Diferencia entre revisiones de «Esclavitud sexual en el Islam»

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Revisión del 12:02 21 feb 2021

La ley islámica clásica permitía a los hombres tener relaciones sexuales con sus esclavas.^[1]^[2] La literatura musulmana medieval y los documentos legales muestran que las esclavas cuyo uso principal era para fines sexuales se distinguían en los mercados de aquellas cuyo uso principal era para las tareas domésticas. Se les llamaba "esclavas por placer" o "esclavas para las relaciones sexuales". Muchas esclavas se convirtieron en concubinas de sus dueños y dieron a luz a sus hijos. Otras solo fueron utilizadas para el sexo antes de ser transferidas. La asignación para que los hombres usaran anticonceptivos con esclavas ayudó a frustrar los embarazos no deseados.^[3]

Las primeras fuentes indican que la esclavitud sexual de las mujeres se consideraba tanto un privilegio masculino como un privilegio para el vencedor sobre el derrotado.^[4] El comandante militar musulmán puede elegir entre liberar, rescatar o esclavizar incondicionalmente a los cautivos de guerra^[5]. A los hombres se les permitía tener tantas concubinas como pudieran permitirse. Algunos hombres compraron esclavas, mientras que a los soldados musulmanes en las primeras conquistas islámicas se les dio cautivas como recompensa por su participación militar. Como las esclavas por placer eran típicamente más caros, eran un privilegio para los hombres de élite.^[4]

Referencias

↑ Saad, 1990, p. 242.
↑ Smith, 2006, p. 22.
↑ Pernilla, 2019, p. 196–197.
↑ ^a ^b Pernilla, 2019, p. 203.
↑ Mufti, 2019, p. 5.

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[FOOTNOTESaad1990242-1] Saad, 1990, p. 242.

[FOOTNOTESmith200622-2] Smith, 2006, p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEPernilla2019196–197-3] Pernilla, 2019, p. 196–197.

[FOOTNOTEPernilla2019203-4] Pernilla, 2019, p. 203.

[FOOTNOTEMufti20195-5] Mufti, 2019, p. 5.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Línea 5: / Línea 5: @@
 ==Referencias==
 {{Listaref}}
+== Bibliografía ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Pernilla |first1=Myrne |title=Slaves for Pleasure in Arabic Sex and Slave Purchase Manuals from the Tenth to the Twelfth Centuries |journal=Journal of Global Slavery |date=2019 |volume=4|issue=2 |pages=196–225|doi=10.1163/2405836X-00402004| ref = {{sfnRef|Pernilla|2019}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Asifa Quraishi-Landes|title=Feminism, Law, and Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfkFDAAAQBAJ|date=15 April 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-13579-1|chapter=A Meditation on Mahr, Modernity, and Muslim Marriage Contract Law| ref = {{sfnRef|Quraishi-Landes|2016}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Kecia Ali|title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith and Jurisprudence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my4XCwAAQBAJ|date=21 December 2015|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-853-5| ref = {{sfnRef|Ali|2015}}}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Sexual Ethics and Islam : Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence |date=2016 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |ref = {{sfnRef|Ali|2016}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Ibtissam Bouachrine|title=Women and Islam: Myths, Apologies, and the Limits of Feminist Critique|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxavAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|date=21 May 2014|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7907-9| ref = {{sfnRef|Bouachrine|2014}}}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Saad |first1=Salma |title=The legal and social status of women in the Hadith literature |date=1990 |page=242|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/508/1/uk_bl_ethos_443314.pdf| ref = {{sfnRef|Saad|1990}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Jarbel Rodriguez|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0066-9|date=2015}}
+*{{cite book|author=Y. Erdem|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|date=20 November 1996|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37297-9|ref = {{sfnRef|Erdem|1996}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Bernard Lewis|title=The Political Language of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXCTjv2oFtUC&pg=PA82|date=11 June 1991|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-47693-3| ref= {{sfnRef|Lewis|1991}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Malik Mufti|title=The Art of Jihad: Realism in Islamic Political Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0SyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|date=1 October 2019|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-7638-4| ref = {{sfnRef|Mufti|2019}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Nesrine Badawi|title=Islamic Jurisprudence on the Regulation of Armed Conflict: Text and Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MC0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|date=1 October 2019|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-41062-6| ref = {{sfnRef|Badawi|2019}}}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam |publisher=Harvard University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PeOeXlqzZ-cC&pg=PA83|year=2010|isbn=9780674050594 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ali|2010}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Kecia Ali|title=Imam Shafi'i: Scholar and Saint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNvUehSxcesC&pg=PT76|date=1 November 2011|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-004-1|ref = {{sfnRef|Ali|2011}}}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Seedat |first1=Fatima |title=Sexual economies of war and sexual technologies of the body: Militarised Muslim masculinity and the Islamist production of concubines for the caliphate |journal=Agenda |date=2016 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=25–38 |doi=10.1080/10130950.2016.1275558|s2cid=151636667 | ref = {{sfnRef|Seedat|2016}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Hina Azam|title=Sexual Violation in Islamic Law: Substance, Evidence, and Procedure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhy_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|date=26 June 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-09424-6|ref={{sfnRef|Azam|2015}}}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Saron |first1=Mose |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |date=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |ref = {{sfnRef|Saron|1986}}}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Islamic Jurisprudence According To The Four Sunni Schools Al Fiqh 'ala Al Madhahib Al Arba'ah|last1=Al-jaziri|first1=abd Al-rahman|last2=Roberts|first2=Nancy|publisher=Fons Vitae|year=2009|isbn=978-1887752978| ref = {{sfnRef|Nancy|2009}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Rizwi Faizer|title=The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab Al-Maghazi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZknAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA462|date=5 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-92114-8| ref = {{sfnRef|Faizer|2013}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=?abar?|translator=Ismail K. Poonawala|title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 9: The Last Years of the Prophet: The Formation of the State A.D. 630-632/A.H. 8-11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWPQfmdf5J4C&pg=PA25|date=11 September 1990|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-692-4|ref={{sfnRef|Tabari|1990}}}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Concubinage and Consent |journal=International Journal of Media Studies |date=2017 |volume=49  |pages=148–152 |doi=10.1017/S0020743816001203| ref = {{sfnRef|Ali|2017}}|doi-access=free }}
+*{{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=John Ralph |title=Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume One: Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317792130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5y3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43| ref = {{sfnRef|Willis|2014}}}}
+*{{cite book |last1=McMahon |first1=Elisabeth |title=Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107328518 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cwhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18| ref = {{sfnRef|McMahon|2013}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Jonathan E. Brockopp|title=Early Mālikī Law: Ibn ʻAbd Al-Ḥakam and His Major Compendium of Jurisprudence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciSskcBCi3EC|date=1 January 2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-11628-1| ref = {{sfnRef|Brockopp|2000}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=Alice Bellagamba|author2=Sandra E. Greene|author3=Martin A. Klein|title=African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6qxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|date=14 April 2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-19961-2|ref={{sfnRef|Bellagamba|2016}}}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Friedmann |first1=Yohanan |title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam : Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press | ref = {{sfnRef|Friedmann|2003}}}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Giladi |first1=Avner |title=Some Observations on Infanticide in Medieval Muslim Society |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=1990 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=185–200 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800033377 | ref = {{sfnRef|Giladi|1990}}}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Munir |first1=Lily Zakiyah |title=Islam in Southeast Asia: Political, Social and Strategic Challenges for the 21st Century |date=2005 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789812302830 | ref = {{sfnRef|Munir|2005}}}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Majied |first1=Robinson |title=Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190622183| ref = {{sfnRef|Majied|2017}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Majied Robinson|title=Marriage in the Tribe of Muhammad: A Statistical Study of Early Arabic Genealogical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiXGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT96|date=20 January 2020|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-062423-6|ref={{sfnRef|Roninson|2020}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Robert G. Hoyland|title=Seeing Islam As Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam |year=1997|url=https://legrandsecretdelislam.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/r-hoyland-seeing_islam_as_other_saw_it.pdf|publisher=Darwin Press|ref={{sfnRef|Hoyland|1997}}}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Mubarakpuri |first1=Saifur Rahman |title=When the Moon Split |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=9960897281|year=1998| ref = {{sfnRef|Mubarakpuri|1998}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Ma'mar Ibn Rashid|title=The Expeditions: An Early Biography of Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8mlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|date=15 October 2015|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-0047-6| ref = {{sfnRef|Rashid|2015}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Suzanne Miers|title=Britain and the Ending of the Slave Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHTaAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Africana Publishing Corporation|isbn=9780841901872|ref = {{sfnRef|Miers|1975}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Bernard Lewis|title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry|url=https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/n107 74]|year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-505326-5|ref = {{sfnRef|Lewis|1992}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Janet Afary|title=Sexual Politics in Modern Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwYmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT82|date=9 April 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-39435-3| ref = {{sfnRef|Afary|2009}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Mehran Kamrava|title=Innovation in Islam: Traditions and Contributions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06gwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|date=18 April 2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-26695-7| ref = {{sfnRef|Kamrava|2011}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Khaled Abou El Fadl|title=Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FU4QBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT198|date=1 October 2014|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-468-1| ref = {{sfnRef|El Fadl|2014}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Khaled Abou El Fadl|title=The Search for Beauty in Islam: A Conference of the Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TX13FqPQmVcC&pg=PA198|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-5093-3|ref={{sfnRef|El Fadl|2006}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=Violet Rhoda Jones|author2=Lewis Bevan Jones|title=Woman in Islām: A Manual with Special Reference to Conditions in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlDaAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Hyperion Press|isbn=978-0-8305-0107-6| ref = {{sfnRef|Jones|1981}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Junius P. Rodriguez|title=Slavery in the Modern World: A History of Political, Social, and Economic Oppression &#91;2 volumes&#93;: A History of Political, Social, and Economic Oppression|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N70GiNB8aQ4C&pg=PA203|date=20 October 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-788-3| ref = {{sfnRef|Rodriguez|2011}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Amira K. Bennison|title=Almoravid and Almohad Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19JVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155|date=1 August 2016|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-4682-1| ref = {{sfnRef|Bennison|2016}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Caner Yelbasi|title=The Circassians of Turkey: War, Violence and Nationalism from the Ottomans to Atatürk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvalDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|date=22 August 2019|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-83860-017-4|ref = {{sfnRef|Yelbasi|2019}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=John Witte|title=The Western Case for Monogamy Over Polygamy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1EQCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA283|date=5 May 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-10159-3| ref = {{sfnRef|Witte|2015}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Robert Irwin|title=The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 4, Islamic Cultures and Societies to the End of the Eighteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNeaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT531|date=4 November 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-18431-8| ref = {{sfnRef|Irwin|2010}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Mehrdad Kia|title=Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=byETWDb0ekEC&pg=PA199|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-33692-8| ref = {{sfnRef|Kia|2011}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Sudha Sharma|title=The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peT3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59|date=21 March 2016|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-93-5150-567-9| ref = {{sfnRef|Sharma|2016}}}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Bano |first1=Shadab |title=Marriage and Concubinage in the Mughal Imperial Family |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1999 |volume=60| ref = {{sfnRef|Bano|1999}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Suraiya Faroqhi|title=The Ottoman and Mughal Empires: Social History in the Early Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvalDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|date=8 August 2019|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-78831-873-0| ref = {{sfnRef|Faroqhi|2019}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Mohibbul Hasan|title=Kashmīr Under the Sultāns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC&pg=PA244|year=2005|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-49-7| ref = {{sfnRef|Hasan|2005}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Surjit Singh Gandhi|title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469-1606 C.E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw7-kUkHA_0C&pg=PA19|year=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0857-8| ref = {{sfnRef|Gandhi|2007}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=J. S. Grewal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/n74 11]|date=8 October 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0| ref = {{sfnRef|Grewal|1998}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Ruby Lal|title=Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8NJ41GiXvsC&pg=PA40|date=22 September 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85022-3|ref = {{sfnRef|Lal|2005}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=Timothy Weiss|author2=Timothy F. Weiss|title=Translating Orients: Between Ideology and Utopia|url=https://archive.org/details/translatingorien0000weis|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/translatingorien0000weis/page/n203 190]|date=1 January 2004|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8958-8| ref = {{sfnRef|Weiss|2004}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Anatol Lieven|title=Pakistan: A Hard Country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mak4DgAAQBAJ|date=6 March 2012|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-162-7| ref = {{sfnRef|Lieven|2012}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Amanda L. Capern|title=The Routledge History of Women in Early Modern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHm6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22|date=30 October 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-070959-9| ref = {{sfnRef|Capern|2019}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=William Henry Foster|title=Gender, Mastery and Slavery: From European to Atlantic World Frontiers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaAcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|date=18 December 2009|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-0-230-31358-3| ref = {{sfnRef|Foster|2009}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Rebecca Ard Boone|title=Real Lives in the Sixteenth Century: A Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUxWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT58|date=19 April 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-13533-7|ref={{sfnRef|Boone|2018}}}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Peter |title=The Muslims of British India |date=1972 |publisher=Cambridge University Press | ref = {{sfnRef|Hardy|1972}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRE3n1VwDTIC&pg=PA182|date=15 October 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01736-8| ref = {{sfnRef|Roy|2012}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Margo Kitts|title=Martyrdom, Self-sacrifice, and Self-immolation: Religious Perspectives on Suicide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHhUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-065648-5| ref = {{sfnRef|Kitts|2018}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=M. S. Naravane|title=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0FvjG3GWEC&pg=PA45|year=1999|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-118-2| ref = {{sfnRef|Naravane|1999}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Dr.Y P Singh|title=Islam in India and Pakistan - A Religious History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72|date=20 February 2016|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-85505-63-8| ref = {{sfnRef|Singh|2016}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AytuAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567747-8| ref = {{sfnRef|Singh|2006}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Rishi Singh|title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPCICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78|date=23 April 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-93-5150-504-4| ref = {{sfnRef|Singh|2015}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Andrew Holt|title=The World of the Crusades: A Daily Life Encyclopedia &#91;2 volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8ubDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA755|date=5 June 2019|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-5462-0|ref={{sfnRef|Holt|2019}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Robert Gleave|title=Violence in Islamic Thought from the Qur'an to the Mongols|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZD0kDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|date=14 April 2015|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-9424-2| ref = {{sfnRef|Gleave|2015}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=K. Bekkaoui|title=White Women Captives in North Africa: Narratives of Enslavement, 1735-1830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kyB9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|date=24 November 2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-29449-3| ref = {{sfnRef|Bekkaoui|2010}}}}
+*<{{cite book|author=Ehud R Toledano|editor=W. Mulligan |others=M. Bric|title=A Global History of Anti-Slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsqRuGZNcOoC|date=23 May 2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-03260-7|page=122|chapter=Abolition and Anti-slavery in the Ottoman Empire: A Case to Answer?|ref={{sfnRef|Toledano|2013}}}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Salzmann |first1=Ariel |title=Migrants in Chains: On the Enslavement of Muslims in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe |journal=Religions |date=2013 |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=397 |doi=10.3390/rel4030391|ref={{sfnRef|Salzmann|2013}}|doi-access=free }}
+*{{cite book|author=Arvind Sharma|title=Hinduism as a Missionary Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJAeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101|date=1 April 2011|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-3212-0| ref = {{sfnRef|Sharma|2011}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Avril A. Powell|editor=Richard M. Eaton|title=Slavery and South Asian History|chapter=Indian Muslim modernists and the issue of slavery in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsh8NHDQHlcC|date=12 October 2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-11671-6|ref={{sfnRef|Powell|2006}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=Nigel Eltringham|author2=Pam Maclean|title=Remembering Genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-fpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|date=27 June 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-75422-0|ref={{sfnRef|Eltringham|2014}}}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Suzuki |first1=Hideaki |title=Baluchi Experiences Under Slavery and the Slave Trade of the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, 1921–1950 |journal=The Journal of the Middle East and Africa |date=2013 |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=214|doi=10.1080/21520844.2013.830995 |s2cid=128496240 | ref = {{sfnRef|Suzuki|2013}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Laura Sjoberg|title=Women as Wartime Rapists: Beyond Sensation and Stereotyping|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfvuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT90|date=22 November 2016|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-6983-6| ref = {{sfnRef|Sjoberg|2016}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=Sonja Maria Hedgepeth|author2=Rochelle G. Saidel|title=Sexual Violence Against Jewish Women During the Holocaust|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLdJEZGkwrkC&pg=PA14|year=2010|publisher=UPNE|isbn=978-1-58465-904-4|ref={{sfnRef|Hedgepeth|2010}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Alexis Demirdjian|title=The Armenian Genocide Legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1L3tCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|date=4 April 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-56163-3|ref={{sfnRef|Demirdjian|2016}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Donald Bloxham|editor=Anton Weiss-Wendt|title=The Historiography of Genocide|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzIWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA361|date=13 February 2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-29778-4|chapter=The Armenian Genocide | ref= {{sfnRef|Bloxham|2008}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Kerry F. Crawford|title=Wartime Sexual Violence: From Silence to Condemnation of a Weapon of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|year=2017|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-1-62616-466-6|ref={{sfnRef|Crawford|2017}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=Mary Michele Connellan|author2=Christiane Fröhlich|title=A Gendered Lens for Genocide Prevention|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WB4xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|date=15 August 2017|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-60117-9|ref={{sfnRef|Connellan|2017}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=Larry Collins|author2=Dominique Lapierre|title=Freedom at Midnight|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103056/page/n359/mode/2up|year=1975|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-00-216055-1| ref = {{sfnRef|Collins|1975}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Yasmin Khan|title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/n180 135]|year=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12078-3| ref = {{sfnRef|Khan|2007}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Bina D Costa|title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA102|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415565660| ref = {{sfnRef|D'Costa|2010}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=Ritu Menon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNN4SE7cL60C&pg=PA70|title=Borders & Boundaries: Women in India's Partition|author2=Kamla Bhasin|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8135-2552-5| ref = {{sfnRef|Menon|1998}}}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Major |first1=Andrew |title=Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1995 |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/00856409508723244| ref = {{sfnRef|Major|1995}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Amal Kumar Chattopadhyay|title=Slavery in India; with an introduction by Radha Kumud Mukherjee and with a foreword by Asim Kumar Datta|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105457/page/n165/mode/2up|year=1959|publisher=Nagarjun Press|ref={{sfnRef|Chattopadhyay|1959}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=Jacqueline Suthren Hirst|author2=John Zavos|title=Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152|date=March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-62668-5| ref = {{sfnRef|Hirst|2013}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=Gyanendra Pandey|author2=Professor of History Gyanendra Pandey|title=Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdLhnFet4w4C&pg=PA165|date=22 November 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00250-9|ref = {{sfnRef|Pandey|2001}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=Barbara D. Metcalf|author2=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|date=24 September 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-53705-6| ref = {{sfnRef|Metcalf|2012}}}}
+*{{cite journal |title= Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora by Ronald Segal- Book Review |journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |date=2001 |number=31 | ref = {{sfnRef|Islam's Black Slaves|2001}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Jok Madut Jok|title=War and Slavery in Sudan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqzvlWdxThwC|date=3 August 2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0058-4| ref ={{sfnRef|Jok|2010}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=N. Nojumi|title=The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h18YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|date=30 April 2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=978-0-312-29910-1| ref = {{sfnRef|Nojumi|2016}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=Peter J. Claus|author2=Sarah Diamond|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA7|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5| ref = {{sfnRef|Claus|2003}}}}
+*{{cite book|author=Jacqueline L. Hazelton|title=Beyond Slavery: Overcoming Its Religious and Sexual Legacies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NaVhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT3|date=25 October 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-11389-3| ref = {{sfnRef|Hazelton|2010}}}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Redeeming Slavery: The 'Islamic State' and the Quest for Islamic Morality |journal=Mizan: Journal for the Study of Muslim Societies and Civilizations |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1  |url=https://mizanproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/02-Mizan-Journal-Vol-1_Issue-1_Ali_Redeeming-Slavery.pdf| ref = {{sfnRef|Ali|2016}}}}
+*{{cite book|author1=William Gervase Clarence-Smith|author2=W. G. Clarence-Smith|title=Islam and the Abolition of Slavery|url=https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar/page/n56 27]|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-522151-0| ref = {{sfnRef|Smith|2006}}}}
+{{refend}}
 [[Categoría:Esclavitud]]
 [[Categoría:Islam]]
+[[Categoría:Concubinato]]