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Un '''estilo de vida del paleolítico''' (también sabido como paleo o estilo de vida '''primal''') se refiere a vivir como los humanos presumiblemente lo hicieron en la [[Paleolítico|era de paleolítico]] (Edad de piedra Vieja), o intentar recrear tal estilo de vida en la actualidad. El razonamiento para recrear ese estilo de vida es que [[Evolución humana|los humanos han evolucionado]] por millones de años en un ambiente paleolítico. Por tanto, su cuerpo y la mente pueden ser esperados para ser adecuadamente adaptados al cazador concomitante-gatherer estilo de vida. [[Agricultura]], por otro lado, sólo aparecido aproximadamente 10 000 años hace a principios de la [[Neolítico|era neolítica]], y sociedad industrial sólo aproximadamente hace 200 años. Proponents De un estilo de vida de paleolítico afirma que el tiempo insuficiente ha pasado para humanos para adaptar a los cambios trajeron por cultivar e industrialización, dirigiendo a un misfit entre estilo de vida moderno y el genoma humano.
Un '''estilo de vida del paleolítico''' (también sabido como paleo o estilo de vida '''primal''') se refiere a vivir como los humanos presumiblemente lo hicieron en la [[Paleolítico|era de paleolítico]] (Edad de piedra Vieja), o intentar recrear tal estilo de vida en la actualidad. El razonamiento para recrear ese estilo de vida es que [[Evolución humana|los humanos han evolucionado]] por millones de años en un ambiente paleolítico. Por tanto, su cuerpo y la mente pueden ser esperados para ser adecuadamente adaptados al cazador concomitante-gatherer estilo de vida. [[Agricultura]], por otro lado, sólo aparecido aproximadamente 10 000 años hace a principios de la [[Neolítico|era neolítica]], y sociedad industrial sólo aproximadamente hace 200 años. Proponents De un estilo de vida de paleolítico afirma que el tiempo insuficiente ha pasado para humanos para adaptar a los cambios trajeron por cultivar e industrialización, dirigiendo a un misfit entre estilo de vida moderno y el genoma humano.


While a small number of cultures in the world continue to live a paleolithic [[hunter-gatherer]] lifestyle, a subculture of people has emerged in modern societies who try to recreate elements of a paleolithic lifestyle.<ref>P. Bethge (2010) [http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/0,1518,677121,00.html A Stone Age Subculture Takes Shape in the US], Der Spiegel (02/11/2010).</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/fashion/10caveman.html The New Age Cavemen and the City], by Joseph Goldstein, ''The New York Times'', January 8, 2010.</ref> Their motivation is to enhance health, fitness and happiness by avoiding the common "[[diseases of affluence|diseases of civilization]]", such as [[obesity]], some [[cardiovascular diseases]], [[metabolic syndrome]], increasingly prevalent [[allergies]], some forms of [[major depressive disorder|depression]], and [[chronic stress]]. These diseases are not yet evidenced among hunter-gatherers, and therefore they are attributed to the modern, "civilized" lifestyle.<ref>Carrera-Bastos, P., Fontes-Villalba, M., O’Keefe, J. H., Lindeberg, S., & Cordain, L. (2011). The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization. Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology, 15. {{doi|10.2147/RRCC.S16919}}</ref><ref>Eaton, S. B., Konner, M., & Shostak, M. (1988). Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. The American Journal of Medicine, 84(4), 739–749</ref> Moreover, there are indications that a paleolithic lifestyle is likely to reduce stress and depression,<ref>Ilardi, S. S. (2010). The Depression Cure: The 6-Step Program to Beat Depression without Drugs. Da Capo Lifelong Books</ref> and increase overall happiness and well-being, given that our minds and emotions too are adapted for a life as hunter-gatherers.<ref>Grinde, B. (2005). Darwinian Happiness: Can the Evolutionary Perspective on Well-Being Help us Improve Society? World Futures, 61(4), 317.</ref><ref>Hill, S. E., & Buss, D. M. (2008). Evolution and subjective well-being. in: The science of subjective well-being, p. 62–79.</ref><ref>[[Francis Heylighen|Heylighen F.]] (2014). "[http://pcp.vub.ac.be/Papers/EvolutionaryPsychology--QOL.pdf Evolutionary Psychology]", in: A.C. Michalos (ed.): Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, p. 2058-2062 (Springer, Berlin).</ref>

The movement is primarily associated with the [[paleolithic diet]], but also includes going [[barefoot]], and replicating a paleolithic exercise routine, or involve paleolithic [[survival skills]]. Some people advocate prehistoric lifestyles for animals, notably [[raw feeding]] and [[natural hoof care]]. More generally, the paleo movement fits within a [[Back-to-the-land movement|"back to nature" philosophy]], as advocated, e.g., by many [[environmentalism|environmentalists]]. However, it distinguishes itself from some more utopian ideas associated with this philosophy by focusing on a realistic, scientific view of what humanity's "true nature" is. For example, it rejects any notions that [[vegetarianism]] or [[veganism]] is a natural lifestyle, given the evidence that paleolithic people and most present-day hunter-gatherers consumed substantial amounts of animal protein.<ref>Carrera-Bastos, P., Fontes-Villalba, M., O’Keefe, J. H., Lindeberg, S., & Cordain, L. (2011). The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization. Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology, 15. {{doi|10.2147/RRCC.S16919}}</ref> Evidence such as this comes from scientific disciplines like [[anthropology]], [[paleoanthropology]], [[evolutionary medicine]], [[evolutionary psychology]], and [[environmental psychology]].

Researchers have argued for higher levels of physical activity, suggesting that human genes evolved with the expectation of requiring a certain threshold of physical activity and that a sedentary lifestyle results in abnormal gene expression.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://jp.physoc.org/content/543/2/399.full|title=Exercise and gene expression: physiological regulation of the human genome through physical activity|author=Frank W Booth|journal=J Physiol|year=2002|name-list-format=vanc|display-authors=1|pmid=12205177|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2002.019265|last2=Chakravarthy|first2=MV|last3=Spangenburg|first3=EE|volume=543|issue=Pt 2|pages=399–411|pmc=2290514}}</ref> Compared with ancestral humans, modern humans often have increased body fat and substantially less lean muscle, which is a risk factor for insulin resistance.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://activelivingresearch.net/files/3_PM2009_Eaton.pdf|title=Evolution, body composition, insulin receptor competition, and insulin resistance|author=S. Boyd Eaton|journal=Preventive Medicine|year=2009|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Human metabolic processes were evolved in the presence of physical activity–rest cycles, which regularly depleted skeletal muscles of their [[glycogen]] stores.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2003 |author1=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> | pmid=14660491 | volume=96 |issue=1 |title=Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases |date=January 2004 |journal=J. Appl. Physiol. |pages=3–10}}</ref> To date, it is unclear whether these activity cycles universally included prolonged endurance activity (e.g., [[persistence hunting]]) and/or shorter, higher-intensity activity. It is estimated that ancestral humans spent one-third of their caloric intake on physical activity (1000 cal/day out of a total caloric intake of 3000 cal/day)<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.bvsde.paho.org/texcom/cd050644/saris.pdf|title=How much physical activity is enough to prevent unhealthy weight gain? Outcome of the IASO 1st Stock Conference and consensus statement|author=W. H. M. Saris|journal=Obesity|year=2003}}</ref> and that the Paleolithic lifestyle was approximated by the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] recommendation of a [[physical activity level]] of 1.75, or 60 minutes per day of moderate-intensity exercise.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=14527637 |year=2003 |last1=Eaton |first1=SB |last2=Eaton |first2=SB |title=An evolutionary perspective on human physical activity: Implications for health |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=153–9 |journal=Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology |doi=10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00208-3}}</ref>

==Basic recommendations==
Authors inspired by the paleo philosophy<ref>Wolf, R. (2010). The Paleo Solution: The Original Human Diet. Victory Belt Publishing</ref><ref>Sisson, M. (2009). The Primal Blueprint: Reprogram your genes for effortless weight loss, vibrant health, and boundless energy. Primal Nutrition, Inc</ref><ref>[[Arthur De Vany|De Vany, A.]] (2010). The New Evolution Diet: What Our Paleolithic Ancestors Can Teach Us about Weight Loss, Fitness, and Aging. Rodale Books.</ref><ref>Ilardi, S. S. (2010). The Depression Cure: The 6-Step Program to Beat Depression without Drugs. Da Capo Lifelong Books.</ref><ref>O’Keefe, James H., Vogel, R., Lavie, C. J., & Cordain, L. (2010). Achieving Hunter-gatherer Fitness in the 21st Century: Back to the Future. The American Journal of Medicine, 123(12), 1082-1086. {{doi|10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.04.026}}</ref> formulate a variety of guidelines, including the following:

*Adopt a [[Paleolithic diet]] as much as possible: plenty of fruit, fish, vegetables, nuts, and meat while avoiding most forms of food not in existence in paleolithic time. It implies avoiding all processed food, and in particular [[junk food]] and food with a high [[glycemic load]], such as sweets and cultivated crops like [[potatoes]] and [[cereal grain]]s (in particular [[wheat]]).
*[[Exercise]] frequently, but with a variety of durations and intensities (including rest periods) rather than doing always the same, extended routines in a gym or while jogging.
*Perform a variety of complex "natural movements" (e.g. walking, running, jumping, crawling, climbing, carrying, throwing, swimming) that use the whole body rather than artificially constrained exercises that focus on specific muscles (like those afforded by most gym equipment).
*Maximize contact with [[nature]], e.g. by keeping plants, gardening, working with animals, hiking in the woods, or climbing trees (as also proposed by the [[biophilia hypothesis|biophilia]] philosophy).
*Use a minimum of clothes and don't wear shoes: exposure to heat, cold, pressure, and other natural forces strengthens rather than weakens the body.
*Expose yourself regularly to the sun or natural light to get sufficient [[vitamin D]] and prevent depression.
*Try to [[sleep]] at least eight hours a day, preferably in line with natural day-night rhythms (though people in pre-industrial societies do not sleep in contiguous blocks - see [[Sleep#Anthropology of sleep|anthropology of sleep]] and [[segmented sleep]]).
*Spend sufficient time relaxing, playing, and "being in the present", without worrying about later.
*Reduce overall levels of stress; avoid [[overworking]] in favor of [[downshifting]] and [[simple living]].
*Allow contact with dirt: soil contains plenty of [[probiotics|beneficial bacteria]] that strengthen [[Immunity (medical)|immunity]].
*Eat fermented foods like [[sauerkraut]], [[kim chi]], [[kombucha]], etc. Lifelong exposure to a variety of microbes may actually be necessary to prevent [[allergies]] and [[autoimmune diseases]], as proposed by the [[hygiene hypothesis]].
*Rear children the way hunter-gatherers do: extended [[breast-feeding]], carrying of babies on the body, [[co-sleeping]], while allowing older children to play and explore autonomously. <ref>Schön, R. A., & Silvén, M. (2007). Natural Parenting-Back to Basics in Infant Care. Evolutionary Psychology, 5(1), 102–183.</ref>
* Sit with legs level with rear end (essentially, in the [[squatting position]]), as people in indigenous tribes do.
* Socialize and interact closely with a small group of friends, instead of staying alone or "networking" with thousands of superficial acquaintances.

== See also ==
* [[Ishi]] – last contacted Native American, source of many paleolithic skills
* [[Evolutionary psychology]]
* [[Darwinian medicine]]
* [[Darwinian Happiness]]
* [[Universal Darwinism]]
* [[Jean Liedloff]]'s [[The Continuum Concept]] on the way hunter-gatherer childcare produces mental health and happiness

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://ecco.vub.ac.be/?q=node/127 Evolutionary Well-Being: the paleolithic model], by [[Francis Heylighen]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paleolithic Lifestyle}}
[[Category:Paleolithic]]
[[Category:Lifestyle]]



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Revisión del 15:38 28 ago 2015

Un estilo de vida del paleolítico (también sabido como paleo o estilo de vida primal) se refiere a vivir como los humanos presumiblemente lo hicieron en la era de paleolítico (Edad de piedra Vieja), o intentar recrear tal estilo de vida en la actualidad. El razonamiento para recrear ese estilo de vida es que los humanos han evolucionado por millones de años en un ambiente paleolítico. Por tanto, su cuerpo y la mente pueden ser esperados para ser adecuadamente adaptados al cazador concomitante-gatherer estilo de vida. Agricultura, por otro lado, sólo aparecido aproximadamente 10 000 años hace a principios de la era neolítica, y sociedad industrial sólo aproximadamente hace 200 años. Proponents De un estilo de vida de paleolítico afirma que el tiempo insuficiente ha pasado para humanos para adaptar a los cambios trajeron por cultivar e industrialización, dirigiendo a un misfit entre estilo de vida moderno y el genoma humano.


While a small number of cultures in the world continue to live a paleolithic hunter-gatherer lifestyle, a subculture of people has emerged in modern societies who try to recreate elements of a paleolithic lifestyle.[1]​[2]​ Their motivation is to enhance health, fitness and happiness by avoiding the common "diseases of civilization", such as obesity, some cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, increasingly prevalent allergies, some forms of depression, and chronic stress. These diseases are not yet evidenced among hunter-gatherers, and therefore they are attributed to the modern, "civilized" lifestyle.[3]​[4]​ Moreover, there are indications that a paleolithic lifestyle is likely to reduce stress and depression,[5]​ and increase overall happiness and well-being, given that our minds and emotions too are adapted for a life as hunter-gatherers.[6]​[7]​[8]​

The movement is primarily associated with the paleolithic diet, but also includes going barefoot, and replicating a paleolithic exercise routine, or involve paleolithic survival skills. Some people advocate prehistoric lifestyles for animals, notably raw feeding and natural hoof care. More generally, the paleo movement fits within a "back to nature" philosophy, as advocated, e.g., by many environmentalists. However, it distinguishes itself from some more utopian ideas associated with this philosophy by focusing on a realistic, scientific view of what humanity's "true nature" is. For example, it rejects any notions that vegetarianism or veganism is a natural lifestyle, given the evidence that paleolithic people and most present-day hunter-gatherers consumed substantial amounts of animal protein.[9]​ Evidence such as this comes from scientific disciplines like anthropology, paleoanthropology, evolutionary medicine, evolutionary psychology, and environmental psychology.

Researchers have argued for higher levels of physical activity, suggesting that human genes evolved with the expectation of requiring a certain threshold of physical activity and that a sedentary lifestyle results in abnormal gene expression.[10]​ Compared with ancestral humans, modern humans often have increased body fat and substantially less lean muscle, which is a risk factor for insulin resistance.[11]​ Human metabolic processes were evolved in the presence of physical activity–rest cycles, which regularly depleted skeletal muscles of their glycogen stores.[12]​ To date, it is unclear whether these activity cycles universally included prolonged endurance activity (e.g., persistence hunting) and/or shorter, higher-intensity activity. It is estimated that ancestral humans spent one-third of their caloric intake on physical activity (1000 cal/day out of a total caloric intake of 3000 cal/day)[13]​ and that the Paleolithic lifestyle was approximated by the WHO recommendation of a physical activity level of 1.75, or 60 minutes per day of moderate-intensity exercise.[14]​

Basic recommendations

Authors inspired by the paleo philosophy[15]​[16]​[17]​[18]​[19]​ formulate a variety of guidelines, including the following:

  • Adopt a Paleolithic diet as much as possible: plenty of fruit, fish, vegetables, nuts, and meat while avoiding most forms of food not in existence in paleolithic time. It implies avoiding all processed food, and in particular junk food and food with a high glycemic load, such as sweets and cultivated crops like potatoes and cereal grains (in particular wheat).
  • Exercise frequently, but with a variety of durations and intensities (including rest periods) rather than doing always the same, extended routines in a gym or while jogging.
  • Perform a variety of complex "natural movements" (e.g. walking, running, jumping, crawling, climbing, carrying, throwing, swimming) that use the whole body rather than artificially constrained exercises that focus on specific muscles (like those afforded by most gym equipment).
  • Maximize contact with nature, e.g. by keeping plants, gardening, working with animals, hiking in the woods, or climbing trees (as also proposed by the biophilia philosophy).
  • Use a minimum of clothes and don't wear shoes: exposure to heat, cold, pressure, and other natural forces strengthens rather than weakens the body.
  • Expose yourself regularly to the sun or natural light to get sufficient vitamin D and prevent depression.
  • Try to sleep at least eight hours a day, preferably in line with natural day-night rhythms (though people in pre-industrial societies do not sleep in contiguous blocks - see anthropology of sleep and segmented sleep).
  • Spend sufficient time relaxing, playing, and "being in the present", without worrying about later.
  • Reduce overall levels of stress; avoid overworking in favor of downshifting and simple living.
  • Allow contact with dirt: soil contains plenty of beneficial bacteria that strengthen immunity.
  • Eat fermented foods like sauerkraut, kim chi, kombucha, etc. Lifelong exposure to a variety of microbes may actually be necessary to prevent allergies and autoimmune diseases, as proposed by the hygiene hypothesis.
  • Rear children the way hunter-gatherers do: extended breast-feeding, carrying of babies on the body, co-sleeping, while allowing older children to play and explore autonomously. [20]​
  • Sit with legs level with rear end (essentially, in the squatting position), as people in indigenous tribes do.
  • Socialize and interact closely with a small group of friends, instead of staying alone or "networking" with thousands of superficial acquaintances.

See also

References

  1. ↑ P. Bethge (2010) A Stone Age Subculture Takes Shape in the US, Der Spiegel (02/11/2010).
  2. ↑ The New Age Cavemen and the City, by Joseph Goldstein, The New York Times, January 8, 2010.
  3. ↑ Carrera-Bastos, P., Fontes-Villalba, M., O’Keefe, J. H., Lindeberg, S., & Cordain, L. (2011). The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization. Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology, 15. doi 10.2147/RRCC.S16919
  4. ↑ Eaton, S. B., Konner, M., & Shostak, M. (1988). Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. The American Journal of Medicine, 84(4), 739–749
  5. ↑ Ilardi, S. S. (2010). The Depression Cure: The 6-Step Program to Beat Depression without Drugs. Da Capo Lifelong Books
  6. ↑ Grinde, B. (2005). Darwinian Happiness: Can the Evolutionary Perspective on Well-Being Help us Improve Society? World Futures, 61(4), 317.
  7. ↑ Hill, S. E., & Buss, D. M. (2008). Evolution and subjective well-being. in: The science of subjective well-being, p. 62–79.
  8. ↑ Heylighen F. (2014). "Evolutionary Psychology", in: A.C. Michalos (ed.): Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, p. 2058-2062 (Springer, Berlin).
  9. ↑ Carrera-Bastos, P., Fontes-Villalba, M., O’Keefe, J. H., Lindeberg, S., & Cordain, L. (2011). The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization. Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology, 15. doi 10.2147/RRCC.S16919
  10. ↑ Frank W Booth et al. (2002). «Exercise and gene expression: physiological regulation of the human genome through physical activity». J Physiol 543 (Pt 2): 399-411. PMC 2290514. PMID 12205177. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.019265.  Parámetro desconocido |name-list-format= ignorado (ayuda)
  11. ↑ S. Boyd Eaton (2009). «Evolution, body composition, insulin receptor competition, and insulin resistance». Preventive Medicine. 
  12. ↑ <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (January 2004). «Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases». J. Appl. Physiol. 96 (1): 3-10. PMID 14660491. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2003. 
  13. ↑ W. H. M. Saris (2003). «How much physical activity is enough to prevent unhealthy weight gain? Outcome of the IASO 1st Stock Conference and consensus statement». Obesity. 
  14. ↑ Eaton, SB; Eaton, SB (2003). «An evolutionary perspective on human physical activity: Implications for health». Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 136 (1): 153-9. PMID 14527637. doi:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00208-3. 
  15. ↑ Wolf, R. (2010). The Paleo Solution: The Original Human Diet. Victory Belt Publishing
  16. ↑ Sisson, M. (2009). The Primal Blueprint: Reprogram your genes for effortless weight loss, vibrant health, and boundless energy. Primal Nutrition, Inc
  17. ↑ De Vany, A. (2010). The New Evolution Diet: What Our Paleolithic Ancestors Can Teach Us about Weight Loss, Fitness, and Aging. Rodale Books.
  18. ↑ Ilardi, S. S. (2010). The Depression Cure: The 6-Step Program to Beat Depression without Drugs. Da Capo Lifelong Books.
  19. ↑ O’Keefe, James H., Vogel, R., Lavie, C. J., & Cordain, L. (2010). Achieving Hunter-gatherer Fitness in the 21st Century: Back to the Future. The American Journal of Medicine, 123(12), 1082-1086. doi 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.04.026
  20. ↑ Schön, R. A., & Silvén, M. (2007). Natural Parenting-Back to Basics in Infant Care. Evolutionary Psychology, 5(1), 102–183.

External links


[[Categoría:Paleolítico]]

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