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary

COSTA RICA

[ ph.177 ] - 1983, 1990 - Reservas de la cordillera de Talamanca / Parque Nacional La Amistad

Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park

[ ph.177 ] - 1983, 1990 - Reservas de la cordillera de Talamanca / Parque Nacional La Amistad

Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park

[ ph.175 ] - 1997, 2002 - Parque nacional de Isla del Coco

Cocos Island National Park

[ ph.176 ] - 1999, 2004 - Zona de conservación de Guanacaste

Area de Conservación Guanacaste

CÔTE D'IVOIRE

[ ph.180 ] - 1981, 1982 - Reserva Natural Integral del Monte Nimba

Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve

[ ph.180 ] - 1981, 1982 - Reserva Natural Integral del Monte Nimba

Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve

[ ph.178 ] - 1982 - Parque nacional de Taï

Taï National Park

[ ph.179 ] - 1983 - Parque nacional de Comoé

Comoé National Park

CROACIA

[ ph.183 ] - 1979, 2000 - Parque nacional de Plitvice

Plitvice Lakes National Park

CUBA

[ ph.190 ] - 1999 - Parque nacional Desembarco del Granma

Desembarco del Granma National Park

[ ph.193 ] - 2001 - Parque nacional Alejandro de Humboldt

Alejandro de Humboldt National Park

CHINA

[ ph.145 ] - 1992 - Región de interés panorámico e histórico de Huanglong

Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area

[ ph.146 ] - 1992 - Región de interés panorámico e histórico del Valle de Jiuzhaigou

Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area

[ ph.147 ] - 1992 - Región de interés panorámico e histórico de Wulingyuan

Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area

[ ph.166 ] - 2003 - Tres ríos paralelos de las áreas protegidas Yunnan

Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas

[ ph.847 ] - 2006 - Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries - Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin Mountains 

Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries - Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin Mountains

[ ph.01248 ] - 2007 - South China Karst

South China Karst

[ ph.01292 ] - 2008 - Mount Sanqingshan National Park

Mount Sanqingshan National Park

[ ph.01335 ] - 2010 - China Danxia

China Danxia

DINAMARCA

[ ph.767 ] - 2004 - Ilulissat Icefjord

Ilulissat Icefjord

DOMINICA

[ ph.197 ] - 1997 - Parque nacional de Morne Trois Pitons

Morne Trois Pitons National Park

ECUADOR

[ ph.198 ] - 1978, 2001 - Islas Galápagos

Galápagos Islands

[ ph.200 ] - 1983 - Parque nacional Sangay

Sangay National Park

EGIPTO

[ ph.768 ] - 2005 - Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley)

Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley)

HUNGRÍA

[ ph.367 ] - 1995, 2000 - Grutas del karst de Aggtelek y del karst de Eslovaquia

Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst

[ ph.367 ] - 1995, 2000 - Grutas del karst de Aggtelek y del karst de Eslovaquia

Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst

ESLOVENIA

[ ph.212 ] - 1986 - Grutas de Skocjan

Škocjan Caves

ESPAÑA

[ ph.224 ] - 1986 - Parque nacional de Garajonay

Garajonay National Park

[ ph.233 ] - 1994 - Parque nacional de Doñana

Doñana National Park

[ ph.01258 ] - 2007 - Teide National Park

Teide National Park

ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMÉRICA

[ ph.251 ] - 1978 - Yellowstone

Yellowstone National Park

[ ph.253 ] - 1979 - Parque nacional Everglades

Everglades National Park

[ ph.254 ] - 1979 - Parque nacional del Gran Cañón

Grand Canyon National Park

[ ph.255 ] - 1980 - Parque nacional Redwood

Redwood National and State Parks

[ ph.256 ] - 1981 - Parque nacional Olympic

Olympic National Park

[ ph.257 ] - 1981 - Parque nacional Mammoth Cave

Mammoth Cave National Park

[ ph.259 ] - 1983 - Parque nacional Great Smoky Mountains

Great Smoky Mountains National Park

[ ph.261 ] - 1984 - Parque nacional Yosemite

Yosemite National Park

[ ph.263 ] - 1987 - Parque nacional de los Volcanes de Hawai

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

[ ph.267 ] - 1995 - Parque nacional de la Cuevas de Carlsbad

Carlsbad Caverns National Park

ETIOPÍA

[ ph.270 ] - 1978 - Parque nacional Simen

Simien National Park

FEDERACIÓN DE RUSIA

[ ph.284 ] - 1995 - Bosques vírgenes de Komi

Virgin Komi Forests

[ ph.286 ] - 1996 - Lago Baikal

Lake Baikal

[ ph.285 ] - 1996, 2001 - Volcanes de Kamchatka

Volcanoes of Kamchatka

[ ph.287 ] - 1998 - Montañas doradas del Altai

Golden Mountains of Altai

[ ph.288 ] - 1999 - Cáucaso del Oeste

Western Caucasus

[ ph.291 ] - 2001 - Sikhote-Alin Central

Central Sikhote-Alin

[ ph.801 ] - 2004 - Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve

Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve

[ ph.01234 ] - 2010 - Putorana Plateau

Putorana Plateau

MONGOLIA

[ ph.294 ] - 2003 - Cuenca de Nuur Basin

Uvs Nuur Basin

[ ph.294 ] - 2003 - Cuenca de Nuur Basin

Uvs Nuur Basin

FILIPINAS

[ ph.295 ] - 1993 - Parque marino del Arrecife de Tubbataha

Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park

[ ph.298 ] - 1999 - Parque nacional del río subterráneo de Puerto Princesa

Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park

FRANCIA

[ ph.316 ] - 1983 - Golfos de Girolata y de Porto, reserva natural de Escándola y los Calenches de Piana en Córcega.

Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve

[ ph.01115 ] - 2008 - Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems

Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems

[ ph.01317 ] - 2010 - Pitons, cirques and remparts of Reunion Island

Pitons, cirques and remparts of Reunion Island

HONDURAS

[ ph.360 ] - 1982 - Reserva de la biosfera de Río Plátano

Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve

INDIA

[ ph.374 ] - 1985 - Parque nacional de Keoloadeo

Keoladeo National Park

[ ph.375 ] - 1985 - Parque nacional de Kaziranga

Kaziranga National Park

[ ph.376 ] - 1985 - Santuario de fauna de Manas

Manas Wildlife Sanctuary

[ ph.381 ] - 1987 - Parque nacional de Sundarbans

Sundarbans National Park

[ ph.385 ] - 1988, 2005 - Parque nacional de Nanda Devi

Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks

INDONESIA

[ ph.394 ] - 1991 - Parque nacional de Komodo

Komodo National Park

[ ph.395 ] - 1991 - Parque nacional de Ujung Kulon

Ujung Kulon National Park

[ ph.397 ] - 1999 - Parque nacional de Lorentz

Lorentz National Park

[ ph.776 ] - 2004 - Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra

Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra

ISLAS SALOMÓN

[ ph.406 ] - 1998 - Rennell Este

East Rennell

ITALIA

[ ph.441 ] - 2000 - Isole Eolie (Islas Eólicas)

Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands)

[ ph.699 ] - 2003 - Monte San Jorge

Monte San Giorgio

[ ph.01237 ] - 2009 - The Dolomites

The Dolomites

JAPÓN

[ ph.454 ] - 1993 - Yakushima

Yakushima

[ ph.455 ] - 1993 - Shirakami-Sanchi

Shirakami-Sanchi

[ ph.786 ] - 2005 - Shiretoko

Shiretoko

[ ph.01362 ] - 2011 - Ogasawara Islands

Ogasawara Islands

KENYA

[ ph.467 ] - 1997 - Parque nacional/Selva natural del Monte Kenya

Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest

[ ph.468 ] - 1997, 2001 - Parques nacionales del Lago Turkana

Lake Turkana National Parks

[ ph.01060 ] - 2011 - Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley

Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley

MADAGASCAR

[ ph.479 ] - 1990 - Reserva natural integral de Tsingy de Bemaraha

Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve

[ ph.01257 ] - 2007 - Rainforests of the Atsinanana

Rainforests of the Atsinanana

MALASIA

[ ph.481 ] - 2000 - Parque de Kinabalu

Kinabalu Park

[ ph.482 ] - 2000 - Parque Nacional de Gunung Mulu

Gunung Mulu National Park

MALAWI

[ ph.483 ] - 1984 - Parque nacional Lago Malawi

Lake Malawi National Park

MAURITANIA

[ ph.497 ] - 1989 - Parque nacional del Banc d’Arguin

Banc d'Arguin National Park

MÉXICO

[ ph.503 ] - 1987 - Sian Ka'an

Sian Ka'an

[ ph.511 ] - 1993 - Santuario de ballenas de El Vizcaíno

Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino

[ ph.792 ] - 2005 - Islas y Áreas protegidas del Golfo de California

Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California

[ ph.01290 ] - 2008 - Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve

Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve

NEPAL

[ ph.523 ] - 1979 - Parque nacional de Sagarmatha

Sagarmatha National Park

[ ph.525 ] - 1984 - Parque nacional de Royal Chitwan

Chitwan National Park

NÍGER

[ ph.528 ] - 1991 - Reservas Naturales de Aïr-Ténéré

Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves

[ ph.529 ] - 1996 - Parque nacional de W de Níger

W National Park of Niger

NORUEGA

[ ph.797 ] - 2005 - West Norwegian Fjords – Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord

West Norwegian Fjords – Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord

NUEVA ZELANDA

[ ph.535 ] - 1990 - Te Wahipounamu, zona sud este de Nueva Zelandia

Te Wahipounamu – South West New Zealand

[ ph.537 ] - 1998 - Islas subantárticas de Nueva Zelanda

New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands

OMÁN

[ ph.540 ] - 1994 - Santuario del Oryx árabe

Arabian Oryx Sanctuary

PANAMÁ

[ ph.556 ] - 1981 - Parque nacional Darién

Darien National Park

[ ph.798 ] - 2005 - Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection

Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection

PERÚ

[ ph.561 ] - 1985 - Parque nacional Huascarán

Huascarán National Park

[ ph.564 ] - 1987 - Parque nacional de Manú

Manú National Park

PORTUGAL

[ ph.588 ] - 1999 - Bosque de laurisilva de Madeira

Laurisilva of Madeira

REINO UNIDO

[ ph.596 ] - 1986 - Calzada de los Gigantes y su costa

Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast

[ ph.602 ] - 1988 - Isla de Henderson

Henderson Island

[ ph.605 ] - 1995, 2004 - Reserva de fauna salvaje de la Isla de Gough

Gough and Inaccessible Islands

[ ph.611 ] - 2001 - Costa de Dorset y del este de Devon

Dorset and East Devon Coast

REPÚBLICA CENTROAFRICANA

[ ph.620 ] - 1988 - Parque nacional del Manovo-Gounda St.Floris

Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park

REPÚBLICA DEMOCRÁTICA DEL CONGO

[ ph.640 ] - 1979 - Parque nacional Virunga

Virunga National Park

[ ph.641 ] - 1980 - Parque nacional de Kahuzi-Biega

Kahuzi-Biega National Park

[ ph.642 ] - 1980 - Parque nacional Garamba

Garamba National Park

[ ph.643 ] - 1984 - Parque nacional Salonga

Salonga National Park

[ ph.644 ] - 1996 - Reserva de fauna de Okapis

Okapi Wildlife Reserve

REPÚBLICA UNIDA DE TANZANIA

[ ph.649 ] - 1981 - Parque nacional de Serengeti

Serengeti National Park

[ ph.651 ] - 1982 - Reserva de caza de Selous

Selous Game Reserve

[ ph.652 ] - 1987 - Parque nacional del Kilimanjaro

Kilimanjaro National Park

RUMANIA

[ ph.654 ] - 1991 - Delta del Danubio

Danube Delta

SANTA LUCÍA

[ ph.803 ] - 2004 - Pitons Management Area

Pitons Management Area

SENEGAL

[ ph.664 ] - 1981 - Parque nacional de Niokolo-Koba

Niokolo-Koba National Park

[ ph.665 ] - 1981 - Parque nacional de aves de Djoudj

Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary

SEYCHELLES

[ ph.667 ] - 1982 - Atolón de Aldabra

Aldabra Atoll

[ ph.668 ] - 1983 - Reserva natural del Valle de Mai

Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve

SRI LANKA

[ ph.672 ] - 1988 - Reserva forestal de Sinharaja

Sinharaja Forest Reserve

[ ph.01203 ] - 2010 - Central Highlands of Sri Lanka

Central Highlands of Sri Lanka

SUDÁFRICA

[ ph.677 ] - 1999 - Parque del humedal de Santa Lucía

iSimangaliso Wetland Park

[ ph.806 ] - 2004 - Cape Floral Region Protected Areas

Cape Floral Region Protected Areas

[ ph.807 ] - 2005 - Vredefort Dome

Vredefort Dome

FINLANDIA

[ ph.692 ] - 2000 - La Costa Alta

High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago

SUIZA

[ ph.698 ] - 2001 - Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn

Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch

[ ph.01179 ] - 2008 - Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona

Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona

SURINAME

[ ph.700 ] - 2000 - Reserva Natural de Suriname Central

Central Suriname Nature Reserve

TAILANDIA

[ ph.703 ] - 1991 - Santuario de fauna de Thung Yai-Huai Kha Khaeng

Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries

[ ph.809 ] - 2005 - Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex

Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex

TÚNEZ

[ ph.709 ] - 1980 - Parque nacional de Ichkeul

Ichkeul National Park

UGANDA

[ ph.726 ] - 1994 - Montes Rwenzori

Rwenzori Mountains National Park

[ ph.727 ] - 1994 - Bosque impenetrable de Bwindi

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

VENEZUELA

[ ph.735 ] - 1994 - Parque nacional Canaima

Canaima National Park

VIET NAM

[ ph.738 ] - 1994, 2000 - Bahía de Ha-Long

Ha Long Bay

[ ph.741 ] - 2003 - Parque Nacional de Phong Nha-Ke Bang

Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park

MONTENEGRO

[ ph.747 ] - 1980 - Parque nacional Durmitor

Durmitor National Park

ZAMBIA

[ ph.749 ] - 1989 - Mosi-oa-Tunya / Cataratas Victoria

Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls

[ ph.749 ] - 1989 - Mosi-oa-Tunya / Cataratas Victoria

Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls

ZIMBABWE

[ ph.750 ] - 1984 - Parque nacional de Mana Pools y áreas de safari de Sapi y de Chewore

Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas

REPÚBLICA DE COREA

[ ph.01264 ] - 2007 - Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes

Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes

ESLOVAQUIA

[ ph.21133 ] - 2007 - Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany

Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany

UCRANIA

[ ph.01133 ] - 2007 - Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany

Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany

KAZAKSTÁN

[ ph.01102 ] - 2008 - Saryarka – Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan

Saryarka – Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan

YEMEN

[ ph.01263 ] - 2008 - Socotra Archipelago

Socotra Archipelago

ISLANDIA

[ ph.01267 ] - 2008 - Surtsey

Surtsey

PAISES BAJOS

[ ph.01314 ] - 2009 - The Wadden Sea

The Wadden Sea

KIRIBATI

[ ph.01325 ] - 2010 - Phoenix Islands Protected Area

Phoenix Islands Protected Area

RCRZ

HRE

Enlaces externos

Plantilla:Geobiologia