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MODFLOW is the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference flow model, which is a computer code that solves the groundwater flow equation. The program is used by hydrogeologists to simulate the flow of groundwater through aquifers. The code is free software, written primarily in Fortran, and can compile and run on DOS, Windows or Unix-like operating systems.

Since its original development in the early 1980s,^[1] the USGS have released four major releases, and is now considered to be the de facto standard code for aquifer simulation. Currently, there are at least five actively developed commercial and non-commercial graphical user interfaces for MODFLOW.

Groundwater flow equation

The governing partial differential equation used in MODFLOW is:

{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}\left[K_{xx}{\frac {\partial h}{\partial x}}\right]+{\frac {\partial }{\partial y}}\left[K_{yy}{\frac {\partial h}{\partial y}}\right]+{\frac {\partial }{\partial z}}\left[K_{zz}{\frac {\partial h}{\partial z}}\right]+W=S_{S}{\frac {\partial h}{\partial t}}

where

$K_{xx}$ , $K_{yy}$ and $K_{zz}$ are the values of hydraulic conductivity along the x, y, and z coordinate axes (L/T)
$h$ is the potentiometric head (L)
$W$ is a volumetric flux per unit volume representing sources and/or sinks of water, where negative values are extractions, and positive values are injections (T⁻¹)
$S_{S}$ is the specific storage of the porous material (L⁻¹); and
$t\,$ is time (T)

Finite difference

The finite difference form of the partial differential in a discretized aquifer domain (represented using rows, columns and layers) is:

{\begin{aligned}&CR_{i,j-{\tfrac {1}{2}},k}\left(h_{i,j-1,k}^{m}-h_{i,j,k}^{m}\right)+CR_{i,j+{\tfrac {1}{2}},k}\left(h_{i,j+1,k}^{m}-h_{i,j,k}^{m}\right)+\\&CC_{i-{\tfrac {1}{2}},j,k}\left(h_{i-1,j,k}^{m}-h_{i,j,k}^{m}\right)+CC_{i+{\tfrac {1}{2}},j,k}\left(h_{i+1,j,k}^{m}-h_{i,j,k}^{m}\right)+\\&CV_{i,j,k-{\tfrac {1}{2}}}\left(h_{i,j,k-1}^{m}-h_{i,j,k}^{m}\right)+CV_{i,j,k+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}\left(h_{i,j,k+1}^{m}-h_{i,j,k}^{m}\right)+\\&P_{i,j,k}\,h_{i,j,k}^{m}+Q_{i,j,k}=SS_{i,j,k}\left(DELR_{j}\cdot DELC_{i}\cdot THICK_{i,j,k}\right){\frac {h_{i,j,k}^{m}-h_{i,j,k}^{m-1}}{t^{m}-t^{m-1}}}\end{aligned}}

where

$h_{i,j,k}^{m}\,$ is the hydraulic head at cell i,j,k at time step m
CV, CR and CC are the hydraulic conductances, or branch conductances between node i,j,k and a neighboring node
$P_{i,j,k}\,$ is the sum of coefficients of head from source and sink terms
$Q_{i,j,k}\,$ is the sum of constants from source and sink terms, where $Q_{i,j,k}<0.0\,$ is flow out of the groundwater system (such as pumping) and $Q_{i,j,k}>0.0\,$ is flow in (such as injection)
$SS_{i,j,k}\,$ is the specific storage
$DELR_{j}\,$ , $DELC_{i}\,$ and $THICK_{i,j,k}\,$ are the dimensions of cell i,j,k, which, when multiplied, represent the volume of the cell
$t^{m}\,$ is the time at time step m

Limitations

The water must have a constant density, dynamic viscosity (and consequently temperature) throughout the modelling domain (SEAWAT-2000 is a modified version of MODFLOW-2000 which is designed for density-dependent groundwater flow and transport)

\mathbf {K} ={\begin{bmatrix}K_{xx}&0&0\\0&K_{yy}&0\\0&0&K_{zz}\end{bmatrix}}\

The principle components of anisotropy of the hydraulic conductivity used in MODFLOW is displayed on the right. This tensor does not allow non-orthogonal anisotropies, as could be expected from flow in fractures. Horizontal anisotropy for an entire layer can be represented by the coefficient "TRPY" (Data Item 3 Page 153 ^[2].

Versions

"Modular Model"

The USGS throughout the 1970s had developed several hundred models, written in different dialects of FORTRAN. At the time, it was common practice to rewrite a new model to fit the need of a new groundwater scenario. The concept for MODFLOW was originally designed in 1981 to provide a common modular groundwater model, which could be compiled on multiple platforms without major (or any) modification, and can read and write common formats. Different aspects of the groundwater system would be handled using the modules, similar to the idea of a "component stereo system". The original name of the code was "The USGS Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Ground-Water Flow Model", or informally as "The Modular Model." The name MODFLOW was coined several years after the initial code development, which started in 1981.^[1]

The first version of MODFLOW^[2] was published on December 28, 1983, and was coded entirely in FORTRAN 66. The source code for this version is listed in USGS Open File Report 83-875 referred to above.

MODFLOW-88

This version of MODFLOW^[3] was rewritten in FORTRAN 77, and was originally released on July 24, 1987. The current version of MODFLOW-88 is 2.6, released on September 20, 1996.

MODPATH, was initially developed in 1989 to post-process the steady-state MODFLOW-88 data to determine three-dimensional pathlines of particles. This innovation has been indispensable for the fields of contaminant hydrogeology. It is still used as a post-processor in recent versions of MODFLOW.

A separate program, MODFLOWP, was developed in 1992 to estimate various parameters used in MODFLOW. This program was eventually built into MODFLOW-2000.

MODFLOW-96

MODFLOW-96 (version 3.0) was originally released on December 3, 1996, and is a cleaned-up and revised continuation of MODFLOW-88.^[4]^[5] There are three final releases of MODFLOW-96:

MODFLOW-96, version 3.3 (May 2, 2000)
MODFLOW-96h (with HYDMOD package), version 3.3h (July 10, 2000)
MODFLOWP (MODFLOW-96 with parameter-estimation), version 3.2 (Oct 9, 1997)

Several graphical interfaces were first developed using the MODFLOW-96 code.

MODFLOW-2000

MODFLOW-2000 (version 1.0; version numbering was reset) was released on July 20, 2000, which merged MODFLOWP and HYDMOD codes into the main program.^[6] Many new packages and enhancements were also included, including new solvers, stream and saturated flow packages. The internal design concepts also changed from previous versions, such that packages, processes and modules are distinct. This version is coded in a mixture of FORTRAN 77, Fortran 90, and C. MODFLOW-2000 can also be compiled for parallel computing, which can allow multiple processors to be used to increase model complexity and/or reduce simulation time.

There are four current version of MODFLOW-2000:

MODFLOW-2000 (or mf2k), version 1.18.00 (August 23, 2007)
MF2k-GWM, with groundwater management capability using optimization, version 1.1.1 (March 15, 2007)
MF2k-FMP, with Farm Process, version 1.00 (May 19, 2006), based on mf2k 1.15.03
MF2K-GWT, groundwater flow and solute-transport model, version 1.9.7 (July 10, 2007), compatible with mf2k 1.17.02

MODFLOW-2005

This is the present development version of MODFLOW.^[7] It is written primarily in Fortran 90 and C. The current versions include:

MODFLOW-LGR with local grid refinement, version 1.1 (August 8, 2007)
MODFLOW-2005 version 1.5.00 (April 28, 2008)

Packages

Name	Long name	Version introduced
Required packages
BAS	Basic	original
OC	Output Control	original
Groundwater flow packages
BCF	Block-Centered Flow	original
LPF	Layer-Property Flow	MODFLOW-2000 (1.0)
HUF	Hydrogeologic Unit Flow	MODFLOW-2000 (1.1)
UZF	Unsaturated-Zone Flow	MODFLOW-2005 (1.2)
Solvers
SIP	Strongly Implicit Procedure	original
SOR	Slice Successive Over-Relaxation	original
DE4	Direct Solver	MODFLOW-88 (2.5)
PCG	Preconditioned Conjugate-Gradient	MODFLOW-88
LMG	Link-AMG	MODFLOW-2000 (1.4) ^{[Note 1]}
GMG	Geometric Multigrid Solver	MODFLOW-2000 (1.15.00)
Head-dependent flux boundary packages
GHB	General-Head Boundary	original
DRN	Drain	original
DRT	Drain Return	MODFLOW-2000 (1.1)
RIV	River	original
EVT	Evapotranspiration	original
ETS	Evapotranspiration Segments	MODFLOW-2000 (1.1)
RES	Reservoir	MODFLOW-88 (2.6)
LAK	Lake	MODFLOW-2000 (1.1)
STR	Stream	MODFLOW-88
SFR	Streamflow-Routing	MODFLOW-2000 (1.14.00)
MNW	Multi-Node, Drawdown-Limited Well	MODFLOW-2000 (1.11)
DAF	DAFLOW	MODFLOW-2000 (1.11)
Other stress packages
WEL	Well	original
CHD	Constant-Head Boundary	MODFLOW-88
FHB	Flow and Head Boundary	MODFLOW-96 (3.2)
RCH	Recharge	original
HFB	Horizontal Flow Barrier	MODFLOW-88
Miscellaneous packages
DIS	Discretization	MODFLOW-2000 (1.0)
GAG	Gage	MODFLOW-2000
HYD	HYDMOD	MODFLOW-2000 (1.1)
IBS	Interbed-Storage	MODFLOW-88
KDEP	Hydraulic-Conductivity Depth-Dependence Capability	MODFLOW-2000 (1.12)
LMT	Link-MT3DMS	MODFLOW-2000 (1.5)
LVDA	Model-Layer Variable-Direction Horizontal Anisotropy Capability	MODFLOW-2000 (1.12)
SUB	Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction	MODFLOW-2000 (1.12)
SWT	Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction Package for Water-Table Aquifers	MODFLOW-2000 (1.18)
UTL	Utility	original
Observation process input files
OBS	Input File For All Observations	MODFLOW-2000
HOB	Head-Observation	MODFLOW-2000
DROB	Drain Observation	MODFLOW-2000
DTOB	Drain Return Observation	MODFLOW-2000
RVOB	River Observation	MODFLOW-2000
GBOB	General-Head-Boundary Observation	MODFLOW-2000
CHOB	Constant-Head Flow Observation	MODFLOW-2000
ADV	Advective-Transport Observation	MODFLOW-2000 (1.0)
STOB	Stream Observation	MODFLOW-2000
Obsolete packages
GFD	General Finite-Difference	MODFLOW-88 to 96
TLK	Transient Leakage	MODFLOW-88 to 96

↑ Due to licensing restrictions, the USGS is no longer able to publicly distribute the Algebraic Multi-Grid

Graphical user interfaces

There are several graphical interfaces to MODFLOW, which often include the compiled MODFLOW code with modifications. These programs aid the input of data for creating MODFLOW models.

Non-commercial interfaces

Non-commercial MODFLOW versions are free, however, their licensing usually limit the use to non-profit educational or research purposes.

MODFLOW-GUI – Made by the USGS: it is updated often to match the current USGS MODFLOW development. It supports MODFLOW-96, MODFLOW-2000, MODFLOW-2005, MODPATH, ZONEBUDGET, GWT, MT3DMS, SEAWAT, and GWM. Source code for MODFLOW-GUI is included. It depends on Argus ONE: a commercial interface for constructing generic models. There are no license restrictions beyond those of Argus ONE.
PMWIN – "Processing MODFLOW" (for Windows) – powerful freeware for MODFLOW processing and visualization, provided alongside an instructional book;^[8] also available in Traditional Chinese. The license for this version is limited to non-commercial use.
ModelMuse is a grid-independent graphical user interface from the USGS for MODFLOW-2005, MODPATH, and PHAST. There are no license restrictions. The source code is included. ModelMuse

Commercial programs

Archivo:VMF screenshot.png

Visual MODFLOW—one of several programs used to make MODFLOW models

Commercial MODFLOW programs are typically used by governments and consultants for practical applications of MODFLOW to real-world groundwater problems. Professional versions of MODFLOW are generally priced at a minimum of around $1000 and typically range upward to $7000 USD. This is a list of commercial programs for MODFLOW:

GMS – Groundwater Modeling System
Groundwater Vistas Publisher
Groundwater Vistas
PMWIN Pro – Same as non-Pro version,^[8] but licensing compatible for commercial use
Visual MODFLOW

All current versions of these programs run only on Microsoft Windows, however previous versions of GMS (up to Version 3.1) were compiled for several Unix platforms.

Former graphical interfaces

Graphic Groundwater – Windows-based interface
ModelCad – A Windows-based interface, developed by Geraghty and Miller, Inc.
ModIME – A DOS-based interface by S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc.

Other Commonly Used Groundwater Models

References

↑ ^a ^b McDonald M.G. and Harbaugh, A.W. (2003). «The History of MODFLOW». Ground Water 41 (2): 280-283. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02591.x.
↑ ^a ^b ^c McDonald, M.G., and Harbaugh, A.W. (December 28, 1983). A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model. Open-File Report 83-875. U.S. Geological Survey.
↑ McDonald, M.G., and Harbaugh, A.W. (1988). A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model (PDF). Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 6. U.S. Geological Survey.
↑ Harbaugh, A.W., and McDonald, M.G. (1996a). User's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model. Open-File Report 96-485. U.S. Geological Survey.
↑ Harbaugh, A.W., and McDonald, M.G. (1996). Programmer's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model. Open-File Report 96-486. U.S. Geological Survey.
↑ Harbaugh, A.W., Banta, E.R., Hill, M.C., and McDonald, M.G. (2000). MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model — User guide to modularization concepts and the Ground-Water Flow Process. Open-File Report 00-92. U.S. Geological Survey.
↑ Harbaugh, Arlen W. (2005). MODFLOW-2005, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model—the Ground-Water Flow Process. Techniques and Methods 6–A16. U.S. Geological Survey.
↑ ^a ^b Wen-Hsing Chiang (2005). 3D-Groundwater Modeling with PMWIN (Second edición). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-27590-9. doi:10.1007/3-540-27592-4.

External links

MODFLOW and related programs official website
Online guide to MODFLOW-2000 and MODFLOW-2005
MODFLOW Users Group on LinkedIn
MODFLOW Users Group on Google Groups

[LMG-8] Due to licensing restrictions, the USGS is no longer able to publicly distribute the Algebraic Multi-Grid

[mcdonald03-1] McDonald M.G. and Harbaugh, A.W. (2003). «The History of MODFLOW». Ground Water 41 (2): 280-283. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02591.x.

[mcdonald83-2] McDonald, M.G., and Harbaugh, A.W. (December 28, 1983). A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model. Open-File Report 83-875. U.S. Geological Survey.

[3] McDonald, M.G., and Harbaugh, A.W. (1988). A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model (PDF). Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 6. U.S. Geological Survey.

[4] Harbaugh, A.W., and McDonald, M.G. (1996a). User's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model. Open-File Report 96-485. U.S. Geological Survey.

[5] Harbaugh, A.W., and McDonald, M.G. (1996). Programmer's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model. Open-File Report 96-486. U.S. Geological Survey.

[6] Harbaugh, A.W., Banta, E.R., Hill, M.C., and McDonald, M.G. (2000). MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model — User guide to modularization concepts and the Ground-Water Flow Process. Open-File Report 00-92. U.S. Geological Survey.

[7] Harbaugh, Arlen W. (2005). MODFLOW-2005, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model—the Ground-Water Flow Process. Techniques and Methods 6–A16. U.S. Geological Survey.

[PMWIN-10] Wen-Hsing Chiang (2005). 3D-Groundwater Modeling with PMWIN (Second edición). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-27590-9. doi:10.1007/3-540-27592-4.

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