Diferencia entre revisiones de «Pueblo pastún»
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Los ''' |
Los '''pashtunes''' son un grupo etnolingüístico de lengua [[lenguas iranias|irania]] |
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[[Archivo:AbdurRahmanKhan-A.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Abdur Rahman Khan|Amir Abdur Rahman Khan]], gobernante de Afganistán (1844-1901) que acordó la [[Linea Durand]] que dividió a los territorios pashtún.]] |
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[[File:Konferenz Pakistan und der Westen - Imran Khan.jpg|thumb|600px upright|left| [[imran khan]]. de origen pastún jugador de cricket [[paquistaní]] retirado que jugó internacionales de este deporte durante dos décadas en el siglo XX y ha sido un [[político]] desde mediados de la década de 1990. En la actualidad, además de su activismo [[político]], Khan es también un trabajador social y comentarista de [[cricket]]. ]] |
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[[Archivo:Zarinekhan.jpg|thumb|400px upright|left|[[Zarine Khan]], actriz de [[Bollywood]], de origen pastún.]] |
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[[Archivo:Pashtun girl.jpg|thumb|200px|Una joven pashtún.]] |
[[Archivo:Pashtun girl.jpg|thumb|200px|Una joven pashtún.]] |
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[[Archivo: |
[[Archivo:Shah rukh khan wiki1.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Shahrukh Khan]] (famoso actor indio de [[Bollywood]]), es pashtún a través de su padre (de [[Peshawar]]).]] |
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Tiene poblaciones ubicadas básicamente en el este y sur de [[Afganistán]], en las provincias [[Pakistán|pakistaníes]] de [[Frontera del Noroeste]], [[Baluchistán]] y [[áreas tribales (Pakistán)|áreas tribales bajo administración federal]]. |
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[[Archivo:Sharbat Gula the "Afghan girl" - stencil on rock - 01-15-2009.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sharbat Gula]]es una mujer [[Afganistán|afgana]] de la etnia [[pashtún]] fue fotografiada por un fotógrafo de la [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] llamado [[Steve McCurry]] en junio de 1985 y debido a su expresivo rostro de ojos verdes,]] |
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[[Archivo:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F009528-0017, Staatspräsident von Pakistan in München.jpg|thumb|[[Ayub Khan]] (presidente de Pakistán) en Alemania (22 de enero de 1961).]] |
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En general los |
En general los pashtún se caracterizan por su [[idioma pashto|pashto]] y la observancia tanto del [[pashtunwali]] (un código de honor religioso y cultural, pre[[islámico]])<ref name="Women and Pashtunwali">Palwasha Kakar: [http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/ilsp/kakar.pdf «Tribal Law of Pashtunwali and Women’s Legislative Authority»]. Escuela de Leyes de la [[Harvard University|Universidad de Harvard]], consultado en junio de 2006.</ref> como del [[islam]]. |
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A la persona de esta etnia se la llama |
A la persona de esta etnia se la llama |
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* |
*pastún |
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*pashtún (en [[idioma pashto|pashto]], [[urdu]] y [[idioma persa|persa]]: پشتون {{Unicode|''paštūn''}} o پختون {{Unicode|''paxtūn''}} |
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* jan |
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*khan |
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* pashtún (en [[idioma pashto|pashto]], [[urdu]] y [[idioma persa|persa]]: پشتون {{Unicode|''paštūn''}} o پختون {{Unicode|''paxtūn''}}) |
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* |
*pushtún |
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* |
*pakhtún |
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* |
*pukhtún |
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* |
*patán (en [[urdu]]: پٹھان, y en [[hindi]]: पठान {{Unicode|''paṭhān''}}) |
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* |
*afgano étnico (en persa: افغان {{Unicode|''afğān''}})<ref name="ISBN Social Politics">Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1994. ''The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)'', [[Syracuse University]] Press. ISBN 0-8156-2608-8 (consultado en junio de 2006).</ref> |
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'''Khan''' es un apellido típico en la etnia pastún. |
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Muy pocas veces los pashtunes han estado unidos políticamente. Su pasado reciente comenzó con el crecimiento del [[Imperio |
Muy pocas veces los pashtunes han estado unidos políticamente. Su pasado reciente comenzó con el crecimiento del [[Imperio Durrani]] en [[1747]]. Los pashtunes jugaron un rol destacado durante la [[Invasión soviética de Afganistán]] (1979-1989), ya que muchos se unieron a los [[muyahid|muyahidín]]. Los pashtunes ganaron la atención del mundo durante el crecimiento y posterior caída de los [[talibán]], dado que eran el principal grupo étnico del movimiento. Los pashtún son también una muy importante comunidad de Pakistán, donde por su cantidad son el segundo grupo étnico. |
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[[Archivo:Shahrukh Khan 2004.jpg|thumb|200px upright|left|[[Shahrukh Khan ]], actro de [[Bollywood]], de origen pastún.]] |
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Los pashtún forman el mayor grupo tribal patriarcal ([[linaje segmentado]]) del mundo.<ref name=pakhtunkhwa>[http://www.khyberwatch.com/English/node/3 Ethnic, Cultural and Linguistic Denominations in Pakhtunkhwa], KhyberWatch.com (retrieved 7 June 2006).</ref> |
Los pashtún forman el mayor grupo tribal patriarcal ([[linaje segmentado]]) del mundo.<ref name=pakhtunkhwa>[http://www.khyberwatch.com/English/node/3 Ethnic, Cultural and Linguistic Denominations in Pakhtunkhwa], KhyberWatch.com (retrieved 7 June 2006).</ref> |
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La población total del grupo se estima en por lo menos 40 millones, aunque es difícil un censo preciso debido a la característica [[nómada]] de muchas tribus, la práctica de ocultar a las mujeres, y a que el censo oficial más reciente en Afganistán data de 1979.<ref name="UNFPA Afghanistan">[http://afghanistan.unfpa.org/projects.html Afghanistan Census of Population and Housing: Phase one Household Listing], ''UNFPA Projects in Afghanistan'' (retrieved 18 February 2007).</ref> |
La población total del grupo se estima en por lo menos 40 millones, aunque es difícil un censo preciso debido a la característica [[nómada]] de muchas tribus, la práctica de ocultar a las mujeres, y a que el censo oficial más reciente en Afganistán data de 1979.<ref name="UNFPA Afghanistan">[http://afghanistan.unfpa.org/projects.html Afghanistan Census of Population and Housing: Phase one Household Listing], ''UNFPA Projects in Afghanistan'' (retrieved 18 February 2007).</ref> |
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==Tribus pashtunas== |
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Las tribus pashtún se dividen en cuatro grandes confederaciones tribales: |
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== como se vean == |
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*[[Sarbani]] |
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los [[Pukhtuns]] que viven en los cerros, Son muy parecidos como los [[Europeos]],con ojos de color avellana claro o azul grisáceo, y con frecuencia el pelo castaño y barba rojiza. Los que viven en las tierras bajas cerca del Indo son más oscuras. Todos son fuertes y los hombres activos, y tienen la reputación de ser buenos soldados y partidarios acérrimos. |
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**[[Tareen]] |
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**[[Yusafzai]] |
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**[[Tarkalani]] |
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**[[Mohmand]] |
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**[[Mohammadzai]] |
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*[[Qais Abdur Rashid|Batani]] |
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**[[Seyani]] |
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**[[Dotaani]] |
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**[[Niazi]] |
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**[[Ghilzai]] |
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**[[Lodhi]] |
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**[[Turks]] |
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**[[Suri]] |
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**[[Marwat]] |
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**[[Lohani]] |
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**[[Nuhrani]] |
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*[[Ghourghushti]] |
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**[[Kakar]] |
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**[[Mando (tribu)|Mando]] |
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**[[Jadoon]] |
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**[[Safi]] |
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**[[Naghar]] |
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**[[Panai]] |
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**[[Deavi]] |
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**[[Ans]] |
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**[[Tarik]] |
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**[[Parman]] |
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**[[Abdul Rahman]] |
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**[[Selaha]] |
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**[[Damsan]] |
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*[[Karlani]] o [[Karlanri]] |
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**[[Mahsud]] |
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**[[Waziri]] |
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**[[Khattak]] |
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**[[Afridi]] |
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**[[Tanoli]] |
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**[[Orakzai]] |
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**[[Dawar]] |
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**[[Bangash]] |
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==Demografía== |
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la nación [[pukhtuns]] son muy racistas. no aceptan otro nacion,solamente la gente acepte son pukkhuns,de su sangre y origen, la gente de estas tribus están muy orgullosos Aunque algunas personas de estas tribus han olvidado su lengua original es Pukhtu pero su linaje se Pukhtuns, no se cuentan en cualquier otra nación, seguir estrictamente '''" [[PUKHTUNWALI]] "''' como su código de flor de la vida de su cultura y tradiciones, |
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'''Qais Abdur Rashid Khan''' (575-661) (pashto: قيس عبد الراشد), también conocido como [[Imraul Qais Khan]], es un antecesor legendario de la raza [[pashtun]], afirmó ser el primero étnica [[pastún]] que viajó a La '''Meca y Medina''' en [[Arabia Saudita]] durante los primeros tiempos del [[Islam]],[[Qais Abdur Rashid Khan]] se cree que es trigésima séptima en el descenso del [[rey Saúl]] o[[Talut Malik]]. |
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[[Qais Abdur Rashid Khan]] nació en la región de [[Ghor]] de la actual [[Afganistán]]. Al escuchar sobre el advenimiento del [[Islam]], fue enviado por su tribu a [[Medina]] en [[Arabia Saudita]]. Se reunió con el [[profeta Mahoma]] y abrazó el Islam existe, y se le dio el nombre de Abdur Rashid por [[Muhammed]]. Luego regresó a la región de [[Afganistán]] y el Islam introdujo a su tribu, mucho de la historia de Afganistán dicen los pashtunes se convirtieron que todo está venido convertido en los musulmanes,También se afirma que el compañero famoso guerrero, [[Khalid ibn al Walid]], presentó ''Qais Abdur Rashid Khan a la Profeta''. |
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Los historiadores se refieren [[Afganos]] proceder a que los hijos de [[Israel]], tanto en Ghore y en Arabia, conserva su conocimiento de la unidad de Dios y la pureza de su creencia religiosa, y que en la apariencia de la última y más grande de los profetas ([[Mahoma]] ) a los [[afganos]] de [[Ghore]] escuchado la invitación de sus hermanos de [[Arabia]], el jefe de los cuales era Khauled (o caled), hijo de Walid, tan famoso por su conquista de Siria, y marchó a la ayuda de la verdadera fe, bajo el mando de Kyse, después de apellido Abdool resheed. |
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'''Lal Mohan-de 1846''' |
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De acuerdo con un pre-1600 dC trabajo escrito por un autor respetable, [[Firishta]], un famoso historiador del siglo décimo sexto persa en el sur de Asia, señala que algunos de los [[pashtunes]] temprana ([[afganos]]) pueden haber sido los coptos antes de que fueran [[musulmanes]]. |
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[[Qais Abdur Rashid Khan]] se dice que está enterrado en la cima de la montaña Qais (conocido localmente como '''"Da Kase Gar"'''), que se encuentra en las '''montañas de Sulaiman'''. Algunas personas visitan el lugar y hacer sacrificios de animales, generalmente una oveja o una cabra, en la tumba de Qais como para ayudar a alimentar a los Poors. Casi todas las grandes tribus pashtun son la progenie de sus hijos o hijas. |
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== Tribus de Khan == |
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Tribus se dividen en cuatro grandes grupos tribales: Hay más de 400 Subclanes.[[Sarbans]], [[Batans]], [[Ghurghusht]] et [[Karlans]]. |
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{| |
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|- valign=top |
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* [[Ahmadzai]] |
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* [[Achakzai]] |
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* [[Afridi (pachtounes)|Afridi]] |
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* [[Akakhel]] |
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* [[Akbarzai]] |
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* [[Akhunzada]] |
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* [[Alekozai]] |
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* [[Alizai]] |
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* [[Amerkhel]] / [[Amarkhel]] |
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* [[Aminzai]] |
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* [[Baburkhel]] |
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* [[Bahadurzai]] |
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* [[Bangash]] |
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* [[Barakzai]] |
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* [[Bazai]] |
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* [[Bhittani]] |
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* [[Chamkanni]] |
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* [[Daftanai]] |
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* [[Daudzai]] |
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* [[Daulatzai]] |
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* [[Darpa Khel]] |
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* [[Dilazak]] |
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* [[Dostikhal]] |
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* [[Durrani]] |
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* [[Edo-Khel]] |
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* [[Ferozkhel]] |
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* [[Gandapur]] |
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* [[Gigiani]] |
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* [[Ghilzai]] |
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* [[Ghoriakhel]] |
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* [[Hakimzai]] |
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* [[Orakzail]] |
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* [[Ibrahimkhel]] |
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* [[Ishaqzai]] |
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* [[Jabarkhel]] |
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* [[Jahangiri]] |
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* [[Jadoon]] |
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* [[Kakar]] |
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* [[Kakazai]] |
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* [[Katawazi]] |
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* [[Karimzai]] |
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* [[Khalils]] |
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* [[Kundi]] |
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* [[Kharoti]] |
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* [[Khattak]] |
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* [[khawrin]] |
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* [[Lodhi]] |
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* [[Mahsud]] |
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* [[Mallagori]] |
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* [[Mangal (Pashtun)|Mangal]] |
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* [[Marwat]] |
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* [[Miankhel]] |
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* [[Mirzakhel]] |
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* [[Mashwanis]] |
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* [[Mohabbat]] |
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* [[Mohamedzai]] |
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* [[Mohmand|Mohmand/Moomand]] |
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* [[Musazai]] |
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* [[Musakhel]] |
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* [[Nasseri/Nasiri]] |
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* [[Nayebkhel]] |
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* [[Niazi]] |
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* [[Noorzai]] |
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* [[Nuhani]] |
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* [[Omarkhel]] |
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* [[Orakzai]] |
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* [[Popalzay]] |
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* [[Pyarokhel]] |
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* [[Sapai]] |
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* [[Safi (Pachtounes)]] |
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* [[Salarzai]] |
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* [[Shahbazkhel]] |
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* [[Shamalzai]] |
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* [[Swati (Pachtounes)]] |
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* [[Sherzai]] |
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* [[Shilmani]] |
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* [[Shinwari]] |
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* [[Shirani]] |
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* [[Stanekzai]] |
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* [[Suleimonkhel]] |
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* [[Suri (Pashtun)|Suri]] |
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* [[Tanoli (Pashtun)|Tanoli]] |
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* [[Taraki (tribu)|Taraki]] |
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* [[Tarkani]] |
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* [[Tareens]] |
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* [[Umarzai]] |
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* [[Utman Khel]] |
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* [[Wardak]] |
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* [[Wazirs]] |
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* [[Wur]] |
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* [[Yousafzai|Yousafzai/Esapzey]] |
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* [[Zadran]] |
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* [[Zazi (Dzadzi)]] |
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|} |
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---- |
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== Demografía == |
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[[Archivo:Girls of Kandahar in 2009.jpg|thumb|400px upright|left|Niñas de origen pastún en [[Kandahar]]. ]] |
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{{AP|Demografía de Afganistán}} |
{{AP|Demografía de Afganistán}} |
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{{Ficha de autoridad |
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|nombre = [[Hamid Karzai]]<br />حامد کرزي |
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|imagen = Hamid Karzai in February 2009.jpg |
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|cargo = [[Presidente de Afganistán]] |
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|inicio = [[22 de diciembre]] de [[2001]] |
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|religión = [[Sunismo]] |
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}} |
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La gran mayoría de los pastunes se encuentran en una zona que se extiende desde el sureste de [[Afganistán]], al noroeste de [[Pakistán]]. Adicionales comunidades [[pastunes]] se encuentran en las zonas del norte de [[Pakistán]] y en la provincia de [[Khorasan]] [[Irán]] oriental. Hay también una considerable comunidad en la [[India]], que es en gran parte de las comunidades ancestry.Smaller supuesta pastún se encuentran en los países de la [[Península Arábiga]], [[Europa]] y las [[Américas]], especialmente en [[América]] del Norte. |
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La gran mayoría de los pasthún se encuentra en un área que va desde el oeste de Pakistán hasta el suroeste de Afganistán. También se encuentran algunas otras comunidades pashtún en las zona norte de Pakistán, [[Azad Kashmir]], y la provincia [[Sindh]] de Pakistán como también a lo largo de Afganistán. Existen algunas comunidades más pequeñas en [[Irán]], [[India]],<ref name="pbu">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu Northern Pashto], ''Ethnologue.com'' (retrieved 7 June 2006)</ref><ref name="Indian Pathans">[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=107748&rog3=IN Pushtun, Northern of India], ''Joshua Project'' - ''figures taken from UNESCO through UNEP/GRID'' (retrieved 03 May 2007)</ref> y una comunidad grande de trabajadores migratorios en los países de la [[península árabe]]. [[Peshawar]] y [[Kandahar]] son grandes ciudades de la cultura pashtún. Además, [[Quetta]] y [[Kabul]] si bien son ciudades étnicamente diversas poseen una gran población pashtún. Karachi con una población de 1,5 millones de pashtún étnicos es la mayor ciudad pashtún del mundo.<ref name="How the Taliban keep their coffers full"> {{Cita web|título=How the Talibanm kept their coffers full|url=http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IA10Df02.html}}</ref> |
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Importantes centros metropolitanos de la cultura pastún incluyen [[Kandahar]], [[Quetta]], [[Peshawar]], [[Jalalabad]] y [[Swat]]. [[Kabul]], [[Ghazni]], y [[Kunduz]] son étnicamente mixtos ciudades con una gran población pastún. La ciudad de [[Karachi]] en [[Pakistán]] alberga una de las mayores poblaciones de [[pashtunes]] en la adición world.In, [[Rawalpindi]], [[Islamabad]], [[Lahore]] y también tiene la población pastún de tamaño considerable. |
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Los |
Los pashtúnes representan más del 15,42% de la [[Demografía de Pakistán|población de Pakistán]] o 25,6 millones de personas. En [[Demografía de Afganistán|Afganistán]], representan el 42% de la población o 12.5 millones de personas. Aunque es preciso considerar estas cifras con cierto recelo, particularmente las de Afganistán, además se debe tener en cuenta que unos tres millones de [[refugiado]]s afganos (de los cuales 81,5% o 2,49 millones son pashtún étnicos) permanecen en Pakistán.Un número indeterminado de refugiados residen en Irán.<ref name="irin">[http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=50927&SelectRegion=Asia Iran-Pakistan: Refugees], ''IRIN Asia, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs'' (retrieved 7 June 2006).</ref> Se estima que el total de la población de étnia pashtún supera los 40 millones de personas. |
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== |
==Historia y orígenes== |
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{{AP|Historia de Afganistán|Historia de Pakistán}} |
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La historia de los pashtún se remonta a la antigüedad, y queda aún mucho por investigar. Desde el segundo milenio antes de Cristo hasta el presente, las regiones pashtunas han sido objeto de numerosas invasiones y migraciones incluyendo las realizadas por [[Indo-Iranios|tribus arias]] ([[pueblos iranios]], [[indoarios]]), [[medos]], [[persas]], [[imperio mauria|maurias]], [[escitas]], [[imperio |
La historia de los pashtún se remonta a la antigüedad, y queda aún mucho por investigar. Desde el segundo milenio antes de Cristo hasta el presente, las regiones pashtunas han sido objeto de numerosas invasiones y migraciones incluyendo las realizadas por [[Indo-Iranios|tribus arias]] ([[pueblos iranios]], [[indoarios]]), [[medos]], [[persas]], [[imperio mauria|maurias]], [[escitas]], [[imperio kushan|kushanos]], [[heftalitas]], [[reino grecobactriano|griegos]], [[pueblo árabe|árabes]], [[pueblos túrquicos|turcos]] y [[mongol (etnia)|mongoles]]. |
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Existen numerosas teorías contrapuestas sobre los orígenes del pueblo pashtún, algunas modernas y otras arcaicas, tanto entre los historiadores como entre los mismos pashtunes. |
Existen numerosas teorías contrapuestas sobre los orígenes del pueblo pashtún, algunas modernas y otras arcaicas, tanto entre los historiadores como entre los mismos pashtunes. |
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=== |
===Referencias antiguas=== |
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El historiador griego [[Heródoto]] mencionó por primera vez a un pueblo que llamó ''pactyans'', que ya habitaban en la frontera este de la [[satrapía]] persa de [[Aracosia]] a principios del primer milenio antes de Cristo.<ref name="Heredotus">[http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html Chapter 7] of ''The History of Herodotus'' (traducido por [[George Rawlinson]]; originalmente escrito en el [[años 440 a. C.|440 a. C.]]) (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
El historiador griego [[Heródoto]] mencionó por primera vez a un pueblo que llamó ''pactyans'', que ya habitaban en la frontera este de la [[satrapía]] persa de [[Aracosia]] a principios del primer milenio antes de Cristo.<ref name="Heredotus">[http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html Chapter 7] of ''The History of Herodotus'' (traducido por [[George Rawlinson]]; originalmente escrito en el [[años 440 a. C.|440 a. C.]]) (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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Adicionalmente, el ''[[Rig Vedá]]'' ([[ |
Adicionalmente, el ''[[Rig Vedá]]'' ([[siglo VII a. C.]]) menciona que una tribu llamada los ''[[paktha]]s'' vivían en la zona este de [[Pakhat]] (que podría ser la actual [[Afganistán]]), y hay quienes piensan que estos podrían ser los antepasados de los pashtunes.<ref name="Rig Veda">[http://www.politicalgateway.com/documents/religions/rigveda7.html Rig Veda Book Seven], ''Political Gateway'' (retrieved 7 June 2006).</ref> Otros pueblos antiguos relacionados con los pashtunes son los [[bactriano]]s que hablaban un lenguaje relacionado con el [[iranio medio]]. |
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Históricamente, a los pashtunes se les dice [[demografía de Afganistán|afgano]]s étnicos, ya que los vocablos pashtún y afgán eran sinónimos hasta la creación de la moderna Afganistán y la división de los pashtunes por la [[Linea Durand]] que es una frontera creada por los británicos hacia finales del [[siglo XIX]]. Según V. Minorsky, W. K. Frazier Tyler, M. C. Gillet y otros estudiosos, "La palabra afgán aparece por primera vez en la historia en el ''Hudud-al-Alam'' en el año 982".<ref name="Khalaj">[http://www.khyber.org/articles/2005/TheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml The Khalaj West of the Oxus]; excerpts from "The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj", ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies'', University of London, Vol 10, No 2, pp 417-437 (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
Históricamente, a los pashtunes se les dice [[demografía de Afganistán|afgano]]s étnicos, ya que los vocablos pashtún y afgán eran sinónimos hasta la creación de la moderna Afganistán y la división de los pashtunes por la [[Linea Durand]] que es una frontera creada por los británicos hacia finales del [[siglo XIX]]. Según V. Minorsky, W. K. Frazier Tyler, M. C. Gillet y otros estudiosos, "La palabra afgán aparece por primera vez en la historia en el ''Hudud-al-Alam'' en el año 982".<ref name="Khalaj">[http://www.khyber.org/articles/2005/TheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml The Khalaj West of the Oxus]; excerpts from "The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj", ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies'', University of London, Vol 10, No 2, pp 417-437 (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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Era utilizada por los pashtunes y se refiere a un antecesor legendario comun conocido como ''Afgana''. |
Era utilizada por los pashtunes y se refiere a un antecesor legendario comun conocido como ''Afgana''. |
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==Véase también== |
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It is believed that the Pashtuns emerged from the area around [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]] and the [[Sulaiman Mountains]], and began expanding millennia ago.<ref name="ISBN Social Politics" />In this geographic location they would have often been in close contact with the ancient [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] and [[Maurya Empire|Indians]],<ref name="Indo-Afghan Culture">[http://www.afghan-network.net/Culture/mati4.html Afghan's Share in Indian Art and Culture], ''Afghan Network'' (retrieved 63 May 2007)</ref> and may have been [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Hinduism|Hindus]], and [[Judaism|Jews]] prior to the arrival of [[Muslim]] Arabs in the [[7th century]].<REF>[http://www.zharov.com/dupree/chapter17.html Nancy Hatch Dupree - An Historical Guide to Afghanistan: Chapter 17]</ref><ref>[http://www.zharov.com/dupree/chapter09.html Nancy Hatch Dupree - An Historical Guide to Afghanistan: Chapter 9]</ref><ref>[http://www.zharov.com/dupree/chapter03.html Nancy Hatch Dupree - An Historical Guide to Afghanistan: Chapter 3]</ref> |
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===Antropología y lingüística=== |
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The origins of the Pashtuns are mixed, but their language is classified as an [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian]] tongue, itself a sub-branch of the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the greater [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[language family|family of languages]], and thus the Pashtuns are classified as an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian people]],<ref name="Britannica Pashtun">[http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9374656?query=Herder&ct=Pashtun], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''(retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref><ref name="Pashto">Awde, Nicholas and Sarwan, Asmatullah: ''Pashto Dictionary & Phrasebook: Pashto-English, English-Pashto''. Hippocrene Books, January 2003, ISBN 0-7818-0972-X (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref><ref name="Iranian languages">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90931 Pashto report], ''Ethnologue.com''.</ref> possibly as partial modern-day descendants of the [[Scythians]], an ancient Iranian group.<ref name="Iranians">[http://users.sedona.net/~strand/Iranian/Iranians.html Iranian-speaking peoples](retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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According to academic Yu. V. Gankovsky, the Pashtuns began as a "union of largely East-Iranian tribes which became the initial ethnic stratum of the Pashtun ethnogenesis, dates from the middle of the first millennium CE and is connected with the dissolution of the [[Hephthalite|Epthalite (White Huns)]] confederacy."<ref name="Gankovsky">Gankovsky, Yu. V., et al. ''A History of Afghanistan'', Moscow: [[Progress Publishers]], 1982, p. 382 (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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Early precursors to the Pashtuns were Old Iranian tribes that spread throughout the eastern [[Iranian plateau]].<ref name="Iranian plateau">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-293592/Iranian-plateau Iranian plateau], ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (retrieved 10 February 2007).</ref><ref name="U of T">[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/aveol-0-X.html Old Iranian Online], ''University of Texas College of Liberal Arts'' (retrieved 10 February 2007).</ref> |
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The Pashto-speaking Pashtuns refer to themselves as Pashtuns or Pukhtuns depending upon whether they are speakers of the southern dialect or northern dialect respectively. These Pashtuns compose the core of ethnic Pashtuns who are found in western Pakistan and southern-eastern Afganistán. Many Pashtuns have intermingled with various invaders, neighboring groups, and migrants (as have the other Iranian peoples). In terms of phenotype, the Pashtuns overall are predominantly a [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] people,<ref name="Library of Congress: Afghanistan">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0037) Afghanistan Ethnic Groups: Pashtun], ''US Library of Congress'' (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> although light hair and eye colors are not uncommon, especially among remote mountain tribes. |
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===Oral traditions=== |
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[[Image:Khyber chiefs with captain tucker.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Pashtun chiefs and a British Political Officer posed at Jamrud fort at the mouth of the Khyber Pass in 1878.]] |
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Some [[anthropology|anthropologists]] lend credence to the mythical oral traditions of the [[Pashtun tribes]] themselves. For example, according to the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', the [[theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites]] is traced to ''Maghzan-e-Afghani'' who compiled a history for ''Khan-e-Jehan Lodhi'' in the reign of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Jehangir]] in the [[17th century]] CE. Another book that corresponds with Pashtun historical records, ''Taaqati-Nasiri'', states that in the 7th century a people called the [[Children of Israel|Bani Israel]] settled in [[Ghor Province|Ghor]], southeast of [[Herat]], Afganistán, and then migrated south and east. These Bani Israel references are in line with the commonly held view by Pashtuns that when the twelve tribes of [[Israelite|Israel]] were dispersed (see [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|Israel and Judah]] and [[Ten Lost Tribes]]), the [[tribe of Joseph]], among other Hebrew tribes, settled in the region.<ref name="Virtual Jewish History">[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Afghanistan.html Afghanistan], ''The Virtual Jewish History Tour'' (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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Hence the [[tribal name]] '[[Yusufzai|Yusef Zai]]' in Pashto translates to the 'sons of Joseph'. A similar story is told by Iranian historian [[Firishta|Ferishta]].<ref name="Ferishta">[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=10 Introduction]: [[Firishta|Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah]], ''History Of The Mohamedan Power In India'', The [[Packard Humanities Institute]] Persian Texts in Translation (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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Maghzan-e-Afghani's Bani-Israel theory has been questioned due to some historical and linguistic inconsistencies. The main inconsistency is that the Ten Lost Tribes were exiled by Assyria, yet Maghzan-e-Afghani refers to them being permitted by the ruler of Persia to go east to Afganistán.<ref name="Afghanology">[http://www.afghanology.com/BaniIsraeli.html Bani-Israelite Theory of Paktoons Ethnic Origin] ''Afghanology.com'' (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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However this inconsistency can be explained by the fact that Persia acquired the lands of the Assyrian Empire when it conquered Babylonia, which had conquered Assyria decades earlier. Therefore, there is some credibility to this account, especially since many Pashtun oral traditions refer to it. |
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The oral tradition may, however, be a myth which grew out of a political and cultural struggle between Pashtuns and the Mughals, which explains the historical backdrop for the creation of the myth, the inconsistencies of the mythology, and the linguistic research that refutes any [[Semitic]] origins.<ref name="Afghanology"></ref> |
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Other Pashtun tribes claim descent from Arabs, including some even claiming to be descendants of the Muslim Prophet [[Muhammad]] (popularly referred to as [[sayyid]]s).<ref name="ISBN Olaf Caroe" /> Some groups from [[Peshawar]] and [[Kandahar]] (such as the [[Afridi]]s, [[Khattak]]s and [[Sadozai]]s) also claim to be descended from [[Alexander the Great]]'s Greeks.<ref name="Greek ancestry">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14986106&dopt=Abstract Investigation of the Greek ancestry of populations from northern Pakistan], ''Human Genetics'', 2004 Apr;114(5):484-90. Epub 2004 Feb 25 (retrieved 10 January 2007).</ref> |
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===Genética=== |
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[[Genealogical DNA test|Research into human DNA]] has emerged as a new and innovative tool being used to explore the genetic make-up of various populations in order to ascertain historical population movements. According to some [[genetic genealogy|genetic research]] the Pashto-speaking Pashtuns are mainly related to other Iranian peoples as well as the [[Burusho]] of the [[Northern Areas (Pakistan)|Northern Areas]] of Pakistan, who speak a [[language isolate]]. |
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===Era moderna=== |
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[[Image:Karzai-reporter.jpg|thumb|275px|[[Hamid Karzai]] in [[2002]], talking to a reporter in southern Afganistán before becoming the [[President of Afganistán|President]].]] |
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The Pashtuns are intimately tied to the history of modern Afganistán and western Pakistan, sometimes referred to as [[Pashtunistan]]. Following Muslim Arab and Turkic conquests from the 7th to 11th centuries, Pashtun ''[[Ghazw|ghazis]]'' (warriors for the faith) invaded and conquered much of northern India during the [[Khilji dynasty]] (1290-1321), [[Lodhi dynasty]] (1451-1526) and [[Suri dynasty]] (1540-1556). The Pashtuns' modern past stretches back to the [[Hotaki]] dynasty (1709-1738) and later the [[Durrani Empire]] (1747-1823).<ref name="US State Dept">[http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/sa/afghanistan9407.html Afghanistan: History], ''U.S. Department of State'' (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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The Hotakis were [[Ghilzai]] tribesmen, who defeated the Persian [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] and seized control over much of [[Persian Empire|Persia]] from 1722 to 1738. This was followed by the conquests of [[Ahmed Shah Abdali|Ahmad Shah Durrani]] who was a former high-ranking military commander under the ruler [[Nader Shah|Nadir Shah]] of Persia. He founded the Durrani Empire that covered most of what is today Afganistán, Pakistan, [[Kashmir region|Kashmir]], [[Punjab (India)|Indian Punjab]], and [[Khorasan]] province of Iran.<ref name="PBS Map">[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/afghanistan/images/info_g2.gif Map of Durrani Empire], ''pbs.org'' (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref><ref name="Durrani Map">[http://www.afghanland.com/history/ahmadshah.html Map of the Durrani Empire], ''Afghanland'' (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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After the fall of the Durrani Empire in 1818, it was the [[Barakzai Dynasty|Barakzai]] clan that took control of Afganistán. Specifically, the subclan known as the [[Mohamedzai]] ruled Afganistán between 1826 to the end of [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Mohammad Zahir Shah]] reign in 1973. This legacy continues into modern times as Afganistán is run by President [[Hamid Karzai]], who is an ethnic Pashtun from [[Kandahar]]. |
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The Pashtuns in Afganistán fought the [[British Empire|British]] to a standstill and kept the [[Russian Empire|Russians]] at bay during the so-called [[The Great Game|Great Game]], during which Afganistán remained an independent [[state]] that played the two large imperialist empires against each other to maintain some semblance of autonomy (See the [[Siege of Malakand]] for an example of this). Despite this, during the reign of [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] (1880-1901), Pashtun regions were divided by the [[Durand Line]], and control of what is today western Pakistan was ceded to [[British Raj|British India]] in 1893.<ref name="Britannica Durand">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9031550/Durand-Line Durand Line], [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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In the 20th century, some Pashtun leaders living under British Indian rule in the [[North-West Frontier Province]] supported [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], including [[Khan Wali Khan]] and [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] (both members of the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]], popularly referred to as the ''Surkh posh'' or "the Red shirts"), and were inspired by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[nonviolence|non-violent]] method of resistance.<ref name="Red Shirts">[http://www.bachakhan.com/ Khan Abdul-Ghaffar Khan], ''Bachakhan.com'' (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Later, in the 1970s, Khan Wali Khan pressed for more autonomy for Pashtuns. |
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Pashtuns in Afganistán attained complete independence from British intervention during the reign of King [[Amanullah Khan]], following the [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref name="iranica anglo-afghan" /> The monarchy ended with [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Sardar Daoud Khan]] seizing control of Afganistán in 1973, which opened the door to Soviet intervention and eventually culminated in the [[Democratic Republic of Afganistán|Saur Revolution]] or Communist take-over of Afganistán in 1978. Starting in the late 1970s, many Pashtuns joined the Mujahideen opposition against the [[Soviet war in Afganistán|Soviet invasion of Afganistán]]. These Mujahideen fought for control of Afganistán against the Communist [[Khalq]] and the [[Parcham]] factions. More recently, the Pashtuns became known for being the primary ethnic group that comprised the [[Taliban]], which was a religious movement that emerged from [[Kandahar]], Afganistán.<ref name="BBC Taliban">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/sept_11/afghan_culture_03.shtml Afghanistan: At the Crossroads of Ancient Civilisations], [[BBC]] (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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In late 2001, the Taliban government was removed from power as a result of the [[War in Afganistán (2001–present)|US-led invasion of Afganistán]]. |
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Pashtuns have played an important role in the region of [[South Asia|South]] and [[Central Asia]]. In neighboring Pakistan, ethnic Pashtun politicians, notably [[Ayub Khan]] and [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]], have also attained the Presidency, as well as high government posts such as Army Chief (Gul Hasan Khan) and Ministries. The Afghan [[royal family]], now represented by [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Muhammad Zahir Shah]], is also of ethnic Pashtun origin. In [[India]], the former ambassador to Algeria and advisor to [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Mohammad Yunus (diplomat)|Mohammad Yunus]] is an ethnic Pashtun.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/05/26/stories/2003052600431000.htm|title=To Islamabad and the Frontier|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=2007-08-08}}</ref> |
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Other prominent Pashtuns include the 17th-century warrior poet [[Khushal Khan Khattak]], Afghan "Iron" Emir [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], and in modern times [[U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations]] ([[Zalmay Khalilzad]])<ref>[http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lng=eng&id=35781 Khalilzad to visit Afganistán's mission at UN]</ref> and former [[Astronaut#Terminology|Afghan Cosmonaut]] ([[Abdul Ahad Mohmand]]) among many others. |
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==Pashtuns defined== |
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Among historians, anthropologists, and the Pashtuns themselves, there is some debate as to who exactly is a Pashtun. The most prominent views are: |
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*Pashtuns are predominantly an [[Iranian peoples|Eastern Iranian people]] who are speakers of the [[Pashto language]] and live in a contiguous geographic location across Afganistán, Iran and Pakistan. This is the generally accepted academic view.<ref name="Britannica: Pashtuns">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058636/Pashtun Pashtun] ''Britannica On-Line'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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*Pashtuns are [[Muslim]], following [[Pashtunwali]], as well as being Pashto-speakers and meeting other criteria.<ref name="UPenn Gazette">[http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0506/feature2_4.html Understanding Pashto] ''University of Pennsylvania Gazette'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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*In accordance with the legend of [[Qais Abdur Rashid]], the figure traditionally regarded as progenitor of the Pashtun people, Pashtuns are those whose related [[patrilineality|patrilineal descent]] may be traced back to legendary times. |
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These three definitions may be described as the ethno-linguistic definition, the religious-cultural definition, and the patrilineal definition, respectively. |
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===Definición étnica=== |
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[[Image:Young Afghan men in Nangarhar Province.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Young Pashtun boys in [[Nangarhar province]], which is in eastern Afganistán.]] |
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The ethno-linguistic definition is the most prominent and accepted view as to who is and is not a Pashtun.<ref name="Library of Congress Pakhtuns">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0053) Pakistan: Pakhtuns] ''US Library of Congress'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Generally, this most common view holds that Pashtuns are defined within the parameters of having mainly eastern Iranian ethnic origins, sharing a common language, culture and history, living in relatively close geographic proximity to each other, and acknowledging each other as kinsmen. Thus, tribes that speak disparate yet mutually intelligible dialects of Pashto will acknowledge each other as ethnic Pashtuns and even subscribe to certain dialects as "proper", such as the Pukhtu spoken by the [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai]] and the Pashto spoken by the [[Durrani]] in Kandahar.<ref name="Translation Center: Pashto">[http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/february/pashto.html#dial Pashto] ''National Virtual Translation Center'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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These criteria tend to be used by most Pashtuns in Pakistan and Afganistán as the basis for who can be counted as a Pashtun. |
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===Definición cultural=== |
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The religious and cultural definition is more stringent and requires Pashtuns to be Muslim and adherents of the Pashtunwali code.<ref name="New Yorker Pashtun">[http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/011203fa_FACT1 The Pashtun Code], ''The New Yorker'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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This is the most prevalent view among the more orthodox and conservative tribesmen who do not view Pashtuns of the [[Judaism|Jewish]] faith as actual Pashtuns, even if they themselves might claim to be of Hebrew ancestry, depending upon which tribe is in question. The religious definition for Pashtuns is partially based upon the laws of Pashtunwali, and that those who are Pashtun must follow and honor Pashtunwali. However, Pashtun society is not entirely homogenous in the religious sense, as Pashtuns, who are predominantly [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslims, can also be followers of the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] sect among others. In addition, the [[Jews and Judaism in Pakistan|Pakistani Jews]] and the [[History of the Jews in Afganistán|Afghan Jewish]] population, once numbering in the thousands, have largely relocated to [[Israel]]. Overall, more flexibility can be found among Pashtun intellectuals and academics who sometimes simply define who is and is not a Pashtun based upon other criteria that often excludes religion. |
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===Definición ancestral=== |
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The patrilineal definition is based on an important orthodox law of Pashtunwali. Its main requirement is that anyone claiming to be a Pashtun must have parents of Pashtun heritage. This law has maintained the tradition of exclusively patriarchal tribal lineage intact. Under this definition, in order to be an ethnic Pashtun, there is less regard as to what language one speaks (Pashto, Persian, Urdu, English, etc.), while more emphasis is placed upon one's father. |
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==Putative ancestry== |
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There are various communities which claim Pashtun descent and are largely found amongst other groups in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Central Asia]] who generally do not speak Pashto and are often considered either overlapping groups or are simply assigned to the ethno-linguistic group that corresponds to their geographic location and their mother tongue. Some groups who claim Pashtun descent include various non-Pashtun Afghans who are often conversant in [[Persian language|Persian]] rather than Pashto.<ref name="CIA Afghanistan" /> |
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Many claimants of Pashtun heritage in South Asia have mixed with local Muslim populations and refer to themselves (and Pashto-speaking Pashtuns and often Afghans in general) in the [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] variant Pathan rather than Pashtun or Pukhtun.<ref name="Islamic Voice">[http://www.islamicvoice.com/may.2003/cseries.htm Memons, Khojas, Cheliyas, Moplahs.... How Well Do You Know Them?] ''Islamic Voice'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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These populations are usually only part-Pashtun, to varying degrees, and often trace their Pashtun ancestry putatively through a paternal lineage, and are not universally viewed as ethnic Pashtuns(see section on ''Pashtuns Defined'' for further analysis). |
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Some groups claiming Pashtun descent live in close proximity to Pashtuns such as the [[Hindkowans]] who are sometimes referred to as ''Punjabi Pathans'' (in publications such as [[Encyclopedia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]).<ref name="Britannica Pakistan Ethnic Groups">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-23689/Pakistan Pakistan Ethnic Composition], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''(retrieved 24 March 2007).</ref> |
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The Hindkowans speak the [[Hindko language]] and are regarded as a group of mixed Pashtun and [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] origin.<ref name="JSTOR Hindko">[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X(1980)43%3A3%3C482%3AHIKAP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar] ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', [[University of London]], Vol. 43, No. 3 (1980), pp. 482-510 (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Culturally similar to Pashtuns, the Hinkowans often practice Pashtunwali in Pashtun-majority areas. The Hindkowans are a large minority in major cities such as [[Peshawar]], [[Kohat]], [[Mardan]], and [[Dera Ismail Khan]] and in mixed districts including [[Haripur District|Haripur]] and [[Abbottabad District|Abbottabad]] where they are often bilingual in Hindko and Pashto. |
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Additionally, upwards of 20% of [[Urdu]]-speakers claim partial Pashtun ancestry.<ref name="Pathan Communities in India">[http://www.dawatnet.com/full2.php?id=334 Study of the Pathan Communities in four States of India], ''Dawat Magazine'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref><ref name="Joshua Project">[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php Urdu speaking Pathans in India], ''Joshua Project'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Indian Pathans claim descent from Pashtun soldiers that settled in [[North India|northern India]] and intermarried with local Muslims during the era of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (especially under the [[Lodhi dynasty]]) and [[Mughal Empire]]. The [[Rohilla]] Pashtuns, after their defeat by the British, are notable for having intermarried with local Muslims. They are believed to have been bilingual in Pashto and Urdu until the mid-19th century. The repression of Rohilla Pashtuns by the British in the late 18th century caused thousands to flee to the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] colony of [[Guyana]] in [[South America]].<ref name="Rohillas">[http://afghanland.com/culture/guyana.html Afghans of Guyana], ''Afghanland.com'' (retrieved 18 January 2007)</ref> |
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Today, the Afghan proper refer to themselves as ''Ban-i-Afghan'' or ''Ban-i-Isrial'' to differentiate themselves form the Indian Pathan.<ref name="Lucknow">[http://www.lucknow4jesus.org/people/people2.asp Pathans of Lucknow, U.P., India], ''Lucknow4jesus.org'' (retrieved 03 May 2007)</ref> |
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With this differentiation in mind, the population of Pathans in India is around 11,324,000;<ref name="Indian Pathans" /> this population is distributed throughout the [[List of Indian state and union territory capitals|states of India]].<ref name="Joshua Project Map">[http://www.joshuaproject.net/profiles/maps/m107748_in.gif Map of Pashtuns in India], ''Indian Pashtun Map'' (retrieved 04 May 2007).</ref> |
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Lastly, small minorities of [[Sikh]]s and [[Hinduism|Hindus]], who are often bilingual in Pashto and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], are estimated to be in the thousands and can be found in parts of Afganistán.<ref name="Afghan Sikhs">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3138282.stm Sikhs struggle in Afganistán], ''[[BBC News]]'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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==Cultura== |
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{{main|Pashtun culture}} |
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Pashtun culture was formed over the course of many centuries. Pre-Islamic traditions, probably dating back to as far as [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s conquest in [[330 BC]], survived in the form of traditional dances, while literary styles and music largely reflect strong influence from the [[Culture of Iran|Persian tradition]] and regional [[musical instrument]]s fused with localized variants and interpretation. Pashtun culture is a unique blend of native customs and strong influences from [[Central Asian|Central]], [[South Asia|South]] and [[Middle East|West Asia]]. |
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===Lenguaje=== |
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{{main|Pashto language}} |
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The Pashtuns speak [[Pashto language|Pashto]], an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]]. It belongs to the [[Iranian languages|Iranian sub-group]] of the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch.<ref name="Omniglot">[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/pashto.htm Pashto language, alphabet and pronounciation], ''Omniglot'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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It can be further delineated within [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian]] and Southeastern Iranian. Pashto is written in the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and is divided into two main dialects, the northern "Pukhtu" and the southern "Pashto". |
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Pashto has ancient origins and bears similarities to [[extinct language]]s such as [[Avestan language|Avestan]] and [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]].<ref name="Britannica Avestan">[http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9356220 Avestan language], ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (retrieved 18 February 2007).</ref> |
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Its closest modern relatives include [[Pamir languages]], such as [[Shughni language|Shughni]] and [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]], and [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]], and has an ancient legacy of borrowing vocabulary from neighboring languages including [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Vedic Sanskrit]]. Invaders have left vestiges as well as Pashto has borrowed words from [[Ancient Greek]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], while modern borrowings come primarily from [[English language|English]].<ref name="ISBN Pashto Dictionary">Awde, Nicholas and Asmatullah Sarwan. 2002. ''Pashto: Dictionary & Phrasebook'', New York: Hippocrene Books Inc. ISBN 0-7818-0972-X (retrieved 18 February 2007).</ref> |
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Fluency in Pashto is often the main determinant as to whether there is group acceptance as to who is and is not considered a Pashtun. Pashtun [[nationalism]] emerged following the rise of Pashto poetry that linked language and ethnic identity starting with the work of [[Khushal Khan Khattak]] and continued with his grandson [[Afzal Khan Khattak|Afzal Khan]] (author of ''Tarikh-e Morassa'', a history of the Pashtun people).<ref name="ISBN Pashto Dictionary" /> |
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Pashto has [[national language|national status]] in Afganistán and [[regional language|regional status]] in Pakistan. In addition to their mother-tongue, many Pashtuns are fluent in [[Dari (Afganistán)|Dari]] (Afghan Persian) and/or [[Urdu]] as well as English. |
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===Religión=== |
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{{main|Islam in Afganistán|Islam in Pakistan}} |
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Pashtuns are predominantly [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]], most of them followers of the [[Hanafi]]te branch of Sunni Islam. There is a small minority of [[Twelvers|Ithna Asharia Shia]] Pashtuns largely concentrated in Afganistán.<ref name="US Library of Congress: Afghanistan Ethnic Groups">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0037) Pashtun] ''US Library of Congress'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Studies conducted amongst the [[Ghilzai]] reveal strong linkages between tribal affiliation and membership in the larger [[ummah]] (Islamic community), as most Pashtuns believe that they are descendants of the aforementioned [[Qais Abdur Rashid]] who is purported to have been an early convert to Islam and thus bequeathed the faith to the entire Pashtun population.<ref name="Afghanistan religion">[http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/Religion.html Meaning and Practice], ''Afghanistan Country Study: Religion'', [[Illinois Institute of Technology]] (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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A legacy of [[Sufism|Sufi]] activity remains common in Pashtun regions as evident in song and dance. Many Pashtuns are prominent [[Ulema]], or Islamic scholars, such as [[Muhammad Muhsin Khan|Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan]] who translated the [[Noble Qur'an (Hilali-Khan)|Noble Quran]] and [[Sahih Bukhari|Sahih Al-Bukhari]] and many other books into English.<ref name="Noble Quran">[http://firstedition.com.my/the%20noble%20quran.htm ''The Noble Quran'' (in 9 VOLUMES), Arabic-English] (ed. Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan) (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Lastly, non-Muslim Pashtuns are virtually non-existent as there is limited data regarding [[irreligion|irreligious]] groups and minorities. |
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===Literatura pashto=== |
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Throughout Pashtun history, poets, prophets, kings and warriors have been amongst the most revered members of society. For much of Pashtun history, literature has not played a major role as [[Persian literature|Persian]] was the literary ''[[lingua franca]]'' used for communication purposes by neighboring peoples and generally relied upon for writing purposes. However, by the 16th century early written records of Pashto began to appear, the earliest of which describes Sheikh Mali's conquest of [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]].<ref name="UCLA">[http://www.afghan-network.net/Ethnic-Groups/pashtu-history.html History of Pushto language], ''UCLA Language Materials Project'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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The advent of Pashto poetry and the revered works of [[Khushal Khan Khattak]] and [[Rahman Baba]] in the 17th century helped transition Pashto towards the modern period.<ref name="Rahman Baba">[http://www.pashto.org/content/view/12/26/ Rahman Baba: Poet of the Pashtuns] ''Pashto.org'' (retrieved 18 January 2007)</ref> |
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In the 20th century, Pashto literature gained significant prominence with the poetic works of [[Ameer Hamza Shinwari]] who was noted for his development of ''Pashto Ghazals''.<ref name="Shinwari Baba">[http://www.khyber.org/people/literary/AmirHamzaShinwariBaba.shtml Amir Hamza Shinwari Baba], ''Khyber.org'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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In recent times, Pashto literature has received increased patronage, but due to relatively high illiteracy rates, many Pashtuns continue to rely upon the oral tradition. Pashtun males continue to meet at ''chai khaana''s or tea cafes to listen and relate various oral tales of valor and history. |
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Despite the general male dominance of Pashto oral [[storytelling|story-telling]], Pashtun society is also marked by some [[matriarchy|matriarchal]] tendencies.<ref name="Pashtun poetess">[http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2005/05/22/the_tale_of_the_pashtun_poetess/?rss_id=Boston+Globe+--+Ideas+Section The tale of the Pashtun poetess], Leela Jacinto, ''The Boston Globe'', May 22, 2005 (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Folktales involving reverence for Pashtun mothers and matriarchs are common and are passed down from parent to child, as is most Pashtun heritage, through a rich [[oral tradition]] that has survived the ravages of time. |
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===Pashtunwali=== |
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{{main|Pashtunwali}} |
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The term "Pakhto" or "Pashto" from which the Pashtuns derive their name is not merely the name of their language, but is synonymous with a pre-Islamic honor code/religion formally known as [[Pashtunwali]] (or ''Pakhtunwali'').<ref name="Pakhtunwali">[http://www.afghanan.net/pashto/pashtunwali/pashtunwali.htm Pakhtunwali], Afghanan dot net (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Pashtunwali is believed to have originated millennia ago during pagan times and has, in many ways, fused with Islamic tradition.<ref name="Pashtunwali">[http://afghanland.com/culture/pashtunwali.html Pashtunwali: The Way of the Pashtuns], ''Afghanland.com'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Pashtunwali governs and regulates nearly all aspects of Pashtun life ranging from tribal affairs to individual "honor" (''nang'') and behavior. |
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There are numerous intricate tenets of Pashtunwali that influence Pashtun social behavior. One of the better known tenets is ''Melmastia'' or the notion of hospitality and asylum to all guests seeking help. Perceived wrongs or injustice call for ''Badal'' or swift [[revenge]]. A popular Pashtun saying, "Revenge is a dish best served cold", was borrowed by the British and popularized in the [[Western world|West]].<ref name="ISBN Insight Guide Pakistan">Halliday, Tony (ed.). 1998. ''Insight Guide Pakistan'', Duncan, South Carolina: Langenscheidt Publishing Group. ISBN 0-88729-736-6 (retrieved 19 February 2007).</ref> |
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Men are expected to protect ''Zan, Zar, Zameen'', which translates to women, treasure, and land. Some aspects promote peaceful co-existence such as ''Nanawati'' or the humble admission of guilt for a wrong committed, which should result in automatic forgiveness from the wronged party. These and other basic precepts of Pashtunwali continue to be followed by many Pashtuns, especially in rural areas. |
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===Deportes=== |
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Traditional sports include ''naiza bazi'', which involves horsemen who compete in spear throwing.<ref>[http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Afghanistan-to-Bosnia-Herzegovina/Pashtun.html Pashtun Sports], ''World Cultures'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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[[Polo]] is also an ancient traditional sport in the region and is a popular amongst many tribesmen such as the [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai]]. Like other Afghans, many Pashtuns engage in wrestling (''[[Pehlwani]]''), which is often part of larger sporting events.<ref>[http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/afghanistan/sports.html Afghanistan: Sports and Recreation], ''Afghanistan'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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[[Cricket]] is largely a legacy of British rule in the North-West Frontier Province, and many Pashtuns have become prominent participants (such as [[Shahid Afridi]] and [[Imran Khan]]). |
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[[Football (soccer)|Football]] is a more recent sport that increasing numbers of Pashtuns have started to play. Children engage in various games including a form of [[marbles]] called ''buzul-bazi'' which is played with the knuckle bones of sheep. Although traditionally less involved in sports than boys, young Pashtun girls often play [[volleyball]] and [[basketball]], especially in urban areas. |
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===Artes=== |
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Pashtun performers remain avid participants in various physical forms of expression including dance, sword fighting, and other physical feats. Perhaps the most common form of artistic expression can be seen in the various forms of Pashtun dances. |
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One of the most prominent dances is the ''Attan'', a dance with ancient pagan roots that was later modified by Islamic mysticism in some regions and has become the national dance of Afghanistan.<ref name="Attan">[http://www.virtualafghans.com/attan/ Attan: Afghanistan's National Dance], ''Virtual Afghans.com'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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A rigorous exercise, the Attan is performed as musicians play various native instruments including the ''[[dhol]]'' (drums), ''[[tabla]]s'' (percussions), ''[[rubab]]'' (a [[bow (music)|bowed]] [[string instrument]]), and ''toola'' (wooden flute). Involving a rapid circular motion, dancers perform until no one is left dancing in a fashion similar to [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Mevlevi|whirling dervishes]]. Numerous other dances are affiliated with various tribes including the ''Khattak Wal Atanrh'' (eponymously named after the [[Khattak]] tribe), ''Mahsood Wal Atanrh'' (which, in modern times, involves the juggling of loaded rifles), and ''Waziro Atanrh'' among others. A sub-type of the ''Khattak Wal Atanrh'' known as the ''Braghoni'' involves the use of up to three swords and requires great skill to successfully execute. Though most dances are dominated by males, some dance performances such as the ''Spin Takray'' feature female dancers.<ref name="Pashtoon dances">[http://www.khyber.org/culture/atan/atan.shtml Khyber.org: Traditional Dances of Pashtoons], ''Khyber.org'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Additionally, young women and girls often entertain at weddings with the ''Tumbal'' (tambourine). |
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Traditional Pashtun music has ties to ''[[Klasik]]'' (traditional [[music of Afghanistan|Afghan music]] heavily inspired by [[Indian classical music]]), [[Music of Iran|Iranian musical]] traditions, and other various forms found in South Asia. Popular forms include the [[ghazal]] (sung poetry) and Sufi [[qawwali]] music.<ref name="Pashto Music">[http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/music/pashtosongs.html Traditional Pashto Music], ''Afghanistan Online'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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General themes tend to revolve around love and religious introspection. Modern Pashto music is currently centered around the city of Peshawar due to the various wars in Afghanistan, and tends to combine indigenous techniques and instruments with Iranian-inspired [[Persian music]] and Indian [[Filmi]] music prominent in [[Bollywood]].<ref name="Pashto Music2">[http://www.batkhela.com/music/ ''PashtoMusic.net''] (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Other modern Pashtun media include an established Pashto-language film and television industry that is based in Pakistan. Producers based in [[Lahore]] have created Pashto-language films since the 1970s. Pashto films were once popular, but have declined both commercially and critically in recent years.<ref name="Pashto Movies">[http://www.khyber.org/video/ Pashto Movies & Video Clips], ''Khyber.org'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Past films such as ''Yusuf Khan Sherbano'' dealt with serious subject matter, traditional stories, and legends, but the Pashto film industry has, since the 1980s, been accused of churning out increasingly lewd [[exploitation film|exploitation]]-style films.<ref name="Exploitation films">[http://www.khyber.org/articles/2003/PashtoCinema-Craziness.shtml Pashto Cinema-Craziness], ''Khyber.org'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref><ref name="Pushto Movies">[http://www.thehotspotonline.com/blahblah/articles/pushto.htm The Sublime and Surreal World of Pushto Movies], ''The Hot Spot Online'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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Pashtun lifestyle and issues have been raised by Western and Pashtun expatriate film-makers in recent years. Notable films about the Pashtun experience include British film-maker [[Michael Winterbottom]]'s ''[[In This World]]'',<ref name="Indiewire">[http://www.indiewire.com/people/people_030918winter.html Michael Winterbottom Talks About His Tragic Road Movie, "In This World"], ''Indiewire.com'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> which chronicles the struggles of two Afghan youths who leave their [[refugee camp]]s in Pakistan and attempt to move to the [[United Kingdom]] in search of a better life, and the British mini-series ''[[Traffik]]'' (re-made as the American film ''[[Traffic (2000 film)|Traffic]]'') which featured a Pashtun man (played by [[Jamal Shah]]) struggling to survive in a world with few opportunities outside the drug trade.<ref name="IMDb">[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096716/ Traffik], ''IMDb'' (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> |
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In addition, numerous actors of Pashtun descent also work in India's Bollywood film industry including [[Kader Khan]] and [[Feroz Khan]]. |
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==Instituciones== |
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{{for|a list of tribal groupings|Pashtun tribes}} |
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A prominent institution of the Pashtun people is the intricate system of tribes. The Pashtuns remain a predominantly tribal people, but the world-wide trend of urbanization has begun to alter Pashtun society as cities such as Peshawar and Quetta have grown rapidly due to the influx of rural Pashtuns and Afghan refugees.<ref name="MIT">[http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/migration/pubs/rrwp/14_ethno-religious.html How Ethno-Religious Identity Influences the Living Conditions of Hazara and Pashtun Refugees in Peshawar, Pakistan], ''Department of Urban Studies and Planning, MIT'' (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Many still identify themselves with various [[clan]]s despite this trend towards urbanization. |
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More precisely, there are several levels of organization within the Pashtun tribal system: the ''[[Tabar]]'' (tribe) is subdivided into kinship groups called ''[[Khel (Pastún)|Khels]]''. The ''Khel'' in turn is divided into smaller groups (''[[Pllarina]]'' or ''Plarganey''), each of which consists of several extended families or ''[[Kahols]]''.<ref name="Jirga">[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN017434.pdf Jirga - A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan] by Ali Wardak, ''un.org'' (2003), p.7 (retrieved 10 October 2006)</ref> |
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"A large tribe often has dozens of sub-tribes whose members may see themselves as belonging to each, some, or all of the sub-tribes in different social situations (co-operative, competitive, confrontational) and identify with each accordingly."<ref name="Jirga" /> Pashtun tribes are divided into [[Qais Abdur Rashid#Descendants|four 'greater' tribal groups]]: [[Sarbans]], Batans, [[Ghourghushti|Ghurghusht]] and Karlans. |
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In addition to the tribal hierarchy, another prominent Pashtun institution is that of the ''[[Jirga]]'' or 'Senate' of elected [[elder (administrative title)|elder]]s and wise men. Most decisions in tribal life are made by members of the Jirga, which is the main institution of authority that the largely egalitarian Pashtuns willingly acknowledge as a viable governing body.<ref name="HRW">[http://hrw.org/press/2002/04/qna-loyagirga.htm Q & A on Afghanistan's Loya Jirga Process], ''[[Human Rights Watch]]'' (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Pashtuns often observe special occasions upon which to celebrate and/or commemorate events, which are also quite often national holidays in Pakistan and Afghanistan. A common [[Turko-Persian tradition|Turko-Iranian]] celebration known as ''[[Norouz|Nouruz]]'' (or New Year) is often observed by Pashtuns.<ref name="Noruz">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9056297/Noruz Noruz], ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Most prominent are [[Muslim holidays]] including ''[[Ramadan]]'' and ''[[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid al-Fitr]]''. Muslim holidays tend to be the most widely observed and commercial activity can come to a halt as large [[Extended family|extended families]] gather together in what is often both a religious duty and a festive celebration. |
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==La mujer== |
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[[Image:Afghan girl Pashtun.JPEG|right|150px|thumb|A young Pashtun woman from Afghanistan.]] |
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The lives of Pashtun women vary from those who reside in conservative rural areas, such as the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|tribal belt]], to those found in relatively freer urban centers.<ref name="Women's Rights">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/features/ihavearightto/four_b/report-azami.shtml I have a right to], ''BBC World Service'', Fri 16 January 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Though many Pashtun women remain tribal and illiterate, others have become educated and gainfully employed.<ref name="Women's Rights" /> The ravages of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and the [[Wars in Afghanistan#Second Afghan Civil War (1979-present)|Afghan wars]], leading to the rise and fall of the Taliban, caused considerable hardship amongst Pashtun women as many of their rights were curtailed in favor of a rigid interpretation of [[Wahhabism|Islamic law]]. The difficult lives of Afghan female refugees gained considerable notoriety with the iconic image of the so-called "Afghan Girl" ([[Sharbat Gula]]) depicted on the June 1985 cover of ''[[National Geographic Magazine|National Geographic]]'' magazine.<ref name="Sharbat Gula">[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/100best/storyA_story.html Along Afghanistan's War-torn Frontier], ''National Geographic'', June 1985 (retrieved 10 October 2006)</ref> |
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In addition, the male-dominated code of ''Pashtunwali'' often constrains women and forces them into designated traditional roles that separate the genders.<ref name="Women and Pashtunwali" /><ref name="Safia Amajan">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0,,1923314,00.html Afghan teacher and public servant gunned down by the Taliban outside her home], ''The Guardian'', Fri 16 January 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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The pace of change and reform for women has been slow as a result of the [[wars in Afghanistan]] and the isolation and instability of tribal life in Pakistan. |
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Modern social reform for Pashtun women began in the 20th century. During the early 20th century, Queen [[Soraya Tarzi]] of Afghanistan was an early feminist leader whose advocacy of social reforms for women was so radical that it led to the fall of her and her husband [[Amanullah Khan|King Amanullah]]'s dynasty.<ref name="Queen Soraya">[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/SIGNS/journal/issues/v32n1/60219/60219.html Abandoning the Wardrobe and Reclaiming Religion in the Discourse on Afghan Women's Islamic Rights], Leela Jacinto, ''University of Chicago, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society'' 2006, vol. 32, no. 1 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Even during the tumultuous Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, [[civil rights]] remained an important issue as feminist leader [[Meena Keshwar Kamal]] campaigned for women's rights and founded the Revolutionary Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) in the 1980s.<ref name="RAWA">[http://www.rawa.org/waves.htm Making Waves: Interview with RAWA], ''RAWA.org'', Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Today, Pashtun women vary from the traditional housewives who live in seclusion to urban workers, some of whom seek or have attained parity with men.<ref name="Women's Rights" /> |
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However, due to numerous social hurdles, the literacy rate for Pashtun women remains considerably lower than that of males.<ref name="Pakistan Education and Gender">[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_sex.html Population by Level of Education and Gender], ''Pakistan Census'', Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref><ref name="Afghan women literacy">[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/29/world/main683742.shtml Laura Bush Meets Afghan Women], ''CBS News'', Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Abuse against women is also widespread and yet is increasingly being challenged by women's rights organizations which find themselves struggling with conservative religious groups as well as government officials in both Pakistan and Afghanistan. According to researcher Benedicte Grima's book ''Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women'', "a powerful ethic of forbearance severely limits traditional Pashtun women's ability to mitigate the suffering they acknowledge in their lives."<ref name="Paxtun Women">Grima, Benedicte. 1992. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0292727569 ''Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women''], [[University of Texas Press]]. ISBN 0-292-72756-9 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Pashtun women often have their legal rights curtailed in favor of their husbands or male relatives as well. For example, though women are technically [[women's suffrage|allowed to vote]] in Afghanistan and Pakistan, many have been kept away from [[ballot box]]es by males.<ref name="BBC Women">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/features/ihavearightto/four_b/report-azami.shtml I have a right to - Muhammad Dawood Azami: Pashto], ''BBC World Service'' (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> Traditionally, Pashtun women have few inheritance rights and are often charged with taking care of large extended families of their spouses.<ref name="Afghan Family">[http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/Family.html Afghanistan Country Study: Family], ''Government Documents Depository Website, Paul V. Galvin Library, [[Illinois Institute of Technology]]'' (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Another tradition that persists is ''swara'', a practice that involves giving a female relative to someone in order to rectify a dispute. The practice was declared illegal in Pakistan in 2000, but continues in tribal regions.<ref name="Khaleej Times">[http://www.alternatives.ca/article1231.html Pakistani Girls Forced to Settle Men's Disputes], ''Khaleej Times'', Fri April 16, 2004 (Alternatives.ca) (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Despite obstacles, many Pashtun women have begun a process of slow change. While most Pashtun women are illiterate, a rich oral tradition and resurgence of poetry has been inspirational to many Pashtun women seeking to learn to read and write.<ref name="Pashtun poetess" /> |
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As a sign of further female emancipation, a Pashtun woman recently became one of the first female fighter pilots in the [[Pakistan Air Force]].<ref name="BBC First Female Pilots">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4533367.stm Pakistan's first women fighter pilots], Zaffar Abbas, ''BBC News'', 11 May 2005 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Further challenging the status quo, [[Vida Samadzai]] was selected as [[Miss Afghanistan]] in 2003, a feat that was received with a mixture of support from those who back the individual rights of women and those who view such displays as anti-traditionalist and un-Islamic. In addition, numerous Pashtun women have attained high political office both in Pakistan and, following recent elections, in Afghanistan, where the percentage of female representatives is one of the highest in the world.<ref name="BBC Warlords">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4434782.stm Warlords and women in uneasy mix], Andrew North, ''BBC News'', 14 November 2005 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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Substantial work remains, though, for Pashtun women who hope to gain [[social equality|equal rights]] with men who remain disproportionately dominant in most aspects of Pashtun society. [[Human rights]] organizations, including the [[Afghan Women's Network]], continue to struggle for greater [[women's rights]], as does the [[Aurat Foundation]] in Pakistan, which attempts to safeguard women from [[domestic violence|domestic abuse]].<ref name="AWN">[http://www.afghanwomensnetwork.org/index.php?q=node/32 About AWN], ''Afghan Women's Network'' (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref><ref name="Aurat">[http://www.brain.net.pk/~apisf/ Aurat Publication and Information Service Foundation], ''Aurat Foundation'', Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006).</ref> |
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== Véase también == |
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{{Commonscat|Pashtuns}} |
{{Commonscat|Pashtuns}} |
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*[[Pakhtunkhwa|Pashtunkhwa]] |
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*[[Pashtunwali]] |
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*[[Pashtunistán]] |
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*[[Diáspora pashtun]] |
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*[[Historia de la India]] |
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*[[Historia de Irán]] |
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== |
==Notas y referencias== |
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*''Nota: las estadísticas sobre la población pashtun en países extranjeros se obtuvieron de varios censos, de [[United Nations|UN]], del [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]], [[Ethnologue]], y del Proyecto Joshua.'' |
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{{Listaref|2}} |
{{Listaref|2}} |
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==Bibliografía y enlaces externos== |
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*Ahmad, Aisha and Boase, Roger. 2003. "Pashtun Tales from the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier: From the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier." Saqi Books (March 1, 2003). ISBN 0-86356-438-0. |
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*[[Akbar S. Ahmed|Ahmed, Akbar S]]. 1976. "Millennium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social Anthropology." London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. |
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*Ahmed, Akbar S. 1980. "Pukhtun economy and society." London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. |
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*Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1994. "The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2608-8. |
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*Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1988. "The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2448-4. |
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*Caroe, Olaf. 1984. "The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957 (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)." Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577221-0 |
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*[[Ahmad Hasan Dani|Dani, Ahmad Hasan]]. 1985. "Peshawar: Historic city of the Frontier." Sang-e-Meel Publications (1995). ISBN 969-35-0554-9. |
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*Dupree, Louis. 1997. "Afghanistan." Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577634-8. |
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*[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006C1P4M/ Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1815. "An account of the Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: comprising a view of the Afghaun nation." Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst (1969).] |
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*Habibi, Abdul Hai. 2003. "Afghanistan: An Abridged History." Fenestra Books. ISBN 1-58736-169-8. |
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*Hopkirk, Peter. 1984. "The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia." Kodansha Globe; Reprint edition. ISBN 1-56836-022-3. |
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*Wardak, Ali [http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN017434.pdf "Jirga - A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan"], 2003, online at [[UNPAN]] (the [[United Nations]] Online Network in Public Administration and Finance). |
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*"A Study of the Greek Ancestry of Northern Pakistani Ethnic Groups Using 115 Microsatellite Markers." A. Mansoor, Q. Ayub, et al.''Am. J. Human Genetics,'' Oct 2001 v69 i4 p399. |
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*[http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2007/2007-04/200704-Taliban.html "Is One of the Lost Tribes the Taliban?"] -- from ''Moment Magazine'' (April 2007) |
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*[http://www.roadjunky.com/guide/457/pathans-of-paksitan "The Pashtun People of Afghanistan"] -- from Road Junky Online travel guides (2007) |
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*[[Paddy Docherty]],The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion: A History of Invasion and Empire. 2007. Publisher: Faber and Faber.[[ISBN]]-10: 0571219772 |
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*[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/10/20/MN.DTL "Taliban may have origin in ancient tribe of Israel: Anthropologist finds many similarities"] -- from the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' (October 2001) |
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Revisión del 16:32 12 ago 2010
Los pashtunes son un grupo etnolingüístico de lengua irania
Tiene poblaciones ubicadas básicamente en el este y sur de Afganistán, en las provincias pakistaníes de Frontera del Noroeste, Baluchistán y áreas tribales bajo administración federal.
En general los pashtún se caracterizan por su pashto y la observancia tanto del pashtunwali (un código de honor religioso y cultural, preislámico)[1] como del islam.
A la persona de esta etnia se la llama
- pastún
- pashtún (en pashto, urdu y persa: پشتون paštūn o پختون paxtūn
- khan
- pushtún
- pakhtún
- pukhtún
- patán (en urdu: پٹھان, y en hindi: पठान paṭhān)
- afgano étnico (en persa: افغان afğān)[2]
Muy pocas veces los pashtunes han estado unidos políticamente. Su pasado reciente comenzó con el crecimiento del Imperio Durrani en 1747. Los pashtunes jugaron un rol destacado durante la Invasión soviética de Afganistán (1979-1989), ya que muchos se unieron a los muyahidín. Los pashtunes ganaron la atención del mundo durante el crecimiento y posterior caída de los talibán, dado que eran el principal grupo étnico del movimiento. Los pashtún son también una muy importante comunidad de Pakistán, donde por su cantidad son el segundo grupo étnico.
Los pashtún forman el mayor grupo tribal patriarcal (linaje segmentado) del mundo.[3] La población total del grupo se estima en por lo menos 40 millones, aunque es difícil un censo preciso debido a la característica nómada de muchas tribus, la práctica de ocultar a las mujeres, y a que el censo oficial más reciente en Afganistán data de 1979.[4]
Tribus pashtunas
Las tribus pashtún se dividen en cuatro grandes confederaciones tribales:
Demografía
La gran mayoría de los pasthún se encuentra en un área que va desde el oeste de Pakistán hasta el suroeste de Afganistán. También se encuentran algunas otras comunidades pashtún en las zona norte de Pakistán, Azad Kashmir, y la provincia Sindh de Pakistán como también a lo largo de Afganistán. Existen algunas comunidades más pequeñas en Irán, India,[5][6] y una comunidad grande de trabajadores migratorios en los países de la península árabe. Peshawar y Kandahar son grandes ciudades de la cultura pashtún. Además, Quetta y Kabul si bien son ciudades étnicamente diversas poseen una gran población pashtún. Karachi con una población de 1,5 millones de pashtún étnicos es la mayor ciudad pashtún del mundo.[7]
Los pashtúnes representan más del 15,42% de la población de Pakistán o 25,6 millones de personas. En Afganistán, representan el 42% de la población o 12.5 millones de personas. Aunque es preciso considerar estas cifras con cierto recelo, particularmente las de Afganistán, además se debe tener en cuenta que unos tres millones de refugiados afganos (de los cuales 81,5% o 2,49 millones son pashtún étnicos) permanecen en Pakistán.Un número indeterminado de refugiados residen en Irán.[8] Se estima que el total de la población de étnia pashtún supera los 40 millones de personas.
Historia y orígenes
La historia de los pashtún se remonta a la antigüedad, y queda aún mucho por investigar. Desde el segundo milenio antes de Cristo hasta el presente, las regiones pashtunas han sido objeto de numerosas invasiones y migraciones incluyendo las realizadas por tribus arias (pueblos iranios, indoarios), medos, persas, maurias, escitas, kushanos, heftalitas, griegos, árabes, turcos y mongoles. Existen numerosas teorías contrapuestas sobre los orígenes del pueblo pashtún, algunas modernas y otras arcaicas, tanto entre los historiadores como entre los mismos pashtunes.
Referencias antiguas
El historiador griego Heródoto mencionó por primera vez a un pueblo que llamó pactyans, que ya habitaban en la frontera este de la satrapía persa de Aracosia a principios del primer milenio antes de Cristo.[9] Adicionalmente, el Rig Vedá (siglo VII a. C.) menciona que una tribu llamada los pakthas vivían en la zona este de Pakhat (que podría ser la actual Afganistán), y hay quienes piensan que estos podrían ser los antepasados de los pashtunes.[10] Otros pueblos antiguos relacionados con los pashtunes son los bactrianos que hablaban un lenguaje relacionado con el iranio medio.
Históricamente, a los pashtunes se les dice afganos étnicos, ya que los vocablos pashtún y afgán eran sinónimos hasta la creación de la moderna Afganistán y la división de los pashtunes por la Linea Durand que es una frontera creada por los británicos hacia finales del siglo XIX. Según V. Minorsky, W. K. Frazier Tyler, M. C. Gillet y otros estudiosos, "La palabra afgán aparece por primera vez en la historia en el Hudud-al-Alam en el año 982".[11] Era utilizada por los pashtunes y se refiere a un antecesor legendario comun conocido como Afgana.
Véase también
Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre Pueblo pastún.- Pashtunkhwa
- Pashtunwali
- Pashtunistán
- Diáspora pashtun
- Historia de la India
- Historia de Irán
Notas y referencias
- Nota: las estadísticas sobre la población pashtun en países extranjeros se obtuvieron de varios censos, de UN, del CIA World Factbook, Ethnologue, y del Proyecto Joshua.
- ↑ Palwasha Kakar: «Tribal Law of Pashtunwali and Women’s Legislative Authority». Escuela de Leyes de la Universidad de Harvard, consultado en junio de 2006.
- ↑ Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1994. The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East), Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2608-8 (consultado en junio de 2006).
- ↑ Ethnic, Cultural and Linguistic Denominations in Pakhtunkhwa, KhyberWatch.com (retrieved 7 June 2006).
- ↑ Afghanistan Census of Population and Housing: Phase one Household Listing, UNFPA Projects in Afghanistan (retrieved 18 February 2007).
- ↑ Northern Pashto, Ethnologue.com (retrieved 7 June 2006)
- ↑ Pushtun, Northern of India, Joshua Project - figures taken from UNESCO through UNEP/GRID (retrieved 03 May 2007)
- ↑ «How the Talibanm kept their coffers full».
- ↑ Iran-Pakistan: Refugees, IRIN Asia, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (retrieved 7 June 2006).
- ↑ Chapter 7 of The History of Herodotus (traducido por George Rawlinson; originalmente escrito en el 440 a. C.) (retrieved 10 January 2007).
- ↑ Rig Veda Book Seven, Political Gateway (retrieved 7 June 2006).
- ↑ The Khalaj West of the Oxus; excerpts from "The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol 10, No 2, pp 417-437 (retrieved 10 January 2007).
Bibliografía y enlaces externos
- Ahmad, Aisha and Boase, Roger. 2003. "Pashtun Tales from the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier: From the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier." Saqi Books (March 1, 2003). ISBN 0-86356-438-0.
- Ahmed, Akbar S. 1976. "Millennium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social Anthropology." London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Ahmed, Akbar S. 1980. "Pukhtun economy and society." London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
- Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1994. "The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2608-8.
- Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1988. "The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2448-4.
- Caroe, Olaf. 1984. "The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957 (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)." Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577221-0
- Dani, Ahmad Hasan. 1985. "Peshawar: Historic city of the Frontier." Sang-e-Meel Publications (1995). ISBN 969-35-0554-9.
- Dupree, Louis. 1997. "Afghanistan." Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577634-8.
- Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1815. "An account of the Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: comprising a view of the Afghaun nation." Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst (1969).
- Habibi, Abdul Hai. 2003. "Afghanistan: An Abridged History." Fenestra Books. ISBN 1-58736-169-8.
- Hopkirk, Peter. 1984. "The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia." Kodansha Globe; Reprint edition. ISBN 1-56836-022-3.
- Wardak, Ali "Jirga - A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan", 2003, online at UNPAN (the United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance).
- "A Study of the Greek Ancestry of Northern Pakistani Ethnic Groups Using 115 Microsatellite Markers." A. Mansoor, Q. Ayub, et al.Am. J. Human Genetics, Oct 2001 v69 i4 p399.
- "Is One of the Lost Tribes the Taliban?" -- from Moment Magazine (April 2007)
- "The Pashtun People of Afghanistan" -- from Road Junky Online travel guides (2007)
- Paddy Docherty,The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion: A History of Invasion and Empire. 2007. Publisher: Faber and Faber.ISBN-10: 0571219772
- "Taliban may have origin in ancient tribe of Israel: Anthropologist finds many similarities" -- from the San Francisco Chronicle (October 2001)