Diferencia entre revisiones de «Cambio climático en el Medio Oriente y África del Norte»
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[[Archivo:Middle East map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb| |
[[Archivo:Middle East map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Mapa del Medio Oriente de la clasificación climática de Köppen]] |
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[[Archivo:Africa_map_of_Köppen_climate_classification.svg|thumb| |
[[Archivo:Africa_map_of_Köppen_climate_classification.svg|thumb|Mapa de África de la clasificación climática de Köppen]] |
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El cambio climático en el Medio Oriente y África del Norte (MENA) se refiere a los cambios en el clima de la [[MENA (región)|región MENA]] y las subsiguientes estrategias de respuesta, adaptación y mitigación de los países de la región. En 2018, la región MENA emitió 3200 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono y produjo el 8.7% de las [[Emisiones de dióxido de carbono|emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero]] (GEI)<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|title=CO2 Emissions {{!}} Global Carbon Atlas|url=http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions|website=www.globalcarbonatlas.org|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref> a pesar de representar solo el 6% de la población mundial.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population, total - Middle East & North Africa, World {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ZQ-1W|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref> Estas emisiones provienen principalmente del [[Industria de la energía|sector energético]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abbass|first1=Rana Alaa|last2=Kumar|first2=Prashant|last3=El-Gendy|first3=Ahmed|date=February 2018|title=An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=175|pages=33–43|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061|bibcode=2018AtmEn.175...33A|issn=1352-2310|url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/845102/1/An%20Overview%20of%20Monitoring%20and%20Reduction%20Strategies%20for%20Health%20and%20Climate%201%20Change%20Related%20Emissions%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20and%20North%20Africa%20Region.pdf}}</ref> un componente integral de muchas economías del Medio Oriente y África del Norte debido a las extensas reservas de [[petróleo]] y [[gas natural]] que se encuentran dentro de la región.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al-mulali|first=Usama|date=2011-10-01|title=Oil consumption, CO2 emission and economic growth in MENA countries|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544211005226|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=36|issue=10|pages=6165–6171|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048|issn=0360-5442}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tagliapietra|first=Simone|date=2019-11-01|title=The impact of the global energy transition on MENA oil and gas producers|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X19300902|journal=Energy Strategy Reviews|language=en|volume=26|pages=100397|doi=10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397|issn=2211-467X}}</ref> |
El cambio climático en el Medio Oriente y África del Norte (MENA) se refiere a los cambios en el clima de la [[MENA (región)|región MENA]] y las subsiguientes estrategias de respuesta, adaptación y mitigación de los países de la región. En 2018, la región MENA emitió 3200 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono y produjo el 8.7% de las [[Emisiones de dióxido de carbono|emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero]] (GEI)<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|title=CO2 Emissions {{!}} Global Carbon Atlas|url=http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions|website=www.globalcarbonatlas.org|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref> a pesar de representar solo el 6% de la población mundial.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population, total - Middle East & North Africa, World {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ZQ-1W|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref> Estas emisiones provienen principalmente del [[Industria de la energía|sector energético]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abbass|first1=Rana Alaa|last2=Kumar|first2=Prashant|last3=El-Gendy|first3=Ahmed|date=February 2018|title=An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=175|pages=33–43|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061|bibcode=2018AtmEn.175...33A|issn=1352-2310|url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/845102/1/An%20Overview%20of%20Monitoring%20and%20Reduction%20Strategies%20for%20Health%20and%20Climate%201%20Change%20Related%20Emissions%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20and%20North%20Africa%20Region.pdf}}</ref> un componente integral de muchas economías del Medio Oriente y África del Norte debido a las extensas reservas de [[petróleo]] y [[gas natural]] que se encuentran dentro de la región.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al-mulali|first=Usama|date=2011-10-01|title=Oil consumption, CO2 emission and economic growth in MENA countries|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544211005226|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=36|issue=10|pages=6165–6171|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048|issn=0360-5442}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tagliapietra|first=Simone|date=2019-11-01|title=The impact of the global energy transition on MENA oil and gas producers|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X19300902|journal=Energy Strategy Reviews|language=en|volume=26|pages=100397|doi=10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397|issn=2211-467X}}</ref> |
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Reconocido por las [[Organización de las Naciones Unidas|Naciones Unidas]], el Banco Mundial y la [[Organización Mundial de la Salud]] como uno de los mayores retos globales del siglo XXI, el [[cambio climático]] está teniendo un efecto sin precedentes en los sistemas naturales de la Tierra.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Global Issues for Global Citizens|date=2006-08-28|publisher=The World Bank|doi=10.1596/978-0-8213-6731-5|isbn=978-0-8213-6731-5|editor-last=Bhargava|editor-first=Viy K.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ten health issues WHO will tackle this year|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Greatest Threat To Global Security: Climate Change Is Not Merely An Environmental Problem|url=https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/greatest-threat-global-security-climate-change-not-merely-environmental-problem|last=Nations|first=United|website=United Nations|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> Sharp global temperature and sea level changes, shifting precipitation patterns and increased frequency of [[extreme weather]] events are some of the main impacts of climate change as identified by the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC).<ref name=":143">IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.</ref> The MENA region is especially vulnerable to such impacts due to its arid and semi-arid environment, facing climatic challenges such as low rainfall, high temperatures and dry soil.<ref name=":143"/><ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|last1=El-Fadel|first1=M.|last2=Bou-Zeid|first2=E.|title=Climate change and water resources in the Middle East: vulnerability, socio-economic impacts and adaptation|journal=Climate Change in the Mediterranean|year=2003|doi=10.4337/9781781950258.00015|hdl=10535/6396|isbn=9781781950258|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The climatic conditions that foster such challenges for MENA are projected by the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] to worsen throughout the 21st century.<ref name=":143"/> If [[greenhouse gas emissions]] are not significantly reduced, part of the MENA region risks becoming uninhabitable before the year 2100.<ref name="Weforum2">{{cite web|title=How the Middle East is suffering on the front lines of climate change|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/middle-east-front-lines-climate-change-mena/|last1=Broom|first1=Douglas|website=World Economic Forum|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Euroactive2">{{cite news|last1=Gornall|first1=Jonathan|date=24 April 2019|title=With climate change, life in the Gulf could become impossible|agency=Euroactive|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/opinion/with-climate-change-life-in-the-gulf-could-become-impossible/|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pal|first1=Jeremy S.|last2=Eltahir|first2=Elfatih A. B.|date=2015-10-26|title=Future temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability|journal=Nature Climate Change|volume=6|issue=2|pages=197–200|doi=10.1038/nclimate2833|issn=1758-678X}}</ref> |
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Climate change is expected to put significant strain on already scarce water and agricultural resources within the MENA region, threatening the national security and political stability of all included countries.<ref name=":324">{{Cite journal|last1=Waha|first1=Katharina|last2=Krummenauer|first2=Linda|last3=Adams|first3=Sophie|last4=Aich|first4=Valentin|last5=Baarsch|first5=Florent|last6=Coumou|first6=Dim|last7=Fader|first7=Marianela|last8=Hoff|first8=Holger|last9=Jobbins|first9=Guy|last10=Marcus|first10=Rachel|last11=Mengel|first11=Matthias|date=2017-04-12|title=Climate change impacts in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region and their implications for vulnerable population groups|journal=Regional Environmental Change|volume=17|issue=6|pages=1623–1638|doi=10.1007/s10113-017-1144-2|s2cid=134523218|issn=1436-3798}}</ref> This has prompted some MENA countries to engage with the issue of climate change on an international level through environmental accords such as the [[Paris Agreement]]. Policy is also being established on a national level amongst MENA countries, with a focus on the development of renewable energies.<ref>{{Citation|last=Brauch|first=Hans Günter|title=Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict|chapter=Policy Responses to Climate Change in the Mediterranean and MENA Region during the Anthropocene|date=2012|series=Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace|volume=8|pages=719–794|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-28626-1_37|isbn=978-3-642-28625-4}}</ref> |
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== Referencias == |
== Referencias == |
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Revisión del 19:26 24 abr 2021
El cambio climático en el Medio Oriente y África del Norte (MENA) se refiere a los cambios en el clima de la región MENA y las subsiguientes estrategias de respuesta, adaptación y mitigación de los países de la región. En 2018, la región MENA emitió 3200 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono y produjo el 8.7% de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI)[1] a pesar de representar solo el 6% de la población mundial.[2] Estas emisiones provienen principalmente del sector energético,[3] un componente integral de muchas economías del Medio Oriente y África del Norte debido a las extensas reservas de petróleo y gas natural que se encuentran dentro de la región.[4][5]
Reconocido por las Naciones Unidas, el Banco Mundial y la Organización Mundial de la Salud como uno de los mayores retos globales del siglo XXI, el cambio climático está teniendo un efecto sin precedentes en los sistemas naturales de la Tierra.[6][7][8] Sharp global temperature and sea level changes, shifting precipitation patterns and increased frequency of extreme weather events are some of the main impacts of climate change as identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).[9] The MENA region is especially vulnerable to such impacts due to its arid and semi-arid environment, facing climatic challenges such as low rainfall, high temperatures and dry soil.[9][10] The climatic conditions that foster such challenges for MENA are projected by the IPCC to worsen throughout the 21st century.[9] If greenhouse gas emissions are not significantly reduced, part of the MENA region risks becoming uninhabitable before the year 2100.[11][12][13]
Climate change is expected to put significant strain on already scarce water and agricultural resources within the MENA region, threatening the national security and political stability of all included countries.[14] This has prompted some MENA countries to engage with the issue of climate change on an international level through environmental accords such as the Paris Agreement. Policy is also being established on a national level amongst MENA countries, with a focus on the development of renewable energies.[15]
Referencias
- ↑ «CO2 Emissions | Global Carbon Atlas». www.globalcarbonatlas.org. Consultado el 10 de abril de 2020.
- ↑ «Population, total - Middle East & North Africa, World | Data». data.worldbank.org. Consultado el 11 de abril de 2020.
- ↑ Abbass, Rana Alaa; Kumar, Prashant; El-Gendy, Ahmed (February 2018). «An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region». Atmospheric Environment 175: 33-43. Bibcode:2018AtmEn.175...33A. ISSN 1352-2310. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061.
- ↑ Al-mulali, Usama (1 de octubre de 2011). «Oil consumption, CO2 emission and economic growth in MENA countries». Energy (en inglés) 36 (10): 6165-6171. ISSN 0360-5442. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048.
- ↑ Tagliapietra, Simone (1 de noviembre de 2019). «The impact of the global energy transition on MENA oil and gas producers». Energy Strategy Reviews (en inglés) 26: 100397. ISSN 2211-467X. doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397.
- ↑ Bhargava, Viy K., ed. (28 de agosto de 2006). Global Issues for Global Citizens. The World Bank. ISBN 978-0-8213-6731-5. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6731-5.
- ↑ «Ten health issues WHO will tackle this year». www.who.int (en inglés). Consultado el 12 de abril de 2020.
- ↑ Nations, United. «The Greatest Threat To Global Security: Climate Change Is Not Merely An Environmental Problem». United Nations (en inglés). Consultado el 12 de abril de 2020.
- ↑ a b c IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
- ↑ El-Fadel, M.; Bou-Zeid, E. (2003). «Climate change and water resources in the Middle East: vulnerability, socio-economic impacts and adaptation». Climate Change in the Mediterranean. ISBN 9781781950258. doi:10.4337/9781781950258.00015. hdl:10535/6396.
- ↑ Broom, Douglas. «How the Middle East is suffering on the front lines of climate change». World Economic Forum. Consultado el 4 February 2020.
- ↑ Gornall, Jonathan (24 April 2019). «With climate change, life in the Gulf could become impossible». Euroactive. Consultado el 4 February 2020.
- ↑ Pal, Jeremy S.; Eltahir, Elfatih A. B. (26 de octubre de 2015). «Future temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability». Nature Climate Change 6 (2): 197-200. ISSN 1758-678X. doi:10.1038/nclimate2833.
- ↑ Waha, Katharina; Krummenauer, Linda; Adams, Sophie; Aich, Valentin; Baarsch, Florent; Coumou, Dim; Fader, Marianela; Hoff, Holger; Jobbins, Guy; Marcus, Rachel; Mengel, Matthias (12 de abril de 2017). «Climate change impacts in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region and their implications for vulnerable population groups». Regional Environmental Change 17 (6): 1623-1638. ISSN 1436-3798. S2CID 134523218. doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1144-2.
- ↑ Brauch, Hans Günter (2012), «Policy Responses to Climate Change in the Mediterranean and MENA Region during the Anthropocene», Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict, Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace 8, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 719-794, ISBN 978-3-642-28625-4, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28626-1_37.