Ver el código de «Baluchíes»

{{Ficha de grupo étnico
|grupo = Baluchíes<br />بلوچ  
|imagen = Farmer in Pakistan.jpg
|descripción = Abdul Khaliq, un granjero del pueblo beluchi Mahool, en el distrito de Loralai, reúne parte de su abundante cosecha de trigo resistente a la sequía.
|población= más de 15 millones&thinsp;<ref name="Eastern Balochi">
[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bgp Eastern Baloch], ''Ethnologue.com'' (acceso 7 de julio de 1998)</ref>
|asentamiento1  = {{bandera|Pakistán}} [[Pakistán]], 
|población1     = 8 millones (1998)
|asentamiento2  = {{bandera|Irán}} [[Irán]], 
|población2     = 4,1 millones (1998)
|asentamiento3  = {{bandera|Afganistán}} [[Afganistán]], 
|población3     = 1,1 millón (1998)
|asentamiento4  = {{bandera|Omán}} [[Omán]], 
|población4     = 407.000 (2000)
|asentamiento5  = {{bandera|Emiratos Árabes Unidos}} [[Emiratos Árabes Unidos]],
|población5     = 215.000 (2000)
|asentamiento6  = {{bandera|Turkmenistán}} [[Turkmenistán]],
|población6     = 30.000 (2010)<ref name="Balochi in TM">[http://www.central-asia.su/beludz.php KOKAISLOVÁ, Pavla, KOKAISL Petr. Ethnic Identity of The Baloch People. ''Central Asia and The Caucasus. Journal of Social and Political Studies.'' Volume 13, Issue 3, 2012, p. 45-55.], ISSN 1404-6091</ref> 
|asentamiento7  = {{bandera|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait]],
|población7     = 20.000 (1993)
|asentamiento8  = {{bandera|Catar}} [[Catar]],
|población8     = 13.000 (2007)
|asentamiento9  = {{bandera|Arabia Saudita}} [[Arabia Saudita]],
|población9     = 12.000 (2007)
|asentamiento10 = {{bandera|Somalia}} [[Somalia]],
|población10    = 8.200 (2007)
|idioma = [[Idioma baluchi|baluchi]]
|religión= [[Islam]] [[suní]] (predominantemente) y [[zikríes]] alrededor de [[Turbat]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20121212104938/lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0055) Pakistán - Library of Congress Country Studies]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20121213105124/lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ir0048) Library of Congress Country Studies]</ref><ref>[http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/48.htm Baluch - U.S. Library of Congress]</ref>
|relacionados = [[Kurdos]] y otros [[pueblos iranios]]
}}
Los '''baluchíes''' ('''بلوچ'''; también '''balochis, beluchos''' o '''beluchi''') son miembros de un grupo de tribus [[Pueblos iranios|iranias]] que hablan el [[idioma baluchi]], que es un [[Lenguas iranias|idioma iranio]] del noroeste. Habitan en la provincia de [[Baluchistán (Pakistán)|Baluchistán]] en [[Pakistán]], además de algunas áreas vecinas de [[Irán]], [[Afganistán]], [[Baréin]] y el [[Panyab (India)|Punyab]] ([[India]]).

Habitan principalmente terrenos montañosos, que les han permitido mantener una identidad cultural distintiva y resistir la dominación por gobernantes vecinos. Los beluchi son predominantemente [[Islam|musulmanes]], la mayor parte pertenecen a la escuela [[hanafí]] de pensamiento del [[sunismo]], pero también hay un número significativo pertenecientes a la escuela de pensamiento [[chiita]] en Beluchistán. Cerca del 70&nbsp;% de la población total de beluchíes vive en [[Pakistán]]. Alrededor de un 25&nbsp;% se encuentra en la contigua región del sureste de Irán. La población beluchi se estima en alrededor de 8{{esd}}800{{esd}}000 personas. «En Pakistán, el pueblo beluchi está dividido en dos grupos, los sulaimaníes y los [[makrani]], separados entre sí por un bloque compacto de tribus [[brahui]]».<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9012039/Balochi Baloch - Britannica Online]</ref>
== Demografía ==
La población de habla beluchi se estima que está entre 20 y 30 millones. Sin embargo, el número exacto de beluchi y de aquellos que dicen que tienen ascendencia beluchi es difícil de determinar.

Es posible que haya más beluchi que simplemente aquellos que reclaman el beluchi como su lengua materna. Esto, sin embargo, suscita la cuestión de quién es beluchi y quién no pues muchos pueblos que los rodean dicen ser de ascendencia beluchi, pero no hablan el idioma. Los [[brahui]], que han vivido cerca de los beluchi, han absorbido una mezcla lingüística y genética de los beluchi y en muchos casos son difíciles de distinguir. A pesar de que hay muy pocas diferencias culturales con los beluchi, los brahui aún son considerados un grupo separado debido a la diferencia idiomática. El número de población más alto para los beluchi puede sólo ser posible si un gran número de "beluchi" son incluidos que hablan otro idioma diferente, como los [[Seraiki|saraikis]], [[Idioma sindhi|sindhi]] y [[brahui]], quienes a menudo reclama tener ascendencia beluchi. Muchos beluchi fuera de Beluchistán son también [[bilingües]] o de unos antepasados mixtos debido a su proximidad con otros grupos étnicos incluyendo los sindhis, brahui, [[persas]], saraikis y [[pastunes]]. Hay también un gran número de beluchi que han emigrado o viven en provincias vecinas del Beluchistán durante siglos. Además, hay muchos beluchi ubicados en otras partes del mundo, con el grueso de ellos viviendo en los países del [[Golfo pérsico]]. Hay una población significativa de beluchi en países occidentales como [[Suecia]] y [[Australia]]. Se sabe que muchos beluchis se asentaron en Australia en los años 1800 y ahora hay una cuarta generación de beluchis viviendo aún en Australia, principalmente en [[Perth]].

[[Archivo:Major ethnic groups of Pakistan in 1980-es.svg|left|thumb|250px|Principales grupos étnicos de Pakistán y zonas vecinas, 1980. Los beluchis están en rosa.]]

La región de [[Región del Baluchistán|Beluchistán]] está dividida en tres partes: [[Beluchistán (Pakistán)|el pakistaní]], [[Beluchistán iraní|el iraní]] y las partes meridionales del [[Beluchistán afgano]]. Se ha realizado investigación por varios autores, que los antecesores beluchis se remontan a la época del [[Imperio Medo]], cuando las tribus beluchis o las tribus [[Pueblo kurdo|kurdas]] fueron enviadas a proteger las fronteras del Imperio medo en las regiones de [[Makrán]] y [[Torán]].

=== Beluchis en Omán ===
Los beluchis meridionales de [[Omán]] comenzaron a emigrar desde el Beluchistán costero a las tierras [[árabes]] hace unos doscientos años, antes de que se descubriera [[petróleo]] en esa zona. Los beluchis de Omán han mantenido sus diferencias étnicas y lingüísticas. Los beluchis meridionales componen aproximadamente un 35% de la población del país. 

== Historia ==
Mencionados en el {{siglo|X||s}} en las crónicas árabes, ellos probablemente son originarios de la altiplanicie iraní.

== Economía ==
La economía beluchi tradicional se basa en una combinación de agricultura y pastoreo [[seminómada]]. Tradicionalmente los baluchis son [[nómada]]s, pero sus asentamientos agrícolas se han vuelto más comunes. Crían [[Camelus|camello]]s y demás [[ganado]], dedicándose también a la confección de [[alfombra]]s y [[bordado]]s.

== Referencias ==

{{listaref}}

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==History of the Baloch people==
[[Image:1stBalochi.jpg|thumb|Officers of the 27th [[Bombay Native Infantry]] (1st Balochis), from the [[British Indian Army]] made up of Balochi people. Circa 1867.]]
"The history of the Baloch is, however, still in dark.  Research scholars have different opinions.  Some say they belong to the northern regions of [[Alborz|Elburz]], now inhabited by [[Ashkani]]s.  Some historians maintain that they came from Halab (see also '''Tell Halaf''' ''(Arabic: تل حلف) an archaeological site in the Al Hasakah governorate of northeastern Syria, near the Turkish border, just opposite Ceylanpınar''), Allepe, and are Semites.  It is also believed that they from the old stock of [[Sumer]]ians of [[Mesopotamia]], while others regard the Baloch as the remnants of [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous population]] of the area.  The historians, however, mostly concern themselves in tracing the Baloch racial origin either from among the Indo-Europeans or the Semites.  Neither should one object on these methods for historical research, nor doubt the fact that there had been an admixture of various people with Baloch like the Scythians, Pathians, Ashkanis, Sakas, Kushans, Huns, Turks and many others; nor contest the proposition that Baloch, culturally, were greatly influenced by Tigris-Euphrates civilization at different stages of history. " {Janmahmad}

"The origin of the word 'Baloch' is still unknown. E. Herzefeld believes that it is derived from brza-vaciya, which came from brza-vak, a Median word meaning a loud cry, in contrast to namravak, quiet, polite way of talking.  Some writers maintain that the Baloch owe their name to Babylonian King 'Belus', also the name of their God.  It is also believed that the word is a nickname meaning a `cock's comb`.  As the Baloch forces who fought against Astyages (585-550 B.C.) wore distinctive helmets decorated with a cock's comb, the name `Baloch' is said to have been derived from the token of cock.  Some writers believe that etymologically it is made of two [[Sanskrit]] words, `Bal` and `Och`.  `Bal` means strength or power, and `Och`, high or magnificent.  The word `Baloch' therefore, means very powerful and magnificent.  Yet another erroneous version is that Baloch mean `nomad` or `wanderer`.  This has been presumed perhaps due to the innocent use of the word for nomadic people, and may be because the term may be used by indigenous settlers for the Baloch nomads. 

The first Baloch migration from the Caspian Sea region, most probably around 1200 B.C., must have been motivated by this general historical phenomenon.  They first settled in northern Persia.  We have the authority of Persian poet, [[Firdousi]] (935-1020 CE) and also strong historical evidences that the Baloch were a political and military force during the times of [[Cyrus the Great]] and [[Cambyses]].

However, the Baloch movement from [[Kerman]] and Seisran to [[Makkuran]] and then Eastern Balochistan was not the only result of the lack of sufficient productive forces to meet their demands, or insufficient grazing fields for their flocks, because the area they migrated to was no better in natural resources than the area in which they had been settled for centuries.  The main reason was their conflict with rulers and their own internal enmity which resulted in a weakening of their political position.  yet another factor most probably was the Mongolian invasion of Central Asia and the subsequent political anarchy in the whole region.

From the evidences available, it is established that by the beginning of the Christian era, the Baloch were one of the major people inhabiting Iranian Balochistan, [[Sistan]] and Kerman.  Their migration further east into Makkuran must also be the result of Anushervan's (531-578 CE) attack on them. But according to some legends, it was at a later stage and was the result of a quarrel between the Kerman ruler and the Baloch Chief who was the successor to the most powerful leader, Ismael Romi. The former demanded forty-four girls, one from each Baloch tribe, for his harem.   The Baloch dressed up boys in girls' disguise and, fearing the wrath of the ruler, migrated from Kerman and took refuge in Makkuran.

== The Kurds ==
The Baloch have always been referred by the ancient chroniclers with Koch who appear to be the original inhabitants of Balochistan before the Baloch arrival and also with Kurds.  Many ethnologists believe that the Kurds belong to the Median branch of Aryan tribes who were mixed up with many people of indigenous origin and later invaders including Semites, [[Armenian people|Armenian]]s and [[Turkmen people|Turkomans]].

The [[Kurds]] have been living in Kurdish region and Zagros area since the Semitic conquest of Assyria.  They are said to have posed a permanent nuisance for the weak rulers of Assyria by organizing raids on Tigris mainland.  In a Sumerian inscription dated 2000 B.C.  a country known as Kardala is mentioned; and afterwards the Assyrian King, Tiglath Pileser, (circa 745-724 B.C.) appears to have fought a tribe referred as Kur-ti-e.  Xenophon (circa 434-355 B.C.) also speaks of Kardukai, a mountain-folk who harassed his march towards the sea.  Some archaeological evidences tend to show a Kurdish kingdom which flourished in the second millennium B.C. on the borders of the Semitic empire in Babylonia.  In a later period, the Kurds cavalry served as the vanguard of Cyrus army in capturing Babylonia in 539 B.C.

The Kurds are from the same origin as that of Baloch. The period of their migration from the Caspian region may be a few centuries earlier than the Baloch who followed at a later period; but instead of going to their people in Zagros mountainous region, outskirts of Mesopotamia, they headed towards east.   Linguistically and culturally they must have been from the same stock." [ Janmahmad; The Baloch Cultural Heritage, 1982,]

== Languages ==

{| class="wikitable" table style="border:1px #000000;" cellspacing="0" align="right" 
|-
! Major Ethnic Groups of Iran
|-
|{{Iran Ethnic Groups Labelled Map|float=right}}
|}

The national language of the Baloch is [[Baloch language|Balochi]]. In Balochistan, their second-most commonly spoken language is [[Brahui language|Brahui]] which belongs to the [[Dravidian language]] family, and [[Farsi]]. 

The Baloch do not only live in Balochistan but also are in Sindh, South Punjab, [[Afghanistan|Southern Afghanistan]], [[Iran|Eastern Iran]], [[Gulf States]] and [[Mari]] region of [[Turkmenistan]]. There are also Baloch who migrated and still live on the East African coast in towns such as Mombasa and Dar es-Salaam. The Baloch Talpur Leghari ruled Sindh before the British annexation of Sindh to the [[British Raj]]. The [[Baloch]] in [[Sindh]], South [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] speak [[Balochi, Sindhi, Saraiki language|Sindhi]] and [[Saraiki]]. 

Baloch society is divided in tens of [[tribe]]s and Sub-tribes some tribes speak [[Brahui]] and some speak Balochi, and there are many tribes who speaks both and as well as Sindhi and Siraiki. The [[Marri]]Bijarani tribe and the [[Bugti]] tribe speak Balochi. [[Mengal]] tribe speak [[Brahui]] and they live in [[Chagai]], [[Khuzdar]], [[Kharan]] and in souther parts of [[Afghanistan]], The [[Lango]] tribe, who live in central [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] in the [[Mangochar]] area, speak Balochi as their first language and Brahui as their second. The [[Bizenjo]] tribe that live in the Khuzdar, Nal and parts of [[Makkura]], along with the [[Muhammadsanis]], (''one of the largest Baloch tribes'') speak both languages. The [[Bangulzai]] tribe is a Brahui-speaking tribe but a sub-tribe of the Bangulzai, the [[Garanis]], speak Balochi and are known as Balochi-speaking Bangulzais.

The [[Mazari]] in [[Rajanpur]] speak Balochi, while the [[Leghari]] the largest Baloch tribe living in [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] and [[Rahim Yar Khan]] speak [[Saraiki]]. In Dera Ghazi Khan, their tribal elder is ex-[[President of Pakistan]] [[Sardar Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari]]. The [[Leghari]] in Sindh speak [[Sindhi]] & [[Saraiki]] both. [[Ahmedani]] tribe is the largest in terms of number both in Sindh and Punjab. In Punjab, the tribe is mainly settled in Dera Ghazi Khan division. A village has also been named as [[Mana Ahmedani]] in honour their tribal elder 'Mana Khan'(late). Also exists other Baloch tribe Nizamani living in dera gazi khan(panjab)and also in sanghar (sindh)and other parts of sindh and the majority of nizamani baloch speak seraeki. The Bijarani settled in Sindh speak Balochi. [[Kolachi]] Baloch living in the [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]] speak [[Saraiki]], while those living in Sibi district of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] speak [[Balochi]]. The [[Talpur]], [[Mastoi]], [[Jatoi (tribe)|Jatoi]], [[Gabol]], [[Lashari]], [[Chandio]], [[Bozdar]],[[Samma (tribe)|Samma]], [[Jiskani]] and other Baloch tribes settled in Sindh speaks , [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and Balochi and Siraiki.
[[Qaisrani]] Baloch living near [[Taunsa Sharif]] speak [[Saraiki]], while their clansmen living the Dera Ghazi Khan tribal areas speak [[Balochi]]. Rind Baloch settled in Sindh speak Sindhi and Siraiki.

==Véase también==
* [[Baloch tribes]]
* [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
* [[Brahui people]]
* [[Demographics of Iran]]
* [[Demographics of Pakistan]]
* [[Demographics of Afghanistan]]
* [[Demographics of Oman]]
* [[Demographics of United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Demographics of Kuwait]]
* [[Baloch civil wars]]
* [[Hazrat Babajan]]

== Referencias ==
* ''Note: population statistics for Baloch (including those without a notation) in foreign countries were derived from various census counts, the [[United Nations|UN]], the [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]] and [[Ethnologue]].''
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[[Categoría:Pueblos iranios]]
[[Categoría:Etnias de Pakistán]]
[[Categoría:Etnias de Irán]]
[[Categoría:Etnias de Afganistán]]
[[Categoría:Pueblos musulmanes]]
[[Categoría:Provincia de Sistán y Baluchistán]]