Usuario:Maulucioni/Taller
Climas[editar]
| Región | Subregión | Altitud (m.s.n.m.) | Clima | Temp. media | Precip. media |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Costa | Costa Norte | 0 - 500 | Semiárido tropical | 25°C | 300 mm |
| Costa Centro-Sur | Árido subtropical | 20°C | 20 mm | ||
| Andes | Yunga marítima | 500 - 2300 | Árido templado | 17°C | 50 mm |
| Quechua | 2300 - 3500 | Templado subhúmedo | 14°C | 700 mm | |
| Suni | 3500 - 4000 | Frío o subalpino | 9°C | 700 mm | |
| Puna | 4000 - 4800 | Frígido, de puna, de tundra o alpino | 4°C | 700 mm | |
| Janca | 4800 - 6768 | Gélido o nival | < 0°C | 700 mm | |
| Selva | Yunga fluvial | 1000 - 2300 | Subtropical lluvioso | 20°C | 1500 mm |
| Selva alta | 400 - 1000 | Tropical/subtropical muy lluvioso | 24°C | 3000 mm | |
| Selva baja | 80 - 400 | Tropical lluvioso | 26°C | 2000 mm |
ADN-Y[editar]
World map of modern humans patrilineal genetic history according Y chromosome haplogroups distribution and estimated age.
The phylogenetic tree is rooted in the so-called chromosomal Adam, which has African origin and first diverged at A00 more than 250,000 years ago.
A00, A0 and A1a (M31) show an ancient dispersion in west-central Africa; the Khoisan peoples had a prolonged isolation for dozens of years in southern Africa and their ancient gene pool is made up of A-M6 and AM-51.
A-M13 is distributed especially in East Africa and Horn of Africa, mainly in Nilotic peoples.
B was especially dispersed in east-central Africa.
E is quite widespread in Africa, it originated about 65,000 years ago and its main slaves E1a1a (V38) and E1a1b (M215) diverged about 40,000 years ago.
Expansion out of Africa is represented by D, C and F about 60,000 years ago.
F could have originated in the Indian subcontinent,
as its oldest subclades (F1, F2, F3 and F4) have been found in India, Sri Lanka and the Far East
From the Indian subcontinent there was a further differentiation of the distinctive gene pools of eastern and western Eurasia. (southern Asian Pleistocene coastal settlers from Africa would have provided the inocula for the subsequent differentiation of the distinctive eastern and western Eurasian gene pools.)
The gene pool that early colonized the Malay archipelago and the Sahul continent (Oceania) is made up of MS (K*/M/S) and C
The eastern Eurasian gene pool is mainly composed of NO, C (M217) and D (M174) with greater diversity found in the south, whereby the northern lineages form a subset of the populations that migrated from south to north.
In western Eurasia, G, IJ, LT and Q/R are mainly dispersed, which in turn descend from GHIJK, a haplotype from South or Southeast Asia.[1]
Most of the European gene pool comes from Palaeolithic and Neolithic migrations from western Asia.
The early colonization of America corresponds to Paleoindian branches derived from Q-L54 about 15 thousand years ago. The American gene pool is a subset of the Siberian.
Tabla[editar]
| Nombre | Muestra | Cod. Hex. | RGB | HSV | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beige | #E8C39E | 232 | 195 | 158 | 30° | 32% | 91% | |
| Gamuza | #E6B57E | 230 | 181 | 126 | 32° | 45% | 90% | |
| Camello | #C19A6B | 193 | 154 | 107 | 33° | 45% | 76% | |
| Barbecho | #C19A6B | 193 | 154 | 107 | 33° | 45% | 76% | |
| Almendra | #C19A6B | 193 | 154 | 107 | 33° | 45% | 76% | |
| Miel | #D29340 | 210 | 147 | 64 | 34° | 70% | 82% | |
| Ocre | #B9935A | 185 | 147 | 90 | 36° | 51% | 73% | |
| Kalua | #B78E5B | 183 | 142 | 91 | 33° | 50% | 71% | |
| Avellana | #B48969 | 180 | 27 | 105 | 26° | 42% | 71% | |
| Siena | #C58A3E | 197 | 138 | 62 | 34° | 69% | 77% | |
| Latón | #AB9144 | 171 | 145 | 68 | 45° | 60% | 67% | |
| Canela | #BD8A3E | 189 | 138 | 62 | 36° | 67% | 74% | |
| Ante | #BA7C45 | 186 | 124 | 69 | 28° | 63% | 73% | |
| Bronce | #CD7F32 | 205 | 127 | 50 | 30° | 76% | 80% | |
| León | #BC8648 | 188 | 134 | 72 | 32° | 62% | 74% | |
| Cobre | #CB6E51 | 203 | 110 | 81 | 14° | 60% | 80% | |
| Caramelo | #A67B5B | 166 | 123 | 91 | 26° | 45% | 65% | |
| Cobre | #B87333 | 184 | 115 | 51 | 29° | 72% | 72% | |
| Caramelo | #AE6938 | 174 | 105 | 56 | 25° | 68% | 68% | |
| Bistre marrón | #967117 | 150 | 113 | 23 | 43° | 85% | 59% | |
| Caoba | #C04000 | 192 | 64 | 0 | 20° | 100% | 75% | |
| Pardo ocre | #955F20 | 149 | 95 | 32 | 32° | 79% | 58% | |
| Marrón dorado | #996515 | 153 | 101 | 21 | 36° | 86% | 60% | |
| Marrón cuero | #97572B | 151 | 87 | 43 | 24° | 72% | 59% | |
| Herrumbre | #A2522B | 162 | 82 | 43 | 20° | 73% | 64% | |
| Marrón | #A05000 | 160 | 80 | 0 | 30° | 100% | 63% | |
| Secuoya | #8A5754 | 138 | 87 | 84 | 3° | 39% | 54% | |
| Pardo verdoso[2] | #826C34 | 130 | 108 | 52 | 43° | 60% | 51% | |
| Habano | #844E34 | 132 | 78 | 52 | 20° | 61% | 52% | |
| Marrón o café | #6F4E37 | 111 | 78 | 55 | 25° | 50% | 44% | |
| Bisonte | #6C541E | 108 | 84 | 30 | 42° | 72% | 42% | |
| Rojo indio | #882D17 | 136 | 45 | 23 | 12° | 83% | 53% | |
| Ocre rojo | #7D3F32 | 125 | 63 | 50 | 10° | 60% | 49% | |
| Marrón | #804000 | 128 | 64 | 0 | 30° | 100% | 50% | |
| Sepia | #663B2A | 102 | 59 | 42 | 17° | 59% | 40% | |
| Nogal | #5D432C | 93 | 67 | 44 | 28° | 53% | 36% | |
| Chocolate | #592E0B | 89 | 46 | 11 | 27° | 88% | 35% | |
| Café | #3F2212 | 63 | 34 | 18 | 21° | 75% | 25% | |
Legend[editar]
| Af | BSh | Cfa | Cwa | Csa | Dfa | Dwa | Dsa | ET |
| Am | BSk | Cfb | Cwb | Csb | Dfb | Dwb | Dsb | EF |
| Aw/As | Bwh | Cfc | Cwc | Csc | Dfc | Dwc | Dsc | |
| Bwk | Dfd | Dwd | Dsd |
Almosano[editar]
| Familia | Idioma | Primera persona | 'uno' | 'agua' |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Álgica | Proto-álgico | *-na:n ≈ 'nosotros' | *ne-kwet- | |
| Proto-algonquino | *ne- ≈ 'yo' | *ne-kwet-wi | *akwinčinwa ≈ 'en agua' | |
| Ojibwa | niin ≈ 'yo' | ningoto- | ||
| aislada | Kutenai | -na:p- ≈ 'me' | -nikʔ- ≈ 'uno de' | wuʔu / -ku |
| Proto-mosán | *na(y) ≈ 'yo' | *k’a / *qaw- | ||
| Salish | Proto-salish | *nək’w-əʔ | *-qwa / *-kwa | |
| Coeur d'alene | nɛk’w-ɛ | |||
| Tillamook | n- ≈ 'mi' | néč’- | qiw | |
| Kalispel | ən- ≈ 'mi' | nk’wuʔ | ||
| Wakash | Nutka | niw’a ≈ 'nos' | ʔ’ot | |
| Heiltsuk | -ən ≈ 'yo' | n’hxw- | ||
| Chimaku | Quileute | -li (< *n) ≈ 'yo' | wí.ł | q’wotl' ≈ 'derramarse' |
| Proto-amerindio | *na(ʔ) ≈ 'yo' | *(ne-)k’we(t) | *aq’wa | |
| aislada | Nivejí | ni ≈ 'yo' | nin | č'aӽ |
Animales[editar]
| Aristóteles 335 a.C. [3] (Cuvier 1800)[4] |
Linneo 1735,[5] 1758 [6] |
Leuckart 1848 [7] |
Lankester 1873, 1877[8] (Haeckel 1874)[9] |
Grobben 1908 [10] |
Bütschli 1910 [11] Kükenthal 1923 |
Hyman 1940[12] Whittaker 1969 [13] |
Nielsen 2012[14] Brusca et al. 2016[15] |
Descripción (grupos) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diploblastica (Zoophyta) | Spongiaria | Parazoa | Parazoa | Non-Bilateria (P) | Porifera | |||
| Anaima (Invertebrata) | Vermes | Coelenterata | Cnidaria | Eumetazoa | Radiata | Cnidaria | ||
| Ctenophora | Ctenophora | |||||||
| Vermes | Triploblastica (Bilateria) |
̠ | Acoelomata | Xenacoelomorpha | Xenacoelomorpha | |||
| Protostomia | Spiralia | Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Mesozoa | ||||||
| Mollusca | Coelomata | Mollusca | ||||||
| Vermes | Annelida, Lophophorata, Chaetognatha | |||||||
| Pseudocoelomata | Gnathifera, Gastrotricha | |||||||
| Ecdysozoa | Nematozoa, Scalidophora | |||||||
| Insecta | Arthropoda | Coelomata | Panarthropoda | |||||
| Vermes | Echinodermata | Deuterostomia | Ambulacraria | Echinodermata | ||||
| Vermes | Hemichordata | |||||||
| Enaima (Vertebrata) | Pisces | Vertebrata | Chordata | peces, anfioxos | ||||
| Amphibia | anfibios, reptiles | |||||||
| Aves | aves | |||||||
| Mammalia | mamíferos |
Material de trabajo[editar]
- ↑ Pille Hallast, Anastasia Agdzhoyan, Oleg Balanovsky, Yali Xue, Chris Tyler-Smith, 2019, Early replacement of West Eurasian male Y chromosomes from the east. bioRxiv doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/867317
- ↑ Error en la cita: Etiqueta
<ref>no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadasRAL - ↑ Aritósteles 335 a. C., Τῶν περὶ τὰ ζῷα ἱστοριῶν (Investigación de los animales). Introducciónː C. García 2017, ...Sus aportaciones terminológicas, aunque contadas, son fundamentales. Como, por ej., la distinción entre vertebrados e invertebrados, es decir, seres «sanguíneos» frente a «carentes de sangre». Los términos énaimos y ánaimos («con / sin sangre») no están documentados en sentido técnico antes de Aristóteles...
- ↑ Cuvier (1800) Leçons d'anatomie comparée, 1st ed., vol. 1. Paris, année VIII
- ↑ Linnaeus 1735, Systema Naturae, 1st edition
- ↑ Linnaeus 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., vol. 1
- ↑ Leuckart (1848) Ueber die Morphologie und die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der wirbellosen thiere, ver Agassiz (1857)
- ↑ Lankester, 1877, Notes on the Embryology and classification of the Animal kingdom: comprising a revision of speculations relative to the origin and significance of the germ-layers. Quartely Journal of Microscopical Science (N.S.), No. 68: 399–454
- ↑ Haeckel E (1874). Die Gastrea-Theorie, die phylogenetische Classification des Tierreiches und die Homologie der Keimblatter. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 8, 1–55. [P. 32 & 52:] Zoophyta (Diblasteria = Spongie & Triblasteria = Acalephae), [P. 33:] Bilateria (Sammtlische Würmer =Vermes, Molluscken, Echinotermen, Arthropoden, Vertebraten)
- ↑ Karl Grobben 1908. Die systematische Einteilung1 des Tierreiches. Subregnum Metazoa = Divisio Coelenterata (Phylum Spongiaria + Cnidaria + Ctenophora) + Divisio Coelomata (Phylum Protostomia + Deuterostomia)
- ↑ Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds) 1923. Handbuch der zoologie. Berlin
- ↑ Hyman, L. H. The invertebrates. New York: McGraw-Hill Book. 6 vols., 1940-1967.
- ↑ Whittaker, R. H. (1969). New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Science 163 (3863): 150–160. Kingdom Animalia = Subkingdom Parazoa + Subkingdom Eumetazoa(Branch Radiata + Branch Bilateria (Grade Acoelomata + Pseudocoelomata + Coelomata(Subgrade Schizocoela + Enterocoela)))
- ↑ Nielsen, C. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.
- ↑ Brusca, Richard C.; Wendy Moore; Stephen M. Schuster (2016). Invertebrates. 3rd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.