Usuario:Kanishka/Indo-Iranios
El término Indo-Iranio incluye a todos los hablantes de las lenguas indo-iranias, ya sean indo-arias (lenguas indoeuropeas de la India) o lenguas iranias (Persa, Dari, Pashto, Tajik, etc.)
El término histórico para estas culturas es Ario, que significa noble.
Origen[editar]
The near-universally cited candidate for the homeland of the Proto-Indian-Iranian culture is the Andronovo Archaeological Complex. A commonly given date for the last period of Proto-Indo-Iranian linguistic unity is approximately 2000 BCE, perhaps a little later, preceding both the Vedic and Iranian cultures. The earliest recorded forms of these languages, Vedic Sanskrit and Gathic Avestan, are remarkably similar.
The origin and earliest relationship between the Nuristani languages and that of the Iranian and Indic groups is unrecoverably obscure.
Expansion[editar]
The Indo-Iranians expanded widely into Central Asia from the Ural River in the west to the Tian Shan in the east, taking over the area occupied by the earlier Afanasevo culture, and defined by Transoxiana and the Hindu Kush (mountains) in the south. This region would later become for the most part exclusively Iranian.
Their history becomes sensational with their invention of the horse-drawn chariot.
First wave[editar]
The linguistic evidence is that the Indics were the first to exploit the chariot, leading what is sometimes called the first wave of Indo-Iranian expansion. This expansion went into the Caucasus the Iranian plateau, Afganistan, and, most significantly, India. They also intruded into Mesopotamia and Syria, and introduced the horse and chariot culture to this part of the world.
They left linguistic remains in a Hittite discourse on horse-training written by one "Kikkuli the Mitanni". Other evidence is found in references to the names of Mitani rulers and the gods they swore by in treaties; these remains are found in the archives of the Mitanni's neighbors. The time period for this is about 1440-1330 BCE.
The standard model for the entry of the Indo-European languages into India is that this first wave went over the Hindu Kush, either into the headwaters of the Indus or the Ganges (and probably, both). The earliest stratum of Vedic Sanskrit, preserved only in the Rigveda, is assigned to roughly 1700-1400 BCE.
Second wave[editar]
The Second Wave is interpreted as the Iranian wave. The Iranians would take over all of Central Asia, Iran, and for a considerable period, dominate the European steppe (the modern Ukraine) and intrude north into Russia and west into central and western Europe well into historic times and as late as the Common Era. The first Iranians to reach the Black Sea may have been the Cimmerians in the 8th century BCE, although their linguistic affiliation is uncertain. They were followed by the Scythians, who are considered a western branch of the Central Asian Sakas. The Rigvedic Kambojas may correspond to the Nuristani branch of Indo-Iranian. The Medes, Parthians and Persians begin to appear on the Persian plateau from ca. 800 BCE, and the Achaemenids replaced Elamite rule from 559 BCE.
Iranian reached India only in historic times, as Persian, and then only as a minority language. In Central Asia, the Turkic languages and culture have replaced Iranian, but a substantial lingistic substratum remains. The Iranian languages are now confined to Iran, Kurdistan, Afganistan and the Caucasus, and to a limited extent in India.
Associated archaeological cultures[editar]
These archaeological cultures are assigned to the Indo-Iranians:
See also[editar]
Sources[editar]
- J. P. Mallory & Douglas Q. Adams, "Indo-Iranian Languages", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
- Michael Witzel, "The Home of the Aryans", in: Anusantatyai. Fs. für Johanna Narten zum 70. Geburtstag, edd. Hintze, Tichy. (Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, Beihefte NF 19) Dettelbach: J.H. Roell (2000), 283–338 [1] (PDF).
External links[editar]
- The Origin of the Pre-Imperial Iranian Peoples by Oric Basirov (2001)