Diferencia entre revisiones de «Feromona»

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Contenido eliminado Contenido añadido
m Revertidos los cambios de 190.66.118.141 (disc.) a la última edición de Ialad
Línea 5: Línea 5:
Muchas especies de [[planta]]s y [[animal]]es han utilizado diferentes aromas o mensajes químicos como medio de comunicación y casi todas utilizan uno o varios códigos por este medio, tanto para atraerse sexualmente como para otros fines. Estas sustancias tienen además la particularidad de inducir cambios en el comportamiento de los individuos que tienen contacto con ellas.
Muchas especies de [[planta]]s y [[animal]]es han utilizado diferentes aromas o mensajes químicos como medio de comunicación y casi todas utilizan uno o varios códigos por este medio, tanto para atraerse sexualmente como para otros fines. Estas sustancias tienen además la particularidad de inducir cambios en el comportamiento de los individuos que tienen contacto con ellas.


== Humanos ==
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<TITLE> MEGAUPLOAD - El servicio líder en almacenamiento y distribución de archivos en línea</TITLE>


Hay estudios científicos que parecen señalar la existencia de feromonas en los humanos ([http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/98/980311.McClintock.shtml Universidad de Chicago], [http://www.sfsu.edu/~news/prsrelea/fy01/091.htm Universidad de San Francisco, California], [http://www.yawningbread.org/apdx_2005/imp-204.htm Karolinska Institute in Stockholm]). Aún así, estos estudios siguen siendo sujetos a debate por su metodología y por sus conclusiones<ref>{{cita publicación
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
| autor = Anders Winman

| año = 2004

| título = Do perfume additives termed human pheromones warrant being termed pheromones?
<style type="text/css">
| publicación = Physiology & Behavior
body
Volume , Issue 4, 30 September , Pages
{
| volumen = 82
text-align:center;
| número = 4
padding:0; margin:0;
| páginas = 697-701
background-image:url('http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/bg.gif');
| pmid = 15327919
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| doi =10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.06.006
font-size: 11px;
| url =
text-align: left;
}}</ref><ref>{{cita publicación
}
| autor = Charles J. Wysocki, George Preti

| año = 1998
table
| título = Pheromonal Influences
{
| publicación = Archives of Sexual Behavior
font-family:arial;
| volumen = 27
}
| número = 6

| páginas = 627-641
#main
| pmid = 9883309
{
| doi = 10.1023/A:1018729302720
width:994px;
| url =
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}}</ref>. Actualmente no existe un consenso definitivo dentro de la comunidad científica sobre la existencia de feromonas humanas.
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<TD width="17"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/spacer.gif" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="13" BORDER="0" ALT="" id="deal5"></TD>

<TD>Disponemos de servicio de previsionado instantaneo para los vídeos almacenados.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" height="8"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="17"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/spacer.gif" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="13" BORDER="0" ALT="" id="deal6"></TD>
<TD>Pronto para archivos de audio y imágenes.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" height="8"></TD>

</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="17"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/spacer.gif" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="13" BORDER="0" ALT="" id="deal7"></TD>
<TD width="400">Usted no debe esperar a su descarga para ver lo que está bajando!</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:540px; top:333px;">
<TABLE style="font-size:12px; color:#FFFFFF; font-family:arial;">
<TR>
<TD width="27"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/spacer.gif" WIDTH="20" HEIGHT="21" BORDER="0" ALT="" id="deal8"></TD>
<TD>Previsualizar los vídeos en <B>Megavideo.com</B> (operativo).</TD>

</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" height="2"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="27"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/spacer.gif" WIDTH="20" HEIGHT="21" BORDER="0" ALT="" id="deal9"></TD>
<TD>Previsualizar las imágenes en <B>Megapix.com</B> (próximamente).</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" height="2"></TD>

</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="27"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/spacer.gif" WIDTH="20" HEIGHT="21" BORDER="0" ALT="" id="deal10"></TD>
<TD>Disfrute de su música en <B>Mebeats.com</B> (próximamente).</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" height="3"></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:442px; width:960px; font-size:11px; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">* La hora feliz Premium está disponible los dias laborables entre las 9 y las 11 de la mañana (UTC).</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:943px; top:20px;"><a href="javascript:closethe('deal');"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/spacer.gif" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="15" BORDER="0" ALT="" id="deal11"></a></div>
</div>


<div style="position:absolute; width:982px; top:90px; left:4px; z-index:0; display:none;" id="theturbodiv">
<div style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; width:982px; height:466px;" id="turbo1" ></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:943px; top:20px;"><a href="javascript:closethe('turbo');"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/spacer.gif" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="15" BORDER="0" ALT="" id="turbo2"></a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:328px; top:375px;"><a href="http://static.megaupload.com/megamanager.exe"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/spacer.gif" WIDTH="325" HEIGHT="62" BORDER="0" ALT="" id="turbo3" onmouseover="turboimg1.src=this.src; this.src=turboimg1o.src;" onmouseout="this.src=turboimg1.src;"></a></div>
</div>



<div style="position:absolute; width:982px; top:90px; left:4px; z-index:0; display:none;" id="thebestdiv">
<div style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; width:982px; height:466px;" id="best1"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:943px; top:20px;"><a href="javascript:closethe('best');"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/spacer.gif" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="15" BORDER="0" ALT="" id="best2"></a></div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:460px; top:423px;"><a href="?c=signup"><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/spacer.gif" width="120" height="31" alt="" border="0"></a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:745px; top:423px;"><a href="?c=premium"><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/spacer.gif" width="125" height="31" alt="" border="0"></a></div>




</div>

<div style="position:absolute; width:982px; height:466px; top:90px; left:4px; z-index:0; background-color:#F7F6F2; display:none;" id="thecover"></div>





<div style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; width:990px; height:1080px; background-color:#000000; filter:alpha(opacity=55);-moz-opacity:.70;opacity:.70; z-index:1; display:none;" id="dimlights1"></div>


<div style="position:relative; width:980px; height:85px;">


<div style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:6px;"><a href="?"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/logo.gif" WIDTH="338" HEIGHT="38" BORDER="0" ALT=""></a></div>




<div style="position:absolute; width:1px; height:1px; top:0px; left:0px;"><form method="POST" id="logoutform"></div>
<input type="hidden" name="logout" value="1">



<div style="position:absolute; width:480px; height:18px; top:18px; left:350px; font-family:arial; font-size:13px; text-align:right;">
<div align="right">

<TABLE style="font-size:13px; font-family:arial;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<TR>
<TD valign="top">
<b>Bienvenido</b> <font style="color:#F3781A; font-weight:bold;">sebitas.arevalo</font>&nbsp;&nbsp; - &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="?c=account" style="color:#000000; text-decoration:none;">Mi cuenta</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; - &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="javascript:logout();" style="color:#000000; text-decoration:none;">Salir</a>
</TD>

</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>
</div>

</form>





<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">

var MenuImgs = new Array(7);
var MImgs = new Array(7);

MImgs[0] = new Image(184, 32);
MenuImgs[0] = new Image(184, 32);
MenuImgs[0].src = "http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menuo_01b.gif";
MImgs[1] = new Image(130, 32);
MenuImgs[1] = new Image(130, 32);
MenuImgs[1].src = "http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menuo_02.gif";
MImgs[2] = new Image(126, 32);
MenuImgs[2] = new Image(126, 32);
MenuImgs[2].src = "http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menuo_03.gif";
MImgs[3] = new Image(122, 32);
MenuImgs[3] = new Image(122, 32);
MenuImgs[3].src = "http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menuo_04.gif";
MImgs[4] = new Image(149, 32);
MenuImgs[4] = new Image(149, 32);
MenuImgs[4].src = "http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menuo_05.gif";
MImgs[5] = new Image(146, 32);
MenuImgs[5] = new Image(146, 32);
MenuImgs[5].src = "http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menuo_06.gif";
MImgs[6] = new Image(133, 32);
MenuImgs[6] = new Image(133, 32);
MenuImgs[6].src = "http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menuo_07.gif";
</script>

<div style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:49px;">
<TABLE cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<TR>

<TD><a href="?c=filemanager"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menu_01b.gif" WIDTH="184" HEIGHT="32" BORDER="0" ALT="" onmouseover="MImgs[0].src=this.src; this.src=MenuImgs[0].src;" onmouseout="this.src=MImgs[0].src;"></a></TD>
<TD><a href="?c=premium"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menu_02.gif" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="32" BORDER="0" ALT="" onmouseover="MImgs[1].src=this.src; this.src=MenuImgs[1].src;" onmouseout="this.src=MImgs[1].src;"></a></TD>
<TD><a href="?c=rewards"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menu_03.gif" WIDTH="126" HEIGHT="32" BORDER="0" ALT="" onmouseover="MImgs[2].src=this.src; this.src=MenuImgs[2].src;" onmouseout="this.src=MImgs[2].src;"></a></TD>
<TD><a href="?c=top100"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menu_04.gif" WIDTH="122" HEIGHT="32" BORDER="0" ALT="" onmouseover="MImgs[3].src=this.src; this.src=MenuImgs[3].src;" onmouseout="this.src=MImgs[3].src;"></a></TD>
<TD><a href="?c=tools"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menu_05.gif" WIDTH="193" HEIGHT="32" BORDER="0" ALT="" onmouseover="MImgs[4].src=this.src; this.src=MenuImgs[4].src;" onmouseout="this.src=MImgs[4].src;"></a></TD>
<TD><a href="?c=support"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menu_06.gif" WIDTH="126" HEIGHT="32" BORDER="0" ALT="" onmouseover="MImgs[5].src=this.src; this.src=MenuImgs[5].src;" onmouseout="this.src=MImgs[5].src;"></a></TD>
<TD><a href="?c=faq"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/es/menu_07.gif" WIDTH="109" HEIGHT="32" BORDER="0" ALT="" onmouseover="MImgs[6].src=this.src; this.src=MenuImgs[6].src;" onmouseout="this.src=MImgs[6].src;"></a></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="7"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/menu/shadow.gif" WIDTH="990" HEIGHT="4" BORDER="0" ALT=""></TD>

</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>




<div style="position:absolute; left:853px; top:10px;">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td width="140"><table width="100" border="0" align="right" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<tr bgcolor="">
<td width="125"><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/language_object/es_a.gif" alt="language" width="135" height="28" border="0" id="selectedLangImg" onclick="javascript:runLangPulldown(this)" /></td>

</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>




<div style="position:relative; ">

<STYLE>

div.fileinputs
{
position: relative;
}
div.fakefile
{
position: absolute;
top: -5px;
left: 0px;
z-index: 1;
}
input.file
{
position: relative;
text-align: right;
-moz-opacity:0 ;
filter:alpha(opacity: 0);
opacity: 0;
z-index: 2;
width:400px;
cursor:default;
}


.file2
{
position: relative;
text-align: right;
-moz-opacity:0 ;
filter:alpha(opacity: 0);
opacity: 0;
z-index: 2;
width:540px;
cursor:default;
}
</STYLE>

<script type="text/javascript">

var uploading = false;
var percentage = 0;
var status = 'Initalizing upload';
var progress ='';
var time_elapsed = '00:00:00';
var speed = '0 KB/sec';
var downloadurl='';
var error='';
var trnsfrd='';
var speed = 'unknown';
var multiuploads=false;
var multiresult = new Array();

function getFlashMovieObject()
{
return document.getElementById('progress_bar');
}
function SendDataToFlashMovie(per)
{
var flashMovie=getFlashMovieObject();
flashMovie.SetVariable("/:percentage", per);
}


function uploaddone()
{
uploading = false;
i=0;
// var resulthtml='<center><font style="color:#2ED100; font-family:arial; font-size:19px; font-weight:bold;">Su carga ha sido completada.</font><br><br><br>';
var resulthtml='<center>';
while (i < multiresult.length)
{

resulthtml = resulthtml + '<center><div style="position:relative; line-height:40px; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"><font style="font-family:arial; font-size:18px; color:#000000; font-weight:bold;">' + multiresult[i][0] + '</font> <font style="font-size:16px; font-family:arial;">(' + multiresult[i][1] + ')</font><br><a href="' + multiresult[i][2] + '" target="_blank" style="font-weight:normal; font-family:arial; font-size:18px; color:#FA5F03;">' + multiresult[i][2] + '</a></div>';

if (i !== multiresult.length-1)
{
resulthtml = resulthtml + '<IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/orange_line.gif" WIDTH="600" HEIGHT="1" BORDER="0" ALT=""></div></center>';
}
else
{
resulthtml = resulthtml + '</div></center>';
}

i=i+1;
}

var height = 115*(multiresult.length+1);

document.getElementById('progresswindow').style.height = 260 + height;
document.getElementById('height1').style.height = 75 + height;
document.getElementById('top1').style.top = 236 + height;

document.getElementById('progress').style.display = 'none';
document.getElementById('uploadresult').innerHTML = resulthtml;
document.getElementById('uploadresult').style.display = '';

SendDataToFlashMovie(200);

}
function showresult()
{
uploaddone();
}
function showerror()
{

}

function postprogress()
{
if (uploading)
{
document.getElementById('progressform').submit();
}
}


function extractFileName(fullpath)
{
var maxlength = 30;
if (fullpath.length > maxlength)
return fullpath.substring(0, 10) + '..' + fullpath.substring(fullpath.length - maxlength - 3, fullpath.length);
else
return fullpath;
}

function updateprogress()
{
document.getElementById("progress1").innerHTML = progress;
document.getElementById("progress2").innerHTML = time_elapsed;;
document.getElementById("progress3").innerHTML = speed;
SendDataToFlashMovie(percentage);
}


function transferdone()
{
SendDataToFlashMovie(100);
}



function showfileuploads(num)
{
var i=2;
while (i < 11)
{
if (i > (num+1))
{
document.getElementById('fileupload' + i).style.display = 'none';
}
else
{
document.getElementById('fileupload' + i).style.display = '';

}
i=i+1;
}
uploadsvar=num;
}

function startupload()
{
if (document.getElementById('multifile_0').value == '')
{
alert('Usted ha seleccionado almenos un archivo para cargar.');
}
else if (document.getElementById('multimessage_0').value == '')
{
document.getElementById('multimessage_0').focus();
alert('Por favor, entre una descripción.');
}
else
{
i=1;
ul=true;
while ((i < 10) && (ul))
{
if ((document.getElementById('multifile_' + i).value !== '') && (document.getElementById('multimessage_' + i).value == ''))
{
document.getElementById('multimessage_' + i).focus();
alert('Usted ha de entrar una descripción para su archivo.' + (i+1) + '.');
ul=false;
}
i=i+1;
}
if (ul)
{
document.getElementById('uploadform').submit();
document.getElementById('uploadwindow').style.display = 'none';
document.getElementById('tabs').style.display = 'none';
document.getElementById('progresswindow').style.display = '';
uploading = true;
setTimeout("postprogress();",1500);
}
}
}

function cancelupload()
{
if (confirm('¿Está usted seguro que quiere cancelar su carga?'))
{
document.location='http://www.megaupload.com/';
}
}




</script>





<div style="position:relative; width:970px; height:410px; display:none;" id="progresswindow">

<div style="position:absolute; left:-1px; top:-4px; background-image:url('http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/upload2.jpg'); width:994px; height:165px;"></div>

<div style="position:absolute; width:994px; height:225px; top:161px; left:-1px; background-image:url('http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/sub_tab_mid.gif');" id="height1"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; width:994px; height:16px; top:386px; left:-1px; background-image:url('http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/sub_tab_bot.gif');" id="top1"></div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:-4px;">
<script type="text/javascript">
var fo = new FlashObject("http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/upload.swf", "progress_bar", "984", "256", 0, "#ffffff");
fo.addParam("wmode", "transparent");
fo.addVariable("ver", "Verificación en proceso");
fo.addVariable("cancel", "");
fo.addVariable("upp", "Carga en proceso");
fo.addVariable("upc", "Carga completa");
fo.write();
</script>
</div>








<div style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:256px;" id="progress">
<TABLE cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-family:arial; line-height:40px; font-size:18px;">
<TR>
<TD width="400" align="right">Tiempo restante estimado:&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>

<TD width="400" align="left"><div id="progress1" style="font-weight:bold;">...</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD align="right">Tiempo transcurrido:&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD align="left"><div id="progress2" style="font-weight:bold;">...</div></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD align="right">Tasa:&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD align="left"><div id="progress3" style="font-weight:bold;">...</div></TD>

</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>


<div style="position:absolute; left:45px; top:256px; width:900px;" id="uploadresult">&nbsp;</div>










</div>

<div style="position:relative; margin-left:-1px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6px; height:472px; display:none;" id="multiuploader">
<script type="text/javascript">

function enterdescription() { alert('Por favor, entre una descripción.');}

var fo = new FlashObject("http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/multiupload.swf", "multiuploaderswf", "992", "472", 0, "#ffffff");
fo.addParam("wmode", "transparent");
fo.addParam("scale", "noscale");
fo.addParam("salign", "lt");
fo.addVariable("user", "7beb25642f590b6f1440b886326977d8");
fo.addVariable("smallfont", "9");
fo.addVariable("txt01", "Añadir archivos");
fo.addVariable("txt02", "Cargar archivos");
fo.addVariable("txt03", "Entrar descripciones");
fo.addVariable("txt04", "Eliminar todos los archivos");
fo.addVariable("txt05", "Error al establecer comunicación con el servidor, por favor inténtelo más tarde.");
fo.addVariable("txt06", "Archivo añadido");
fo.addVariable("txt07", "Archivo el cola");
fo.addVariable("txt08", "Acabado");
fo.addVariable("txt09", "Error");
fo.addVariable("txt10", "Cancelado");
fo.addVariable("txt11", "Descripción para el nuevo archivo: ");
fo.addVariable("txt12", " nuevo archivo(s) pendiente(s)");
fo.addVariable("txt13", "Descripción para el archivo:");
fo.addVariable("txt14", " archivo(s) pendiente(s)");
fo.addVariable("txt15", "Archivo ");
fo.addVariable("txt16", " de ");
fo.addVariable("txt17", "Usted no podrá cargar un archivo sin descripción");
fo.addVariable("txt18", "Salvar");
fo.addVariable("txt19", "Cancelar carga");
fo.addVariable("txt20", "Tiempo estimado: ");
fo.addVariable("txt21", "Empezar");
fo.addVariable("txt22", "Tamaño del archivo de lotes:");
fo.addVariable("txt23", "Tiempo total restante:");
fo.addVariable("txt24", "Velocidad de transferencia:");
fo.addVariable("txt25", "(¿Qué es esto?)");
fo.addVariable("txt26", "(Opcional)");
fo.addVariable("txt27", "Descripción del archivo");
fo.addVariable("txt28", "Intercambio de tráfico");
fo.addVariable("txt29", "E-mail del receptor");
fo.addVariable("txt30", "Su e-mail");
fo.addVariable("txt31", "contraseña del enlace");
fo.addVariable("txt32", "Múltiples receptores");
fo.addVariable("txt33", "Empezar");
fo.addVariable("txt34", "Desconocido");
fo.addVariable("txt35", "premium");
fo.addVariable("txt36", "Close");
fo.addVariable("txt37", "Warning - files dropped");
fo.addVariable("txt38", "Some files were dropped because you exceeded the limit (");
fo.addVariable("txt39", " files). Please remove some files before adding new ones.");
fo.addVariable("txt40", "Warning - file limit reached");
fo.addVariable("txt41", "It is not possible to add more files because you reached the limit (");
fo.addVariable("txt42", " files). Please remove some files before adding new ones.");
fo.addVariable("txt43", "Export files to a text file");

fo.addVariable("site", "0");
fo.write();
</script>
</div>



<div style="position:relative; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:15px; height:150px;" id="singleuploader">


<div style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:-12px; width:994px; height:165px; background-image:url('http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/upload2.jpg'); display:none;" id="singleuploadbg1"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; width:994px; height:220px; top:153px; left:0px; background-image:url('http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/sub_tab_mid.gif'); display:none;" id="singleuploadbg2"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; width:994px; height:16px; top:373px; left:0px; background-image:url('http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/sub_tab_bot.gif'); display:none;" id="singleuploadbg3"></div>



<div style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:-5px; left:0px; width:986px;">
<script type="text/javascript">

function resizeuploader(state)
{
if (state == 1)
{
document.getElementById('singleuploaderswf').height = 150;
document.getElementById('singleuploader').style.height = 150;
}
else if(state == 2)
{
document.getElementById('singleuploaderswf').height = 320;
document.getElementById('singleuploader').style.height = 320;
}
else if(state == 3)
{
document.getElementById('singleuploaderswf').height = 380;
document.getElementById('singleuploader').style.height = 380;
document.getElementById('singleuploadbg1').style.display = '';
document.getElementById('singleuploadbg2').style.display = '';
document.getElementById('singleuploadbg3').style.display = '';
}
}

var fo = new FlashObject("http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/ru.swf", "singleuploaderswf", "986", "150", 0, "#ffffff");
fo.addParam("wmode", "transparent");
fo.addParam("scale", "noscale");
fo.addParam("salign", "lt");
fo.addVariable("user", "7beb25642f590b6f1440b886326977d8");
fo.addVariable("language", "es");
fo.addVariable("latin", "1");
fo.addVariable("server", "http://www918.megaupload.com/");
fo.addVariable("txt01", "Tiempo restante estimado");
fo.addVariable("txt02", " of ");
fo.addVariable("txt03", "Por favor, seleccione el archivo a cargar.");
fo.addVariable("txt04", "Avanzado");
fo.addVariable("txt05", "Intercambio de tráfico:");
fo.addVariable("txt06", "qué es esto?");
fo.addVariable("txt07", "Avanzado");
fo.addVariable("txt08", "Cerrado");
fo.addVariable("txt09", "Correo electrónico del receptor");
fo.addVariable("txt10", "Su email");
fo.addVariable("txt11", "Contraseña del enlace");
fo.addVariable("txt12", "Destinatarios múltiples");
fo.addVariable("txt13", "(Opcional)");
fo.addVariable("txt14", "(premium)");
fo.addVariable("txt15", "Localización de archivos HTTP / FTP");
fo.addVariable("txt16", "Cancelar carga");
fo.addVariable("txt17", "Tiempo restante estimado:");
fo.addVariable("txt18", "Tiempo consumido:");
fo.addVariable("txt19", "Ratio de transferencia:");
fo.addVariable("txt20", "Por favor, seleccione el archivo a cargar.");
fo.addVariable("txt21", "Por favor, entre una descripción.");
fo.addVariable("txt22", "Al enviar archivos a Megaupload, usted acepta nuestras Condiciones del Servicio.");
fo.addVariable("txt23", "Enlace para intercambio de tráfico (premium).");
fo.addVariable("txt24", "Multicargador");

fo.addVariable("txt25", "What is Traffic Exchange?");
fo.addVariable("txt26", " (more info) ");

fo.addVariable("cancel", "Cancelar");
fo.addVariable("upp", "Carga en proceso");
fo.addVariable("ver", "Verificación en proceso");
fo.addVariable("upc", "Carga completa");

fo.write();
</script>
</div>

</div>









<div style="position:relative; display:none;" id="uploadwindow">
<br><br>

<div style="position:relative; width:990px;">

<script type="text/javascript">

function resizemultiuploader(totalfiles)
{
if (totalfiles > 10)
{
document.getElementById('multiuploaderswf').style.height = 472+(totalfiles-10)*38;
document.getElementById('multiuploader').style.height = 472+(totalfiles-10)*38;
}
else
{
document.getElementById('multiuploaderswf').style.height = 472;
document.getElementById('multiuploader').style.height = 472;
}
}

function closemultiuploader()
{
hidemultiuploader();
}

function showmultiuploader()
{
if (!hasFlash)
{
document.domain = 'megaupload.com';
document.getElementById('uploadwindow').style.display = 'none';
}
else
{
document.getElementById('singleuploader').style.display = 'none';
}
document.getElementById('multiuploader').style.display = '';
document.getElementById('tabs').style.display = 'none';
}
function hidemultiuploader()
{
if (!hasFlash)
{
document.getElementById('uploadwindow').style.display = '';
}
else
{
document.getElementById('singleuploader').style.display = '';
}
document.getElementById('multiuploader').style.display = 'none';
document.getElementById('tabs').style.display = '';
}

</script>




<div style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:88px;">
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD><a href="javascript:showmultiuploader();"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/multiuploader.gif" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" BORDER="0" ALT=""></a></TD>
<TD><a href="javascript:showmultiuploader();" style="color:#000000; font-size:11px; text-decoration:none; font-family:arial;">multiuploader</a></TD>

</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>

<center>

<script type="text/javascript">
sendbut = new Image(84,27);
sendbuto = new Image(84,27);
sendbuto.src = 'http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/es/b_send_o.gif';
</script>


<TABLE style="color:#000000; font-family:arial; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold;">
<FORM style="display: inline;" METHOD="POST" ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data" action="http://www918.megaupload.com/upload_done.php?UPLOAD_IDENTIFIER=737500062915149" target="uploadframe" id="uploadform">
<TR>
<TD width="150">Deseo cargar</TD>
<TD width="50">

<select name="uploadcnt" onchange="showfileuploads(this.selectedIndex);">
<option value="0">1</option>
<option value="1">2</option>
<option value="2">3</option>
<option value="3">4</option>
<option value="4">5</option>

<option value="5">6</option>
<option value="6">7</option>
<option value="7">8</option>
<option value="8">9</option>
<option value="9">10</option>
</select>

</TD>
<TD width="80" align="center">archivo(s)</TD>
<TD width="400">
<div class="fileinputs">
<input type="file" class="file" onchange="document.getElementById('file1').value=this.value;" name="multifile_0" id="multifile_0">
<div class="fakefile">
<TABLE>
<TR>

<TD><input style="width:310px;" id="file1"></TD>
<TD><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/b_browse.gif"></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<TABLE style="color:#000000; font-family:arial; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold;">

<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="150">Descripción del archivo</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="538">

<div style="position:relative; height:25px;">

<div style="position:absolute; left:-1px; top:0px;"><input type="text" name="multimessage_0" style="width:452px;" id="multimessage_0"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:455px; top:0px;"><a href="javascript:startupload();"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/es/b_send.gif" WIDTH="84" HEIGHT="27" BORDER="0" ALT="" onmouseover="sendbut.src=this.src; this.src=sendbuto.src;" onmouseout="this.src=sendbut.src;"></a></div>

</div>

</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> <a href="?c=exchange" style="color:#000000;">Intercambio de tráfico</a>






</TD>
<TD>

<div style="position:relative; height:25px;">

<div style="position:absolute; left:-1px; top:0px;"><input type="text" name="trafficurl" style="width:452px;" value="http://"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:459px; top:3px; width:150px; text-align:left;"><a href="?c=exchange" style="font-size:11px; color:#000000; text-decoration:none; font-weight:normal;">(qué es esto?)</a></div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:590px; width:150px; top:0px; width:90px; text-align:right;" id="advancedon_text">

<TABLE align="right">
<TR>
<TD><a href="javascript:showadvanced(1);"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/adv_down.gif" WIDTH="7" HEIGHT="4" BORDER="0" ALT="" style="margin-top:2px;"></a></TD>
<TD><a href="javascript:showadvanced(1);" style="font-size:11px; color:#000000; text-decoration:none; font-weight:normal;">Avanzado</a></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:590px; width:150px; top:0px; width:90px; text-align:right; display:none;" id="advancedoff_text">

<TABLE align="right">
<TR>
<TD><a href="javascript:showadvanced(0);"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/adv_up.gif" WIDTH="7" HEIGHT="4" BORDER="0" ALT="" style="margin-top:2px;"></a></TD>
<TD><a href="javascript:showadvanced(0);" style="font-size:11px; color:#000000; text-decoration:none; font-weight:normal;">Cerrado</a></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>
</div>

</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>


<script type="text/javascript">

function losefocus(inputvalue,text_id)
{
if (inputvalue == '') document.getElementById(text_id).style.display='';
}


function showadvanced(state)
{
if (state == 0)
{
document.getElementById('advancedoff_text').style.display = 'none';
document.getElementById('advanced').style.display = 'none';
document.getElementById('advancedon_text').style.display = '';
}
else if (state == 1)
{
document.getElementById('advancedoff_text').style.display = '';
document.getElementById('advanced').style.display = '';
document.getElementById('advancedon_text').style.display = 'none';
}
advancedvar=state;
}

</script>





<div style="position:relative; width:984px; height:120px; display:none;" id="advanced">
<div style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:20px; width:984px; height:99px; background-image:url('http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/adv_bgr3.gif');">

<div style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:18px;"><input type="text" style="width:300px; height:22px; border:1px solid; border-color:#AEAEB0;" onfocus="document.getElementById('recipient_text').style.display='none';" onblur="javascript:losefocus(this.value,'recipient_text');" id="recipient" name="toemail"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:23px; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; cursor:text;" id="recipient_text" onclick="this.style.display='none'; document.getElementById('recipient').focus();">Correo electrónico del receptor <font style="font-weight:normal;">(opcional)</font></div>


<div style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:53px;"><input type="text" style="width:300px; height:22px; border:1px solid; border-color:#AEAEB0;" onfocus="document.getElementById('youremail_text').style.display='none';" onblur="javascript:losefocus(this.value,'youremail_text');" id="youremail" name="fromemail"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:58px; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; cursor:text;" id="youremail_text" onclick="this.style.display='none'; document.getElementById('youremail').focus();">Su email <font style="font-weight:normal;">(opcional)</font></div>


<div style="position:absolute; left:345px; top:18px;"><input type="text" style="width:300px; height:22px; border:1px solid; border-color:#AEAEB0;" id="password" name="password" readonly></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:350px; top:23px; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; " id="password_text" ><a href="?c=premium" target="_blank" style="color:#000000; text-decoration:none; font-size:11px;">Contraseña del enlace <font style="font-weight:normal;">(premium)</font></a></div>


<div style="position:absolute; left:345px; top:53px;"><input type="text" style="width:625px; height:22px; border:1px solid; border-color:#AEAEB0;" id="multiple" name="multiemail" readonly></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:350px; top:58px; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; " id="multiple_text" ><a href="?c=premium" target="_blank" style="color:#000000; text-decoration:none; font-size:11px;">Destinatarios múltiples <font style="font-weight:normal;">(premium)</font></a></div>


<div style="position:absolute; left:672px; top:15px;"><a href="?c=premium" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/adv_mf.gif" WIDTH="301" HEIGHT="28" BORDER="0" ALT=""></a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:672px; top:21px; width:300px; text-align:center;"><center><a href="?c=premium" target="_blank" style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; text-decoration:none; font-size:11px;">Localización de archivos HTTP / FTP </a><a href="?c=premium" target="_blank" style="font-weight:normal; color:#000000; text-decoration:none; font-size:11px;">(premium)</a></center></div>


</div>
</div>


<div style="position:relative; text-align:center; width:990px; display:none;" id="fileupload2">
<center>
<div style="position:relative; height:30px;"></div>
<IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/upload_line.gif" WIDTH="985" HEIGHT="1" BORDER="0" ALT="">
<div style="position:relative; height:20px;"></div>
<TABLE style="color:#000000; font-family:arial; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold;">
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="147">Archivo nº 2</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">

<div class="fileinputs">
<input type="file" class="file2" onchange="document.getElementById('file2').value=this.value;" name="multifile_1" id="multifile_1">
<div class="fakefile">
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD align="left"><input style="width:452px;" id="file2"></TD>
<TD><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/b_browse.gif" ></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>

</div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="147">Descripción del archivo</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">

<div style="position:relative; height:25px;">
<div style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:0px;"><input type="text" name="multimessage_1" id="multimessage_1" style="width:538px;"></div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</center>
</div>
<div style="position:relative; text-align:center; width:990px; display:none;" id="fileupload3">
<center>
<div style="position:relative; height:30px;"></div>
<IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/upload_line.gif" WIDTH="985" HEIGHT="1" BORDER="0" ALT="">
<div style="position:relative; height:20px;"></div>

<TABLE style="color:#000000; font-family:arial; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold;">
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="147">Archivo nº 3</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">
<div class="fileinputs">
<input type="file" class="file2" onchange="document.getElementById('file3').value=this.value;" name="multifile_2" id="multifile_2">
<div class="fakefile">

<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD align="left"><input style="width:452px;" id="file3"></TD>
<TD><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/b_browse.gif" ></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>
</div>
</TD>

</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="147">Descripción del archivo</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">
<div style="position:relative; height:25px;">
<div style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:0px;"><input type="text" name="multimessage_2" id="multimessage_2" style="width:538px;"></div>
</div>

</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</center>
</div>
<div style="position:relative; text-align:center; width:990px; display:none;" id="fileupload4">
<center>
<div style="position:relative; height:30px;"></div>
<IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/upload_line.gif" WIDTH="985" HEIGHT="1" BORDER="0" ALT="">
<div style="position:relative; height:20px;"></div>
<TABLE style="color:#000000; font-family:arial; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold;">
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>

<TD width="147">Archivo nº 4</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">
<div class="fileinputs">
<input type="file" class="file2" onchange="document.getElementById('file4').value=this.value;" name="multifile_3" id="multifile_3">
<div class="fakefile">
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD align="left"><input style="width:452px;" id="file4"></TD>

<TD><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/b_browse.gif" ></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD width="147">Descripción del archivo</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">
<div style="position:relative; height:25px;">
<div style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:0px;"><input type="text" name="multimessage_3" id="multimessage_3" style="width:538px;"></div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</center>

</div>
<div style="position:relative; text-align:center; width:990px; display:none;" id="fileupload5">
<center>
<div style="position:relative; height:30px;"></div>
<IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/upload_line.gif" WIDTH="985" HEIGHT="1" BORDER="0" ALT="">
<div style="position:relative; height:20px;"></div>
<TABLE style="color:#000000; font-family:arial; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold;">
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="147">Archivo nº 5</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">

<div class="fileinputs">
<input type="file" class="file2" onchange="document.getElementById('file5').value=this.value;" name="multifile_4" id="multifile_4">
<div class="fakefile">
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD align="left"><input style="width:452px;" id="file5"></TD>
<TD><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/b_browse.gif" ></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>

</div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="147">Descripción del archivo</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">

<div style="position:relative; height:25px;">
<div style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:0px;"><input type="text" name="multimessage_4" id="multimessage_4" style="width:538px;"></div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</center>
</div>
<div style="position:relative; text-align:center; width:990px; display:none;" id="fileupload6">
<center>
<div style="position:relative; height:30px;"></div>
<IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/upload_line.gif" WIDTH="985" HEIGHT="1" BORDER="0" ALT="">
<div style="position:relative; height:20px;"></div>

<TABLE style="color:#000000; font-family:arial; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold;">
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="147">Archivo nº 6</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">
<div class="fileinputs">
<input type="file" class="file2" onchange="document.getElementById('file6').value=this.value;" name="multifile_5" id="multifile_5">
<div class="fakefile">

<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD align="left"><input style="width:452px;" id="file6"></TD>
<TD><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/b_browse.gif" ></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>
</div>
</TD>

</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="147">Descripción del archivo</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">
<div style="position:relative; height:25px;">
<div style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:0px;"><input type="text" name="multimessage_5" id="multimessage_5" style="width:538px;"></div>
</div>

</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</center>
</div>
<div style="position:relative; text-align:center; width:990px; display:none;" id="fileupload7">
<center>
<div style="position:relative; height:30px;"></div>
<IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/upload_line.gif" WIDTH="985" HEIGHT="1" BORDER="0" ALT="">
<div style="position:relative; height:20px;"></div>
<TABLE style="color:#000000; font-family:arial; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold;">
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>

<TD width="147">Archivo nº 7</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">
<div class="fileinputs">
<input type="file" class="file2" onchange="document.getElementById('file7').value=this.value;" name="multifile_6" id="multifile_6">
<div class="fakefile">
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD align="left"><input style="width:452px;" id="file7"></TD>

<TD><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/b_browse.gif" ></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD width="147">Descripción del archivo</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">
<div style="position:relative; height:25px;">
<div style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:0px;"><input type="text" name="multimessage_6" id="multimessage_6" style="width:538px;"></div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</center>

</div>
<div style="position:relative; text-align:center; width:990px; display:none;" id="fileupload8">
<center>
<div style="position:relative; height:30px;"></div>
<IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/upload_line.gif" WIDTH="985" HEIGHT="1" BORDER="0" ALT="">
<div style="position:relative; height:20px;"></div>
<TABLE style="color:#000000; font-family:arial; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold;">
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="147">Archivo nº 8</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">

<div class="fileinputs">
<input type="file" class="file2" onchange="document.getElementById('file8').value=this.value;" name="multifile_7" id="multifile_7">
<div class="fakefile">
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD align="left"><input style="width:452px;" id="file8"></TD>
<TD><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/b_browse.gif" ></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>

</div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="147">Descripción del archivo</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">

<div style="position:relative; height:25px;">
<div style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:0px;"><input type="text" name="multimessage_7" id="multimessage_7" style="width:538px;"></div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</center>
</div>
<div style="position:relative; text-align:center; width:990px; display:none;" id="fileupload9">
<center>
<div style="position:relative; height:30px;"></div>
<IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/upload_line.gif" WIDTH="985" HEIGHT="1" BORDER="0" ALT="">
<div style="position:relative; height:20px;"></div>

<TABLE style="color:#000000; font-family:arial; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold;">
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="147">Archivo nº 9</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">
<div class="fileinputs">
<input type="file" class="file2" onchange="document.getElementById('file9').value=this.value;" name="multifile_8" id="multifile_8">
<div class="fakefile">

<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD align="left"><input style="width:452px;" id="file9"></TD>
<TD><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/b_browse.gif" ></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>
</div>
</TD>

</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="147">Descripción del archivo</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">
<div style="position:relative; height:25px;">
<div style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:0px;"><input type="text" name="multimessage_8" id="multimessage_8" style="width:538px;"></div>
</div>

</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</center>
</div>
<div style="position:relative; text-align:center; width:990px; display:none;" id="fileupload10">
<center>
<div style="position:relative; height:30px;"></div>
<IMG SRC="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/upload_line.gif" WIDTH="985" HEIGHT="1" BORDER="0" ALT="">
<div style="position:relative; height:20px;"></div>
<TABLE style="color:#000000; font-family:arial; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold;">
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>

<TD width="147">Archivo nº 10</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">
<div class="fileinputs">
<input type="file" class="file2" onchange="document.getElementById('file10').value=this.value;" name="multifile_9" id="multifile_9">
<div class="fakefile">
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD align="left"><input style="width:452px;" id="file10"></TD>

<TD><img src="http://wwwstatic.megaupload.com/gui2/b_browse.gif" ></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4" height="10"></TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD width="147">Descripción del archivo</TD>
<TD colspan="3" width="542">
<div style="position:relative; height:25px;">
<div style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:0px;"><input type="text" name="multimessage_9" id="multimessage_9" style="width:538px;"></div>
</div>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</center>

</div>
</form>










<div style="position:relative; height:30px;">

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== Las feromonas en las abejas ==
== Las feromonas en las abejas ==

Revisión del 02:26 19 mar 2010

Las feromonas son sustancias químicas secretadas por un individuo con el fin de provocar un comportamiento determinado en otro individuo de la misma u otra especie. Son por tanto un medio de señales cuyas principales ventajas son el gran alcance y la evitación de obstáculos, puesto que son arrastradas por el aire.

El término fue acuñado a finales de la década de los cincuenta del siglo XX, a partir de las raíces griegas φέρω (llevar) y ὁρμόνη (estímulo, hormona). Algunas mariposas, como los machos de Saturnia pyri, son capaces de detectar el olor de la hembra a 20 km de distancia.

Muchas especies de plantas y animales han utilizado diferentes aromas o mensajes químicos como medio de comunicación y casi todas utilizan uno o varios códigos por este medio, tanto para atraerse sexualmente como para otros fines. Estas sustancias tienen además la particularidad de inducir cambios en el comportamiento de los individuos que tienen contacto con ellas.

Humanos

Hay estudios científicos que parecen señalar la existencia de feromonas en los humanos (Universidad de Chicago, Universidad de San Francisco, California, Karolinska Institute in Stockholm). Aún así, estos estudios siguen siendo sujetos a debate por su metodología y por sus conclusiones[1][2]​. Actualmente no existe un consenso definitivo dentro de la comunidad científica sobre la existencia de feromonas humanas.

Las feromonas en las abejas

Las feromonas en las abejas domésticas se producen en glándulas especiales y actúan a través del olfato por regla general. Las obreras también las tienen. Son especialmente conocidas las glándulas de Nasonov, bajo el abdomen, que emiten las feromonas de alarma. Las avientan levantando el abdomen y batiendo las alas.

Algunas feromonas pueden funcionar por intercambio oral. La reina las emplea para controlar a las obreras y, en el vuelo nupcial, para atraer a los machos. Estimula la agregación en los enjambres, impide la construcción de celdas realeras, transmite su presencia, lo que mantiene la tranquilidad de la colmena, promueve la recolección de néctar.

Hay feromonas producidas por glándulas mandibulares que impregnan el cuerpo y son recogidas por las obreras con la lengua, y así las transmiten para generalizar el conocimiento de que la reina está presente.

Las feromonas que inhiben la construcción de nuevas celdas realeras (las que sirven para criar nuevas reinas) se producen en glándulas tarsales (en las patas).

Las feromonas en las hormigas

Las hormigas basan su compleja organización social en las diferentes feromonas que transmiten, que se pueden agrupar en diferentes tipos.

Feromonas de organización social. Se transmiten por vías digestivas, ya sea por la boca (estomodeal) o por el ano (proctodeal). A esta transmisión se la denomina Trofalaxis. Son la base de la organización social, y con ella se puede transmitir diferentes tipos de información, como los niveles de alimento, o las necesidades de la reina.

Feromonas de casta. En el proceso de desarrollo se presentan diferentes castas según su alimentación. Las obreras "alimentan" a las larvas con la feromona, según sea el requerimiento del hormiguero. Si se les aporta la feromona por 2 ó 3 días, de esa larva surgirá una obrera, mientras que si se le aporta por 5 días, surge una soldado, y con más de 12 días, una princesa. En todos los casos son hembras, pero en el caso de la obrera y la soldado, las gónadas están atrofiadas. Los machos en estos casos se producen mediante la no fecundación del huevo, lo que les convierte en seres producto de partenogénesis.

Feromonas disparadoras. Se trata de sustancias olorosas transmitidas al medio. Se pueden diferenciar cuatro tipos de éstas.

  • Feromonas marcadoras de pistas. Cuando una hormiga o un grupo encuentran el alimento, dejan un rastro para que otros vayan a la misma fuente de alimento. Las hormigas, marcan el rastro en el suelo, mediante las glándulas que tienen en el abdomen.
  • Feromonas de agregación social. Las colonias en las que viven las hormigas tienen un olor característico y propio, que lo presentan todos y sólo los individuos de esa colonia. Un individuo intruso sería rápidamente reconocido por su olor.
  • Feromonas de alarma. Mediante olores, puede hacerse un rápido aviso de la presencia de un enemigo. Las glándulas se sitúan en el abdomen, cerca de la glándula del ácido, y la feromona es disparada en altas concentraciones, y difuminada por unas pequeñas setas que hay en el poro. De esta forma, la feromona queda en suspensión en el aire, y es captada rápidamente por el resto de hormigas, que a su vez vuelven a disparar la feromona. En muy poco tiempo, se activa una alarma general.
  • Feromonas sexuales. Las hembras, durante el vuelo nupcial, producen olores de atracción para los machos, para ayudarles a encontrarse y realizar la cópula.

Referencias

  1. Anders Winman (2004). «Do perfume additives termed human pheromones warrant being termed pheromones?». Physiology & Behavior Volume , Issue 4, 30 September , Pages 82 (4): 697-701. PMID 15327919. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.06.006. 
  2. Charles J. Wysocki, George Preti (1998). «Pheromonal Influences». Archives of Sexual Behavior 27 (6): 627-641. PMID 9883309. doi:10.1023/A:1018729302720. 

Enlaces externos

Tres notas sobre feromonas en Gen Altruista