Zindīq
Zindīq (en árabe: زنديق) (del persa Zendik, en persa: زنديک, que significa "libre interpretación", librepensador, ateo o hereje[1]) es un término utilizado por los musulmanes para referirse a personas con puntos de vista o que realizan prácticas contrarias a los dogmas centrales islámicos.[2]
El término aparece en la Edad Media, cuando los musulmanes comienzan a referirse a maniqueos, apóstatas, paganos, herejes y a aquellas personas contrarias al Islam como zindiqs, siendo esta denominación punible con la muerte.[3] En el siglo VIII, el califa abasida comienza a exterminar librepensadores con tan sólo la sospecha de ser zindiq.[4] En tiempos modernos se ha utilizado para denotar miembros de religiones, ramas o cultos que se originaron en la sociedad musulmana pero se han considerado herejes o de fe independiente por parte de las corrientes musulmanas mayoritarias.
Zindīqs famosos en la historia[editar]
- Abu Nuwas
- Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi[5][6]
- Abd-Allāh Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ[6]
- Abu Shakir[6]
- Abu Tammar Muttabib[6]
- Muhammad al Warraq[6]
- Ibn al-Rawandi[6]
- Al-Maʿarri
- Yazdan ibn Badhan (en persa: یزدان پور باذان)
- Bashar ibn Burd
- Yazdanbakht[7]
- Abdulkarim ibn abi Al-Ouja'[6]
- Ali ibn Ubaydah Rihani[cita requerida]
Referencias[editar]
- ↑ The new encyclopedia of Islam By Cyril Glassé, Huston Smith P491 "Zindiq from Persian zand. ‘free interpretation” meaning “heresy’). A freethinker. atheist, or heretic."
- ↑ Islam in history: ideas, people, and events in the Middle East By Bernard Lewis p287 "In legal parlance the Zindiq is the criminal dissident—the professing Muslim who holds beliefs or follows practices contrary to the central dogmas of Islam and is therefore to be regarded as an apostate and an infidel. The jurists differ as to the theoretical formulation of the point of exclusion, but in fact usually adopt the practical criterion of open rebellion."
- ↑ JOHN BOWKER. "Zindiq." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997
- ↑ The new encyclopedia of Islam By Cyril Glassé, Huston Smith P491 "Tolerance is laudable, "The Slaughterer" the Caliph Abu al-`Abbās had once said; except in matters dangerous to religious belief, or to the Sovereign’s dignity. Al-Mahdi. (785) persecuted Freethinkers, and executed them in large numbers. He was the first Caliph to order the composition of polemical works in refutation of Freethinkers and other heretics; and for years he tried to exterminate them absolutely. hunting them down throughout all provinces and putting accused persons to death on mere suspicion."
- ↑ Jennifer Michael Hecht, "Doubt: A History: The Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson", pg. 227-230
- ↑ a b c d e f g Mirfetros, Ali (1978), Hallaj (in Persian) (10th edición), Germany: Alborz, pp. 102-126.; Chapter on Zendiqs and Materialistic Thinkers.
- ↑ Zarrinkoub, Abdolhosein (1999), Two Centuries of Silence, ISBN 978-964-5983-33-6.
Bibliografía[editar]
- Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1994), Dictionary of Islam, Chicago, IL: Kazi Publications Inc. USA, ISBN -935782-70-2
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Datos: Q10283252