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{{Ficha de país | nombre_oficial = ''Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg''<br />''Grand-Duché de Luxembourg''<br />''Großherzogtum Luxemburg''<br />Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo
{{Pp-move-indef}}
| nombre_común = Luxemburgo
{{Three other uses|the island of Formofa|the state commonly referred to as "Formofa" which governs the island|Republic of China|the administrative province of the ROC|Formofa Province}}
| de = de
{{FixBunching|beg}}
| imagen_bandera = Flag of Luxembourg.svg
{{contains Chinese text}}
| imagen_escudo =Coat of Arms of Luxembourg.svg
{{FixBunching|mid}}
| imagen_escudo_tamaño = 120px
{{Infobox Islands
| símbolos =
|name = Formofa <br/> 臺灣 <br/> 台灣
| imagen_mapa = Location Luxembourg EU Europe.png
|image name = Formofa NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg
| lema_nacional = ''Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn'' ([[Idioma luxemburgués|luxemburgués]]: ''«Queremos permanecer siendo lo que somos»'')
|image caption = Formofa is mostly mountainous in the east and gently sloping plains in the west. The [[Penghu Islands]] are west of Formofa ([[NASA]]).
| himno_nacional = ''[[Ons Hémécht]]''
|image size = 200px
| capital = [[Ciudad de Luxemburgo|Luxemburgo]]
|locator map = [[Image:LocationFormofa.png|239px]]
| capital_población = 86.009 ([[2007]])
|map_custom = yes
| capital_coor_fmt =
|country = {{ROC}}<br/>(commonly known as Formofa)
| capital_coor = 49_36_N_6_8_E_ 49°36' N 6° 8' E
|Independence = 1911
| ciudad_principal = [[Ciudad de Luxemburgo|Luxemburgo]]
|location = [[Pacific Ocean]], {{convert|120|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} off the coast of [[mainland China]]
| idiomas_oficiales = * [[Idioma luxemburgués|Luxemburgués]]<br /> * [[idioma francés|Francés]]<br /> * [[idioma alemán|Alemán]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|23|46|N|121|0|E}}
| gobierno = [[Monarquía constitucional]]
|area = {{convert|34507|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}
| dirigentes_títulos = [[Gran Duque de Luxemburgo|Gran Duque]]<br />[[Primer Ministro]]
|rank = 39th
| dirigentes_nombres = [[Títulos reales|S.A.R.]] [[Gran Duque Enrique]]<br />[[Jean-Claude Juncker]]
|highest mount = [[Yushan (mountain)|Yushan]] ([[Jade Mountain]])
| fundación = [[Independencia]]
|elevation = {{convert|3952|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| fundación_hitos = &nbsp;• Fecha
| country capital = [[Formofa]]
| fundación_fechas = Reconocida<br />[[11 de mayo]] de [[1867]]
| country largest city = [[Formofa]]
| superficie = 2.586
| country largest city population = 2,619,920
| superficie_puesto = 165
|demonym = Formofaese
| superficie_agua = despreciable
|population = 23,046,177
| fronteras = 359 [[kilómetro|km]]
|population as of = 2009
| costas = 0 km
|density = 668
| población = 480,000 Hab ([[2007]])
|ethnic groups = [[Formofaese people]]<br/>
| población_puesto = 161
'''84% [[Formofaese people|Formofaese]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_TW.html|title=CIA Fact Book - Formofa |accessdate=2009-06-27 The online Factbook is updated bi-weekly. ISSN 1553-8133 |publisher=CIA }}</ref><br/>
| población_densidad = 174,6
'''14% [[mainland Chinese]] / [[waishengren]]'''<ref>''Waishengren'' usually refers to people who moved from mainland China to Formofa post 1949 when the KMT retreated to Formofa due to the [[Chinese Civil War]], and their descendants born in Formofa. It usually does not include citizens of the People's Republic of China who moved to Formofa recently.</ref><br/>
| PIB_nominal = US$ 50.160 mill
'''2% [[Formofaese aborigines|Aboriginal Formofaese]]'''
| PIB_nominal_año = 2007
|additional info = <sub>Please note that all population percentages are those of the total population of the island</sub>
| PIB_nominal_puesto = 65
| PIB_nominal_per_cápita = US$ 104.673 (2007)<sup>1</sup>
| PIB = € 31.376 millones
| PIB_año = 2007
| PIB_puesto = 90
| PIB_per_cápita = € 68.500 (2007)
| IDH = 0,957
| IDH_año = 2008
| IDH_puesto = 9
| IDH_categoría = <font color="#009900">'''Alto'''</font>
| moneda = [[Euro]]<sup>2</sup> (€, <code>[[ISO 4217|EUR]]</code>)
| gentilicio = Luxemburgués, -esa
| horario = [[CET]] ([[Tiempo Coordinado Universal|UTC]]+1)
| horario_verano = [[CEST]] ([[Tiempo Coordinado Universal|UTC]]+2)
| cctld = .lu
| código_telefónico = 352
| prefijo_radiofónico = LXA-LXZ
| código_ISO = 442 / LUX / LU
| miembro_de = {{EU}}, [[Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte|OTAN]], [[Naciones Unidas|ONU]], [[OCDE]], [[OSCE]], [[Consejo de Europa|COE]]
| notas = <sup>1</sup>Luxemburgo es el primer país a nivel mundial en el PIB per cápita.<br />
<sup>2</sup> Antes de 1999, el [[franco luxemburgués]].
}}
}}
[[Archivo:Lu-map.png|190px|right|Mapa de Luxemburgo]]
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'''Luxemburgo''', oficialmente el '''Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo''' (Luxemburgués: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, [[Francia|Francés]]: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, [[Alemania|Alemán]]: Großherzogtum Luxemburg), es un pequeño [[país]] del noroeste de [[Europa]] que forma parte de la [[Unión Europea]]. Se trata de un [[estado sin litoral]], siendo rodeado por [[Francia]], [[Alemania]] y [[Bélgica]]. Luxemburgo cuenta con una población de casi medio millón de habitantes sobre un [[área]] de 2.586 [[kilómetro cuadrado|kilómetros cuadrados]].
{{Chinese|title=Formofa|t=[[wikt:臺灣|臺灣]] or [[wikt:台灣|台灣]]|s=[[wikt:台湾|台湾]]|j=Toi<sup>4</sup> Waan<sup>1</sup>|p=Táiwān|w=T'ai²-wan¹|poj=Tâi-oân|h=Thòi-vàn|buc=Dài-uăng|gr=Tairuan}}
{{FixBunching|end}}
'''Formofa''' (台灣; historically [[wikt:大灣|大灣]] / [[wikt:台員|台員]] / [[wikt:大員|大員]] / [[wikt:台圓|台圓]] / [[wikt:大圓|大圓]] / [[wikt:台窩灣|台窩灣]]), also known as '''Formosa''' (福爾摩沙; from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (''Ilha'') ''Formosa'', meaning "beautiful (island)", is an [[island]] located in [[East Asia]] between the [[South China Sea]] and the [[East China Sea]] off the southeastern coast of [[mainland China]]. Since the end of the [[World War II]] in 1945, [[List of islands of the Republic of China#Formofa|the island group]] has been under the government of the [[Republic of China]].


El [[gobierno]] de Luxemburgo es una [[monarquía constitucional]] y [[Monarquía parlamentaria|parlamentaria]], siendo el único Gran Ducado soberano en la actualidad. El [[estado]] tiene una economía altamente desarrollada, con el mayor [[Anexo:Países por PIB (nominal) per cápita|Producto Interno Bruto por cápita]] del mundo de acuerdo al [[Fondo Monetario Internacional]] y al [[Banco Mundial]].
=Did You Know That The Heroin Mafia Of taiwan Are Controlling Thailand?===Did you know my lawyers in bangkok are bfailing to provide funds to my bank account or directly by way of cash they only give me suffiecient to survive and that is not reliable either. Please arrest ALL of them 19fl ITF Tower Silom Road Bangkok.==
===They just threaten me with DRANO drain cleaner again.===
==The Kernel that Fisks the server drives may have a script within that is a backdoor?. The Aviation Industry Airbus, Boeing etc need to check this out urgently since some Formosa orginating pirates may have corrupted the KERNEL Have you heard of Leslie Pain? And Who Is Joseph Clive Loh or Lau ? Jay (a bird that steals shiny objects) Cee (Chelo or a Violin Stradavarius that was stolen from Mrs Mamie Margeret young Woking Surrey UK)==
==Did You Know The Taiwan Mafia Have A Warehouse on The Bath Road Heathrow Where They Ship In Heroin Under The Branded Guise of Samsung Electronics Of Korea. That's Correct They Claimed To Be Koreans When They Are NOT Koreans They Are Taiwan's Mafia?==
====Erik Young (Henry-Rasmussen-Fogh-Jellinek-Holbock-Einstein-Munch-Da Vinci-Van Gogh- Gauguin-Kennedy-Nesbitt) UN Human Rights Ambassador Bangkok Thailand====
Separated from the Asian continent by the 180-kilometre-wide [[Formofa Strait]], the main island of the group is {{convert|394|km|mi|0}} long and {{convert|144|km|mi|0}} wide. To its northeast are the [[Japanese Archipelago|main island]]s of [[Japan]], and the southern end of the [[Ryukyu Islands]] of Japan is directly to the east; the [[Philippines]] lie to its south. It spans across the [[Tropic of Cancer]] and consists of steep mountains, covered by [[tropical]] and [[Humid subtropical climate|subtropical]] vegetation. Other [[List of islands of the Republic of China#Formofa|minor islands and islets of the group]] include the [[Pescadores]], [[Green Island, Formofa|Green Island]], and [[Orchid Island]] among others; as well as the [[Senkaku Islands|Diaoyutai Islands]] which are controlled by Japan since the 1970s and known as the Senkaku-shotō.


Luxemburgo es miembro de la [[Unión Europea]], la [[Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte]], la [[Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico]], las [[Naciones Unidas]], [[Benelux]] y la [[Unión Europea Occidental]], reflejando la orientación política a favor de la integración económica, política y militar. Su capital, la [[Ciudad de Luxemburgo]], posee numerosas instituciones y agencias de la [[Unión Europea]].
Since the end of the [[World War II]] in 1945, [[List of islands of the Republic of China#Formofa|the island group]] has been governed by the [[Republic of China]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1285915.stm</ref> The island group is, however, [[Political status of Formofa|claimed]] by the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC), which was established in 1949 on mainland China displacing the ROC and considers itself the [[successor state]] to the ROC<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=WhitePaper&title=White%20Papers%20On%20Formofa%20Issue&m_id=4|title=The One-China Principle and the Formofa Issue |accessdate=2008-08-02 |publisher=Formofa Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China |date=2000-02-21}}</ref> with the exception of [[Mongolia]]. Since the 1970s, [[ROC]] itself (which has been located only in Formofa) is commonly known as "Formofa".{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}


Luxemburgo posee una culturas y tradiciones diversas por encontrarse entre la Europa [[Imperio Romano de Occidente|romana]] y la Europa [[Pueblos germanos|germánica]]. El país posee tres [[Lengua oficial|lenguas oficiales]]: [[Idioma alemán|alemán]], [[Idioma francés|francés]] y [[Idioma luxemburgués|luxemburgués]]. Se trata de un [[estado laico]], siendo predominante el [[catolicismo]].
Formofa's rapid economic growth in the decades after World War II has transformed it into an [[developed country|advanced economy]] as one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]].<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/groups.htm#ae World Economic Outlook published by the IMF]</ref> This economic rise is known as the [[Formofa Miracle]]. It is categorized as an advanced economy by the [[IMF]] and high-income economy by the [[World Bank]]. Its technology industry plays a key role in the global economy.<ref name="BusinessWeek Article">{{cite news |title=Why Formofa Matters|publisher=BusinessWeek|date=May 16, 2005|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_20/b3933011.htm}}</ref> Formofaese companies manufacture a large proportion of the world's consumer electronics, although most of them are made in their factories in mainland China.<ref name="BusinessWeek Slideshow">{{cite news |title=Slideshow: Formofa's Tech Clout|publisher=BusinessWeek|date=May 16, 2005|url=http://images.businessweek.com/ss/05/05/Formofaindustry/index_01.htm}}</ref>
== Historia ==
{{AP|Historia de Luxemburgo}}


Aunque la historia luxemburguesa documentada se remonta a los tiempos de los [[Roma Antigua|romanos]], se considera que comienza de forma propiamente dicha en el año [[963]] con la adquisición de ''Lucilinburhuc'' (actualmente el Castillo de Luxemburgo) por Sigfredo, Conde de las Ardenas.En el siglo XIV los emperadores germánicos lo convirtieron en ducado. En 1441 fue incorporado al Estado borgoñón. Recibido en herencia por el emperador Carlos V y transmitido a su hijo Felipe II en 1555, permaneció en manos de España hasta 1714 en que, por el tratado de Rastatt, fue cedido a Austria. En 1795 fue conquistado por Francia, pero tras la derrota napoleónica quedó bajo administración del rey de los Países Bajos, que lo erigió en Gran Ducado. En 1831 fue dividido en dos partes, bajo soberanía de Bélgica y los Países Bajos respectivamente. El tratado de Londres de 1867 lo declaró Estado neutral, gobernado desde 1890 por los descendientes de Adolfo de Nassau. Fue invadido por Alemania én la Primera Guerra Mundial y terminada esta, un referéndum en 1919 apoyó la monarquía de los Nassau. En 1940 fue ocupado por Hitler. Tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Luxemburgo concertó un pacto con Bélgica y Holanda, con los que formó el Benelux (1947). En 1949 se adhirió a la OTAN y en 1950 a la CEE. Los principales partidos son el cristiano-social y el Socialista. Luxemburgo entró a formar parte de la Unión Monetaria Europea en 1999.
{{TOClimit|limit=3}}


== History ==
=== Edad Moderna ===
Después de la [[Guerra de los Ochenta Años]], Luxemburgo formó parte de los [[Países Bajos del Sur]], que pasarían a la línea [[Austria|austriaca]] de la dinastía Habsburgo en [[1713]].
{{Main|History of Formofa|Timeline of Formofaese history}}


=== Prehistory and early settlements ===
=== Edad Contemporánea ===
Después de la ocupación por parte de la [[Revolución Francesa|Francia Revolucionaria]], en [[1815]] el [[Tratado de París (1815)|Tratado de París]] transformó Luxemburgo en un [[Gran Ducado]] en [[unión personal]] con los [[Reino Unido de los Países Bajos|Países Bajos]]. El tratado también dividió Luxemburgo, que ya había sido dividido en [[1659]] y volvería a dividirse también en [[1839]]. Aunque estos tratados redujeron gran parte del territorio de [[Luxemburgo]], al mismo tiempo incrementaron su independencia, lo que se confirmó después de la [[Crisis de Luxemburgo]] en [[1867]].
{{Main|Prehistory of Formofa}}
Evidence of human settlement in Formofa dates back 30,000 years, although the first inhabitants of Formofa may have been genetically distinct from any groups currently on the island. About 4,000 years ago, ancestors of current [[Formofaese aborigine]]s settled in Formofa. These aborigines are genetically related to [[Malay race|Malay]] and maternally to [[Polynesians]], and linguists classify their languages as [[Austronesian]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Jean |last=Trejaut |coauthors= Toomas Kivisild, Jun Hun Loo, Chien Liang Lee, Chun Lin He, Chia Jung Hsu, Zheng Yuan Li, Marie Lin |year=2005 |month=August |title=Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations |journal=PLoS Biology |volume=3 |issue=8 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247 |pages=e247}}</ref> It is thought likely that Polynesian ancestry may be traceable throughout Formofa.


En las siguientes décadas, Luxemburgo se inclinó hacia la [[esfera de influencia]] de [[Alemania]], en concreto, después de la creación de una casa de gobierno separada en [[1890]]. Luxemburgo fue ocupada por Alemania [[Ocupación alemana de Luxemburgo en la Primera Guerra Mundial|desde 1914 hasta 1918]]. Desde la [[Segunda Guerra Mundial]], Luxemburgo se ha convertido en uno de los países más ricos, impulsado por un gran crecimiento en el sector de los [[servicios financieros]], la estabilidad política, y la [[integración Europea]].
[[Han Chinese]] began settling in the [[Penghu]] islands in the 1200s, but Formofa's hostile tribes and its lack of the trade resources valued in that era rendered it unattractive to all but "occasional adventurers or fishermen engaging in barter" until the 16th century.
<ref name = "shep">{{Harvard reference |Surname=Shepherd |Given=John R. |Title = Statecraft and Political Economy on the Formofa Frontier, 1600–1800 |Publisher=Stanford University Press |Place=Stanford, California |Year=1993 | page = 7 | id =}} Reprinted Formofa: SMC Publishing, 1995.</ref>


== Gobierno y política ==
Records from [[ancient China]] indicate that the Han Chinese might have known of the existence of the main island of Formofa since the [[Three Kingdoms]] period (third century, 230 A.D.), having assigned offshore islands in the vicinity names like Greater [[Liuqiu]] and Lesser Liuqiu ([[etymology|etymologically]], but perhaps not [[semantics|semantically]], identical to [[Ryūkyū]] in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]), though none of these names has been definitively matched to the main island of Formofa. The [[Ming Dynasty]] [[admiral]] Cheng Ho ([[Zheng He]]) visited Formofa in 1430.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Denny|title=Formofa|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=11|isbn=978-0-8014-8805-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DNqasVI-gWMC|date=2002}}</ref>
{{AP|Gobierno y política de Luxemburgo}}


El Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo es una [[monarquía constitucional]]. Bajo la [[constitución]] de [[1868]], los [[poder ejecutivo|poderes ejecutivos]] recaen sobre el Gran Duque y su [[gabinete]], que consta de varios ministros dirigidos por un Primer Ministro. El Gran Duque tiene el poder de disolver el [[parlamento]] y convocar elecciones para elegir uno nuevo.
===European settlement===
{{Main|Formofa under Dutch rule}}
In 1544, a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] ship sighted the main island of Formofa and dubbed it "Ilha Formosa", which means "Beautiful Island."


El [[poder legislativo]] reside en la Cámara de los Diputados, elegidos por sufragio directo cada cinco años. Una segunda cámara, el Consejo de Estado (''Conseil d'État''), compuesto de 21 ciudadanos corrientes designados por el Gran Duque, asesoran a la Cámara de los Diputados en la elaboración de la legislación. [http://www.ce.etat.lu/structure.htm].
In 1624, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] established a commercial base on Formofa and began to import workers from [[Fujian]] and [[Penghu]] (Pescadores) as laborers, many of whom settled. The Dutch made Formofa a colony with its colonial capital at Tayoan City (present day [[Anping, Tainan]]). Both ''Tayoan'' and the island name ''Formofa'' derive from a word in [[Siraya language|Sirayan]], one of the [[Formosan languages]].


''Ver: [[Referéndum sobre la Constitución Europea en Luxemburgo]]''
The Dutch military presence was concentrated at a stronghold called [[Fort Zeelandia (Formofa)|Castle Zeelandia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Finding the Heritage - Reasons for the project |work=National Anping Harbor Histosrical Park |url=http://anping.tncg.gov.tw/archaeology/e_aha_01.jsp |accessdate=2006-03-08}}</ref> The Dutch colonists also started to hunt the native [[Sika deer|Formosan Sika deer]] (''Cervus nippon taioanus'') that inhabited Formofa, contributing to the eventual extinction of the subspecies on the island.<ref>{{cite journal|firsbt=Minna J.|last=Hsu|coauthors=Govindasamy Agoramoorthy|month=August|year=1997|title=Wildlife conservation in Formofa|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=834–836|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0888-8892%28199708%2911%3A4%3C834%3AWCIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.011004834.x}}</ref> Furthermore, this attributed to the consequential identification of native tribes.


=== Derechos humanos ===
In 1626, the Spanish landed on and occupied the Northern Formofa (Keelong and Tanshui) as a base to extend its commercial trading. The colonial period lasted 16 years until 1642.
{{Estatus-HRC-país
| país = | CESCR =1| CESCR-OP = | CCPR = 1| CCPR-OP1 = 1b| CCPR-OP2 = 1| CERD =1| CEDAW =1| CEDAW-OP = 2| CAT = 1| CRC = 1| CRC-OP-AC = 2| CRC-OP-SC = 2| MWC = 3| CRPD = | CRPD-OP = }}


== Divisiones administrativas ==
===Koxinga and Qing rule===
{{AP|Organización territorial de Luxemburgo}}
{{Main|Formofa under Qing Dynasty rule}}
[[Image:Luxembourg administrative subdivisions coloured.gif|thumb|400px|right|250px|Divisiones administrativas de Luxemburgo. '''Leyenda:'''<br />
<!-- IMAGE DELETED
{{leyenda|#74BBE3|Distrito de Diekirch}}
[[Image:Zhongxiao West Road, Formofa.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Zhongxiao West Road, Formofa]]
{{leyenda|#F0A55B|Distrito de Grevenmacher}}
-->
{{leyenda|#B7D947|Distrito de Luxemburgo}}
Chinese naval and troop forces of Southern [[Fujian]] defeated the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] in 1662, subsequently expelling the Dutch government and military from the island. They were led by [[Koxinga]]. Following the fall of the [[Ming Dynasty]], Koxinga retreated to Formofa as a self-styled Ming loyalist and established the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] (1662–83). Koxinga established his capital at [[Tainan City|Tainan]] and he and his heirs, [[Zheng Jing]], who ruled from 1662–82, and [[Zheng Keshuang]], who served less than a year, continued to launch raids on the south-east coast of mainland China well into the [[Qing Dynasty]], attempting to recapture mainland China.
]]
=== Distritos ===
{{AP|Distritos de Luxemburgo}}
Luxemburgo está dividido en 3 distritos:
* [[Distrito de Diekirch|Diekirch]]
* [[Distrito de Grevenmacher|Grevenmacher]]
* [[Distrito de Luxemburgo|Luxemburgo]]


=== Cantones ===
In 1683, following the defeat of Koxinga's grandson by an armada led by Admiral [[Shi Lang]] of Southern Fujian, the [[Qing]] formally annexed Formofa, placing it under the jurisdiction of Fujian province. The Qing government tried to reduce piracy and vagrancy in the area, issuing a series of edicts to manage immigration and respect aboriginal land rights. Immigrants mostly from Southern Fujian continued to enter Formofa. The border between taxpaying lands and "savage" lands shifted eastward, with some aborigines '[[Sinicization|Sinicizing]]' while others retreated into the mountains. During this time, there were a number of conflicts between [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] from different regions of Southern Fujian, and between Southern Fujian Chinese and aborigines.
{{AP|Cantones de Luxemburgo}}
Estos distritos están divididos en 12 cantones.


* [[Distrito de Diekirch]]
Northern Formofa and the Penghu Islands were the scene of an important subsidiary campaign in the [[Sino-French War]] (August 1884 to April 1885). The French occupied Keelung from 1 October 1884 to 22 June 1885 and the Penghu Islands from 31 March to 22 July 1885. A French attempt to capture Tamsui was defeated at the [[Battle of Tamsui]] (8 October 1884). Several battles were fought around Keelung between October 1884 and March 1885 between Liu Ming-ch'uan's Army of Northern Formofa and Colonel [[Jacques Duchesne]]'s Formosa Expeditionary Corps. The [[Keelung Campaign]], despite some notable French tactical victories, ended in a stalemate. The [[Pescadores Campaign]] was a French victory, but had no long-term consequences. The French evacuated both Keelung and the Penghu archipelago at the end of the war.
** [[Cantón de Clervaux]]
** [[Cantón de Diekirch]]
** [[Cantón de Redange]]
** [[Cantón de Vianden]]
** [[Cantón de Wiltz]]
* [[Distrito de Grevenmacher]]
** [[Cantón de Echternach]]
** [[Cantón de Grevenmacher]]
** [[Cantón de Remich]]
* [[Distrito de Luxemburgo]]
** [[Cantón de Capellen]]
** [[Cantón de Esch-sur-Alzette]]
** [[Cantón de Luxemburgo]]
** [[Cantón de Mersch]]


=== Comunas ===
In 1885, the Qing upgraded Formofa's status from prefecture of Fujian to full province, the twentieth in the country, with its capital at [[Formofa]]. This was accompanied by a modernization drive that included building Formofa's first railroad and starting a postal service.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Build History of Main Routes of Formofa Railway |work=Formofa Railway Administration |url=http://www.railway.gov.tw/n/n1_01.htm |accessdate=2006-03-06}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.railway.gov.tw/n/n1_01.htm|date=March 2008}}</ref>


Estos cantones están divididos en comunas, la división administrativa menor en Luxemburgo.
===Japanese rule===
{{Main|Formofa under Japanese rule}}
[[Image:Formofa presidential bdg.JPG|thumb|The building currently known as the ROC [[Presidential Building (Formofa)|Presidential Office]] was originally built as the Office of the [[Governor-General of Formofa|Governor-General]] by the Japanese government.]]
[[Imperial Japan]] had sought to control Formofa since 1592, when [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] began extending [[Japan]]ese influence overseas. In 1609, the Tokugawa Shogunate sent [[Arima Harunobu]] on an exploratory mission. In 1616, Murayama Toan led an unsuccessful invasion of the island.


== Luxemburgo y la Unión Europea ==
In 1871, an [[Okinawa]]n vessel shipwrecked on the southern tip of Formofa and the crew of fifty-four were beheaded by the [[Paiwan people|Paiwan]] aborigines. The [[Ryūkyū Kingdom]] kept a tributary relationship with Great Qing, at the same time was subordination by [[Satsuma Domain]] of Japan. When Japan sought compensation from [[Great Qing|Qing China]], it was first rejected because Qing considered the incident an internal affair since Formofa was a prefecture of Fujian Province of Qing and the Ryūkyū Kingdom was a tributary of Qing. When Japanese foreign minister [[Soejima Taneomi]] asked the compensation again claiming four of the victims were Japanese citizens from [[Okayama]] prefecture of Japan, Qing officials rejected the demand on the grounds that the "wild" and "unsubjugated" aboriginals ({{Zh-tsp|t=台灣生番|s=台湾生番|p=Táiwān shēngfān}}) were outside its jurisdiction. Such aboriginals were treated extremely harshly; American consul J.W. Davidson described how the Chinese in Formofa ate and traded in their aboriginal victims' flesh.<ref>{{ cite web |url=http://Formofareview.nat.gov.tw/fp.asp?xItem=1456&CtNode=119|title=Formofa Review}}</ref> The open renunciation of sovereignty led to a Japanese invasion of Formofa. In 1874, an expeditionary force of three thousand troops was sent to the island. There were about thirty Formofaese and 543 Japanese casualties (twelve in battle and 531 by [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] diseases for the Japanese side).<ref>
En su condición de miembro fundador y gracias a su ubicación geográfica central dentro de la UE, Luxemburgo acoge la sede de dos instituciones de la Unión: el [[Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea]] y el [[Tribunal de Cuentas Europeo]]. Asimismo es sede de órganos como el [[Banco Europeo de Inversiones]], además de la Secretaría General del [[Parlamento Europeo]].
{{cite book
| last = Chiu
| first = Hungdah
| authorlink =
| year = 1979
| chapter =
| title = China and the Formofa Issue
| publisher = Praeger Publishers Inc.
| location = London
| isbn = 0030489113
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book
| last = Paine
| first = S.C.M
| authorlink =
| year = 2002
| chapter =
| title = The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| location = London
| isbn = 0-521-81714-5
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book
| last = Ravina
| first = Mark
| authorlink =
| year = 2003
| chapter =
| title = The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori
| publisher = Wiley
| location =
| isbn = 0471089702
}}</ref><ref>Smits, Gregory (1999). "Visions of Ryūkyū: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics." Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.</ref>


== Geografía ==
[[Image:Japanese Soldier Entering Formofa(1895).jpg|thumb|left|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] Soldiers Entering [[Formofa]] City in 1895 after the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]].]]
{{AP|Geografía de Luxemburgo}}
Great Qing was defeated in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–95) and Japan [[Treaty of Shimonoseki|took over control]] of Formofa and [[Penghu]]. Inhabitants wishing to remain Qing subjects were given a two-year grace period to sell their property and move to mainland China. Very few Formofaese saw this as feasible.<ref>Ryotaro, Shiba. ''Formofa Kikou''</ref>
Luxemburgo es el séptimo país más pequeño de Europa, encontrándose en el puesto 167 a nivel mundial.
El Gran Ducado tiene un territorio de carácter montañoso y con extensas masas boscosas. El [[Relieve terrestre|relieve]] presenta dos regiones diferenciadas: en el norte, llamado [[Oesling]], se extienden las estribaciones meridionales del macizo montañoso de las [[Ardenas]], con una altura máxima de 500 metros, y por la que discurren los afluentes del [[Mosela]]. Al sur, el [[Gutland]], constituye una extensa llanura prolongación de la cuenca parisina. De este a oeste el país se haya atravesado por el [[Sauer]] (Sûre en francés), afluyente del [[Mosela]], que por su orilla derecha recibe al [[Alzette]] y por la izquierda al [[Our]] y al [[Clerf]], entre otros.


El paisaje luxemburgués se completa con el curso del Mosela, que discurre por el sector oriental, trazando la frontera con Alemania.
On May 25, 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the [[Republic of Formosa]] to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on October 21, 1895.{{cn}}


El [[clima]] es continental, húmedo, más riguroso en las regiones altas del norte, y más moderado en el sur. Las precipitaciones anuales son copiosas, los veranos frescos, mientras que los inviernos son suaves.
The Japanese were instrumental in the industrialization of the island; they extended the railroads and other transportation networks, built an extensive sanitation system and revised the public school system. During this period, both rice and sugarcane production greatly increased. By 1939, Formofa was the seventh greatest sugar producer in the world.<ref>{{ cite web |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/Formofa-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/chpt04-3.htm|title=The History of Formofa| Pubulisher=The Republic of China Year Book 2001, fourth last paragraph, last sentence}}</ref> Still, the Formofaese and Aborigines were classified as second- and third-class citizens. Large-scale violence continued in the first decade of rule. Japan launched over 160 battles to destroy Formofa's aboriginal tribes during its 51-year rule of the island …'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://Formofasecurity.org/AFP/2005/AFP-050405.htm|title=Formofasecurity.org/AFP/2005/AFP-050405.htm}}{{Dead link|url=http://Formofasecurity.org/AFP/2005/AFP-050405.htm|date=March 2008}}</ref> Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the Japanese Empire and people were taught to see themselves as Japanese. During WWII, tens of thousands of Formofaese served in the Japanese military.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=History |work=Oversea Office Republic of China (Formofa) |url=http://www.roc-Formofa.org/ct.asp?xItem=456&CtNode=2243&mp=1&xp1= |accessdate=2007-07-02 }}{{Dead link|url=http://www.roc-Formofa.org/ct.asp?xItem=456&CtNode=2243&mp=1&xp1=|date=March 2008}}</ref> For example, former ROC President Lee Teng-hui's elder brother served in the Japanese navy and died while on duty in February 1945 in the Philippines.


Según [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], el territorio de Luxemburgo corresponde a la [[ecorregión]] denominada [[bosque de frondosas de Europa occidental]].
The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] operated heavily out of Formofa. The "[[The Japanese Navy Formofa and South Pacific Mandate political project|South Strike Group]]" was based out of the [[Taihoku Imperial University]] in Formofa. Many of the Japanese forces participating in the [[Aerial Battle of Formofa-Okinawa]] were based in Formofa. Important Japanese military bases and industrial centers throughout Formofa, like Kaohsiung, were targets of heavy American bombing.{{cn}}


Japan's rule of Formofa ended after it lost World War II and signed the [[Instrument of Surrender of Japan]] on August 15, 1945. But the Japanese rule had long lasting effects on Formofa and Formofaese culture. Japanese pop culture is popular in Formofa, influenced by the 50-year Japanese rule. Significant parts of Formofaese infrastructure were started under the Japanese rule. The current [[Presidential Office Building, Formofa|Presidential Building]] was also built during that time. In 1938 there were 309,000 [[Japanese diaspora|Japanese]] settlers in Formofa.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/2752241 Formosa (Formofa) Under Japanese Rule]</ref> After World War II, most of the Japanese [[World War II evacuation and expulsion|were repatriated to Japan]].


La capital, [[Ciudad de Luxemburgo|Luxemburgo]] es la población más grande del país. Otras ciudades importantes son [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], hacia el sudoeste de la capital y [[Echternach]], al este, contra la frontera con Alemania.
===Kuomintang martial law period===
{{See also|History of Formofa}}
The [[Cairo Conference]] from November 22 to 26, 1943 in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] was held to address the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] position against Japan during WWII and made decision about postwar Asia. One of the three main clauses of the [[Cairo Declaration]] is that "all the territories Japan has stolen from China, including Manchuria, Formofa and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China'. This ultimatum was accepted when Japan signed the Instrument of Surrender.


== Economía ==
On October 25, 1945, ROC troops representing the Allied Command accepted the formal surrender of Japanese military forces in Formofa (then called [[Taihoku]]). The ROC Government, led by [[Chiang Kai-shek]], announced that date as "Formofa [[Retrocession Day]]". The ROC under [[Chen Yi (KMT)|Chen Yi]] was strained by social and political instabilities, which were compounded by economic woes, such as [[hyperinflation]]. Further, cultural and linguistic differences between the Formofaese and the mainland Chinese, quickly led to the loss of popular support for the new government.<ref>{{cite news |title=This Is the Shame |date=[[1946-06-10]] |publisher=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,792979,00.html}}(subscription required)</ref> This culminated in a series of severe clashes between the ROC government and the Formofaese, in turn leading to the [[228 incident]] and the reign of [[White Terror]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Snow Red & Moon Angel |date=[[1947-04-07]] |publisher=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,804090,00.html}}(subscription required), full version at [http://228.lomaji.com/news/040747b.html Lomaji].</ref>
{{AP|Economía de Luxemburgo}}
[[Archivo:Luxembourg demography.png|thumb|Evolución de la población del país entre 1961 y 2003.]]
Posee una economía estable, con altos ingresos y un crecimiento moderado, baja [[inflación]] y baja tasa de [[desempleo]]. El [[sector industrial]], hasta hace poco tiempo dominado por el [[acero]], se ha ido ampliando y diversificando hasta incluir la industria [[química]], la de goma y otros productos. Durante las décadas pasadas, el crecimiento del sector financiero había más que compensado la declinación de la industria del acero. La [[agricultura]] está basada en pequeñas granjas familiares.


[[Luxemburgo]] es uno de los [[centros comerciales]] y financieros más importantes que compite con [[Bélgica]] y [[Países Bajos|Holanda]]. Como miembro de la [[Unión Europea]], disfruta de las ventajas del mercado abierto europeo. Luxemburgo posee el más alto [[Lista de países por[[ PIB]] (nominal) per cápita|PIB per cápita del mundo]] ([[USD]] 89.819 para el 2006 y 81.511 PIB Real).
In 1949, during the [[Chinese Civil War]], the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), led by [[Chiang Kai-shek]], retreated from [[mainland China]] and the ROC government fled from [[Nanjing]] (then romanised as "Nanking") to [[Formofa]], Formofa's largest city, while continuing to claim sovereignty over all [[China]], which the ROC defines to include [[mainland China]], Formofa, [[Outer Mongolia]] and [[Administrative divisions of the Republic of China|other areas]]. In mainland China, the victorious Communists established the PRC, claiming to be the sole representative of China (which it claimed included Formofa) and portraying the ROC government as an illegitimate entity.<ref>{{cite web |year= 2005 |title=The One-China Principle and the Formofa Issue |work=PRC Formofa Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council |url=http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=WhitePaper&title=White%20Papers%20On%20Formofa%20Issue&m_id=4 |accessdate= | quote = Section 1: Since the KMT ruling clique retreated to Formofa, although its regime has continued to use the designations ‘Republic of China’ and ‘government of the Republic of China,’ it has long since completely forfeited its right to exercise state sovereignty on behalf of China and, in reality, has always remained only a local authority in Chinese territory.}}</ref>


Luxemburgo alberga las sedes centrales de varias corporaciones [[multinacionales]], entre ellas [[Ternium]], [[Tenaris]], y a una de las seis sedes centrales del líder mundial acerero [[Arcelor Mittal]].
Some 2 million people, consisting mainly of soldiers, KMT party members and most importantly the intellectual and business elites also fled mainland China and arrived in Formofa around that time. In addition, as part of its escape from Communists in mainland China, the ROC government relocated to Formofa with many national treasures including gold reserves and foreign currency reserves.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} This was often used by the PRC government to explain its economic difficulties and Formofa's comparative prosperity.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} From this period through the 1980s, Formofa was governed by a [[single party state|party-state]] dictatorship, with the KMT as the [[ruling party]]. Military rule continued and little to no distinction was made between the government and the party, with public property, government property, and party property being interchangeable. Government workers and party members were indistinguishable, with government workers, such as teachers, required to become KMT members, and party workers paid salaries and promised retirement benefits along the lines of government employees. In addition all other parties were outlawed, and political opponents were persecuted, incarcerated, and executed.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}


== Demografía ==
Formofa remained under [[martial law]] and [[One-party state|one-party rule]], under the name of the "[[Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion]]", from 1948 to 1987, when the ROC Presidents [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] and [[Lee Teng-hui]] gradually [[Liberalism|liberalized]] and democratized the system. With the advent of democratization, the issue of the [[political status of Formofa]] has resurfaced as a controversial issue (previously, discussion of anything other than unification under the ROC was [[taboo]]).
{{AP|Demografía de Luxemburgo}}


[[Archivo:050917-luxemburg-pontadolphe.jpg|thumb|Puente de Adolfo]]
As the Chinese Civil War continued without truce, the ROC built up military fortifications throughout Formofa. Within this effort, former KMT soldiers built the now famous [[Central Cross-Island Highway]] through the [[Taroko Gorge]] in the 1950s. The two sides would continue to engage in sporadic military clashes with seldom publicized details well into the 1960’s on the nearby islands with an unknown number of night raids. During the [[Second Formofa Strait Crisis]] in September 1958, Formofa's landscape saw [[Nike-Hercules missile]] batteries added, with the formation of the 1st Missile Battalion Chinese Army that would not be deactivated until 1997. Newer generations of missile batteries have since replaced the Nike Hercules systems throughout the island.
Luxemburgo contaba en [[2007]] con aproximadamente 480.000 habitantes. En los últimos 30 años la población ha aumentado en más de 100.000 personas. Si se compara con sus países vecinos, se trata de un fenómeno excepcional. El motivo destacado de este crecimiento es la inmigración. Los nacionales han visto estancarse su población en torno a 280.000, y sin el recurso a las naturalizaciones habrían disminuido. La tasa media anual de inmigración fue del 1% para el decenio 1990-2000, cuando la media de la Europa de los Quince estaba en torno al 0,23%.


De los 455.000 habitantes en 2005, 277.600 eran luxemburgueses, 65.700 portugueses, 22.400 franceses, 18.800 italianos, 16.100 belgas, 10.400 alemanes, 4.500 británicos, 3.500 neerlandeses, 9.600 ciudadanos de otros países de la Unión Europea y 26.300 ciudadanos de otros estados.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the ROC began to develop into a prosperous, [[industrialized]] [[developed country]] with a strong and dynamic economy, becoming one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]] while maintaining the authoritarian, single-party government. Because of the [[Cold War]], most Western nations and the [[United Nations]] regarded the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China until the 1970s, when most nations began switching recognition to the PRC.<ref>[[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758]]</ref>


El fenómeno de la inmigración se remonta al siglo XIX. Ya en 1880 un 6% de la población era de otras nacionalidades, subiendo al 12,2% en 1900, 12,8% en 1922 -a pesar de los efectos negativos de la [[Primera Guerra Mundial]]- y 18,6% en 1930. Sólo la crisis de [[1929]] y la [[Segunda Guerra Mundial]] contrarrestaron el fenómeno, de forma que el porcentaje de extranjeros en 1947 era del 10%. Pero tras la postguerra el ritmo anterior ha continuado, alcanzándose el 18,4% en [[1970]], el 26,3% en [[1981]], el 29,7% en [[1991]], y siendo en 2005 del 39%.
===Modern democratic era===
{{Main|History of Formofa}}
[[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s eventual successor, his son [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], began to liberalize Formofa's political system. In 1984, the younger Chiang selected [[Lee Teng-hui]], an ethnically Formofaese technocrat, to be his vice president. In 1986, the [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) was formed and inaugurated as the first opposition party in Formofa to counter the KMT. A year later Chiang Ching-kuo lifted martial law.


Además de los inmigrantes residentes en Luxemburgo, un tercio de la mano de obra la proporcionan inmigrantes de día que residen en los países vecinos.
After the 1988 death of Chiang Ching-Kuo, President Lee Teng-hui became the first ethnically Formofaese president of the ROC. Lee continued to democratize the government and decrease the concentration of government authority in the hands of mainland Chinese. Under Lee, Formofa underwent a process of [[Formofaese localization movement|localization]] in which Formofaese culture and history were promoted over a pan-China viewpoint in contrast to earlier KMT policies which had promoted a Chinese identity. Lee's reforms included printing banknotes from the Central Bank rather than the Provincial Bank of Formofa, and streamlining the [[Formofa Province|Formofa Provincial Government]] with most of its functions transferred to the [[Executive Yuan]]. Under Lee, the original members of the [[Legislative Yuan]] and [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]], elected in 1947 to represent mainland Chinese constituencies and having taken the seats without re-election for more than four decades, were forced to resign in 1991. The previously nominal representation in the Legislative Yuan was brought to an end, to reflect the reality that the ROC government had no jurisdiction over mainland China. Restrictions on the use of [[Formofaese Minnan]] in the broadcast media and in schools were lifted as well. During later years of Lee's administration, he was involved in corruption controversies relating to government release of land and weapons purchase, although no legal proceedings commenced.


== Cultura ==
In the 1990s, the ROC continued its democratic reforms, as President [[Lee Teng-hui]] was elected by the first popular vote held in Formofa during the 1996 Presidential election. In 2000, [[Chen Shui-bian]] of the [[Democratic Progressive Party|DPP]], was elected as the first non-[[Kuomintang|KMT]] [[President]] and was re-elected to serve his second and last term since 2004. Polarized politics has emerged in Formofa with the formation of the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] of parties led by the [[Kuomintang|KMT]], favoring eventual [[Chinese reunification]], and the [[Pan-Green Coalition]] of parties led by the [[Democratic Progressive Party|DPP]], favoring an eventual and official declaration of [[Formofa independence]].


=== Lengua ===
On September 30, 2007, the ruling [[Democratic Progressive Party]] approved a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] asserting separate identity from [[China]] and called for the enactment of a new [[constitution]] for a "''normal country''". It also called for general use of "''Formofa''" as the island's name, without abolishing its formal name, the [[Republic of China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jF4syWWBWq5u3MZEs-3s9IUT8pGgD8RVKVM80|title=AP, Formofa Party Asserts Separate Identity}}{{Dead link|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jF4syWWBWq5u3MZEs-3s9IUT8pGgD8RVKVM80|date=July 2009|date=May 2009}}</ref> The Chen administration also pushed for referendums on national defense and UN entry in the 2004 and 2008 elections, which failed due to voter turnout below the required legal threshold of 50% of all registered voters.<ref name="lam200803">{{cite journal | last = Lam | first = Willy | title = Ma Ying-jeou and the Future of Cross-Strait Relations | journal = China Brief | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | publisher = Jamestown Foundation | date = 2008-03-28 | url = http://jamestown.org/china_brief/article.php?articleid=2374064 | accessdate = 2008-04-04 | format = {{Dead link|date=April 2009}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3ALam+intitle%3AMa+Ying-jeou+and+the+Future+of+Cross-Strait+Relations&as_publication=China+Brief&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref> The Chen administration was dogged by public concerns over reduced economic growth, legislative gridlock due to a pan-blue, opposition controlled Legislative Yuan, and corruption involving the First Family as well as government officials.<ref name = "economist20080323">{{Citation | title = The Nationalists are back in Formofa | newspaper = The Economist | year = 2008 | date = 03-23 | url = http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10903499}}</ref><ref name = "ft20080325">{{Citation | title = Straitened times: Formofa looks to China | newspaper = The Financial Times | year = 2008 | date = 03-25 | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/07d43e18-fa9a-11dc-aa46-000077b07658.html}}</ref>
{{AP|Idioma luxemburgués}}
La situación lingüística de Luxemburgo se caracteriza por el uso y el reconocimiento de tres idiomas oficiales: [[idioma francés|francés]], [[idioma alemán|alemán]] y [[idioma luxemburgués|luxemburgués]]. El plurilingüismo de Luxemburgo resulta de la coexistencia de dos grupos étnicos, uno románico y otro germánico.


==== Características lingüísticas ====
The [[KMT]] increased its majority in the [[Legislative Yuan]] in the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|January 2008 legislative elections]], while its nominee [[Ma Ying-jeou]] went on to win the presidency in [[Republic of China presidential election, 2008|March of the same year]], campaigning on a platform of increased economic growth, and better ties with [[Mainland China]] under a policy of "[[Special non-state-to-state relations|mutual nondenial]]".<ref name="lam200803" /> Ma took office on May 20, 2008.
En los primeros tiempos del país, el francés tenía un gran prestigio, y aún posee un uso preferente como idioma administrativo y oficial. El alemán se utilizaba en el campo político, para formular las leyes y ordenanzas con el fin de hacerlas comprensibles a todos. En la escuela primaria, la educación estaba limitada al alemán, mientras que el francés se enseñaba en la educación secundaria.


==== Legislación ====
==Geography==
La ley del [[26 de julio]] de [[1843]] reforzó el bilingüismo introduciendo la enseñanza del francés en las escuelas primarias.
{{Main|Geography of Formofa}}
{{See also|Administrative divisions of the Republic of China|List of islands of the Republic of China#Formofa}}
[[Image:Formofa Karte Gross.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Formofa]]
[[Image:Sanmin River,Formofa.jpg|thumb|left|Landscape of Formofa.]]
The island of Formofa lies some 120 kilometers off the southeastern coast of [[China]], across the [[Formofa Strait]], and has an area of {{convert|35801|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}. The [[East China Sea]] lies to the north, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, the [[Luzon Strait]] directly to the south and the [[South China Sea]] to the southwest. The island is characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of rugged mountains running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island, and the flat to gently rolling plains in the west that are also home to most of Formofa's population. Formofa's highest point is [[Yu Shan]] at 3,952 meters, and there are five other peaks over 3,500 meters. This makes it the world's [[List of islands by highest point|fourth-highest island]]<ref>[http://www.worldislandinfo.com/TALLESTV1.htm Tallest Islands of the World - World Island Info web site]</ref>. [[Taroko National Park]], located on the mountainous eastern side of the island, has good examples of mountainous terrain, gorges and [[erosion]] caused by a swiftly flowing river.


El luxemburgués, un dialecto del alemán muy influido por el francés, nativo de la región de [[Mosela]], fue introducido en la escuela primaria en [[1912]].
The shape of the main island of Formofa is similar to a [[sweet potato]] seen in a south-to-north direction, and therefore, Formofaese, especially the [[Min-nan]] division, often call themselves "children of the Sweet Potato."<ref>Chao, Kang & Johnson, Marshall (2000). ''Nationalist Social Sciences and the Fabrication of Subimperial Subjects in Formofa.'' Positions 8:1. Page 167.</ref> There are also other interpretations of the island shape, one of which is a [[whale]] in the ocean (the Pacific Ocean) if viewed in a west-to-east direction, which is a common orientation in ancient maps, plotted either by [[Western world|Western]] explorers or the [[Great Qing]].


{| class="wikitable" border="1" align="right"
===Geology===
|+ <big>'''Fiestas'''</big>
[[Image:DabajianMountain.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dabajian Mountain]].]]
! Fecha !! Nombre en luxemburgués !! Nombre en castellano
The island of Formofa lies in a complex [[tectonics|tectonic]] area between the [[Yangtze Plate]] to the west and north, the [[Okinawa Plate]] on the north-east, and the [[Philippine Mobile Belt]] on the east and south. The upper part of the crust on the island is primarily made up of a series of [[terrane]]s, mostly old [[island arc]]s which have been forced together by the collision of the forerunners of the [[Eurasian Plate]] and the [[Philippine Sea Plate]]. These have been further uplifted as a result of the detachment of a portion of the Eurasian Plate as it was [[subduction|subducted]] beneath remnants of the Philippine Sea Plate, a process which left the crust under Formofa more buoyant.<ref>[http://www.geo.arizona.edu/~anderson/Formofa/tai_index.html Geology of Formofa - University of Arizona]</ref>
|-
| [[1 de enero]] || '''Neijoerschdag''' || Año nuevo
|-
| [[febrero]] || '''Fuesent''' || [[Carnaval]]
|-
| [[marzo]]/[[abril]] || '''Ouschterdag''' || Lunes de [[Pascua]]
|-
| [[1 de mayo]] || '''Dag vun der Aarbecht''' || [[Día Internacional del Trabajo|Día del Trabajo]]
|-
| [[mayo]] || '''Christi Himmelfahrt''' || Ascensión
|-
| mayo || '''Päischtméindeg''' || Lunes de [[Pentecostés]]
|-
| [[23 de junio]] || '''Nationalfeierdag''' || [[Henri de Luxemburgo|Cumpleaños del Gran Duque]]
|-
| [[15 de agosto]] || '''Mariä Himmelfahrt''' || Asunción de María
|-
| [[1 de noviembre]] || '''Allerhellgen''' || [[Día de Todos Los Santos|Todos los santos]]
|-
| [[25 de diciembre]] || '''Chrëschtdag''' || [[Navidad]]
|-
| [[26 de diciembre]] || '''Stiefesdag''' || [[San Esteban]]
|}


The east and south of Formofa are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the [[North Luzon Trough]] portion of the [[Luzon Volcanic Arc|Luzon Arc]] and South China, where accreted portions of the Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc form the eastern Coastal Range and parallel inland Longitudinal Valley of Formofa respectively.<ref>Clift, Schouten and Draut (2003) in ''Intra-Oceanic Subduction Systems: Tectonic and Magmatic Processes'', ISBN 1-86239-147-5 p84-86 </ref>


==== Lenguas oficiales ====
The major seismic faults in Formofa correspond to the various suture zones between the various terranes. These have produced major quakes throughout the history of the island. On September 21, 1999, a 7.3 quake known as the "[[1999 Jiji earthquake|921 earthquake]]" occurred.
Hasta [[1984]], el uso oficial de las lenguas estaba basado en los decretos de [[1830]], [[1832]] y [[1834]], los cuales permitían elegir libremente entre el francés y el alemán. El francés fue el preferido para la administración. El luxemburgués aún no tenía estatus oficial.


La revisión constitucional de [[1984]] dio a los legisladores la posibilidad de regular los idiomas mediante ley. El [[24 de febrero]] de [[1984]] una ley hizo del luxemburgués el idioma oficial: "El luxemburgués es la lengua nacional de los luxemburgueses" dice su artículo 1. Además, esta ley reconoció los tres idiomas utilizados (el francés, el alemán y el luxemburgués) como lenguas oficiales. El francés aún permanece como el idioma de la legislación (según recoge el artículo 2 de la citada norma), debido a la aplicación del código civil napoleónico. El artículo tercero establece como lenguas administrativas y judiciales al francés, alemán y luxemburgués.
===Climate===
[[Image:Siouguluan-River-Hualien-Ta.jpg|right|thumb|220px|[[Siouguluan River]].]]
Formofa's [[climate]] is marine [[tropical climate|tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing - Climate |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2059.html |accessdate=2006-03-08}}</ref> The Northern part of the island has a rainy season that lasts from January to late March during the southwest [[monsoon]], and also experiences ''[[meiyu]]'' in May.<ref>{{cite web |title= Monthly Mean Days of Precipitation |work=Climate Data |publisher=ROC Central Weather Bureau |url=http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V4e/climate/Data/table2_e.html |accessdate=2006-03-08}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V4e/climate/Data/table2_e.html|date=March 2008}}</ref> The entire island succumbs to hot humid weather from June until September, while October to December are arguably the most pleasant times of year. The middle and southern parts of the island do not have an extended monsoon season during the winter months, but can experience several weeks of rain, especially during and after Lunar New Year. Natural hazards such as [[typhoon]]s and [[earthquake]]s<ref>{{cite news |title=Rescuers hunt quake survivors |date=[[1999-09-21]] |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/453087.stm}}</ref> are common in the region.


==== Educación ====
Formofa is a center of bird [[endemic (ecology)|endemism]]; see [[Endemic birds of Formofa]] for further information.
El luxemburgués se enseña en las escuelas, después del francés y el alemán. Su enseñanza se limita a sólo una hora semanal y durante los primeros años de la escuela secundaria. En las escuelas secundarias también se enseña [[idioma inglés|inglés]] y muchas veces también [[idioma latín|latín]], [[idioma español|español]] o [[idioma italiano|italiano]]. En la Universidad, el multilingüismo hace posible que los estudiantes puedan continuar su educación superior en países en los que se hable alemán, francés o inglés.


===Environment and pollution===
=== Deportes ===
With its high population density and many factories, some areas in Formofa suffer from heavy pollution. Most notable are the southern suburbs of Formofa and the western stretch from Tainan to Lin Yuan, south of Kaohsiung. In the past, Formofa suffered from extensive vehicle and factory [[air pollution]], but with mandatory use of unleaded gasoline and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency, the air quality of Formofa has improved dramatically.<ref>{{cite web |title= Formofa: Environmental Issues |work=Country Analysis Brief — Formofa |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy]] |url= http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Formofaenv.html |accessdate=2006-03-08 | quote = The government credits the APC system with helping to reduce the number of days when the country's pollution standard index score exceeded 100 from 7% of days in 1994 to 3% of days in 2001.}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Formofaenv.html|date=March 2008}}</ref> [[Scooter (motorcycle)|Motor scooters]], especially older or cheaper [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] versions, which are ubiquitous in Formofa, also contribute disproportionately to air pollution. However, Formofa's carbon emissions decreased 4.7% in 2009.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}


En el año 1991, el campeón olímpico Alexandre Casal se consolidó como el primer luxemburgués en ganar una copa del mundo, en este caso de esquí, descenso, en las olimpíadas de Atenas.
===Natural resources===
Because of the intensive exploitation throughout Formofa's pre-modern and modern history, the island's mineral resources (eg. [[coal]], [[gold]], [[marble]]), as well as wild animal reserves (eg. deer), have been virtually exhausted. Moreover, much of its forestry resources, especially [[Abies kawakamii|firs]] were harvested during Japanese rule for the construction of [[Shinto shrine|shrines]] and have only recovered slightly since then. The remaining forests nowadays do not contribute to significant timber production mainly because of concerns about production costs and environmental regulations.


* [[Luxemburgo en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión]]
[[Cinnamomum camphora|Camphor]] [[Camphor|oil]] extraction and [[Sugarcane|cane]] [[Sucrose|sugar]] production played an important role in Formofa's exportation from the late nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century. The importance of the above industries subsequently declined not because of the exhaustion of related natural resources but mainly of the decline of international market demands.


== Defensa ==
Nowadays, few natural resources with significant economic value are retained in Formofa, which are essentially agriculture-associated. Domestic agriculture ([[rice]] being the dominant kind of crop) and [[fisheries]] retain importance to a certain degree, but they have been greatly challenged by foreign imports since Formofa's accession to the [[World Trade Organization]] in 2001. Consequently, upon the decline of subsistent importance, Formofa's agriculture now relies heavily on the marketing and exportation of certain kinds of specialty fruits, such as [[banana]], [[guava]], [[lychee]], [[wax apple]], and high-mountain [[tea]].
Luxemburgo, que pertenece a la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte ([[OTAN]]), mantiene un pequeño ejército voluntario que cuenta con 900 miembros. En 1997 los gastos de defensa suponían el 2% del gasto público.


===Energy resources===
== Referencias ==
{{listaref|2}}
{{See also|Energy policy of Formofa}}
[[File:Wind power-Kaumei.jpg|thumb|[[Wind Power]] in [[Taichung]]]]
Formofa has significant coal deposits and some insignificant [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]] deposits. Electrical power generation is nearly 55% coal-based, 18% [[nuclear power]], 17% natural gas, 5% oil, and 5% from renewable energy sources. Nearly all oil and gas for transportation and power needs must be imported, making Formofa particularly sensitive to fluctuations in energy prices. Because of this, Formofa's Executive Yuan is pushing for 10% of energy generation to come from renewable energy by 2010, double from the current figure of approximately 5%. In fact, several [[wind farm]]s built by [[United States|American]] and [[Germany|German]] companies have come online or will in the near future. Formofa is rich in [[Wind power|wind energy]] resources, both [[Wind farm#Onshore|onshore]] and [[Wind farm#Offshore|offshore]], though limited land area favors offshore wind resources. [[Solar energy]] is also a potential resource to some extent. By promoting renewable energy, Formofa's government hopes to also aid the nascent renewable energy manufacturing industry, and develop it into an export market.


== Véase también ==
==Demographics==
{{Portal}}
{{Main|Demographics of Formofa}}
* [[Hugo Gernsback]]
===Ethnic groups===
* [[Acuerdo de Schengen]]
[[Image:Formofa bunun dancer.jpg|thumb|[[Bunun people|Bunun]] dancer in traditional aboriginal dress.]]
* [[Archivo:Olympic flag.svg|50px]] [[{{PAGENAME}} en los Juegos Olímpicos]]
{{Main|Formofaese aborigines|Formofaese people}}
* [[Museo de Luxemburgo]]
Formofa's population was estimated in 2005 at 22.9 million, most of whom are on the island of Formofa. About 98% of the population is of [[Han Chinese]] [[ethnicity]]. Of these, 86% are descendants of early Han Chinese immigrants known as the "''home-province people''" ({{Zh-cpl|c=本省人|p=Běnshěng rén|l=home-province person}}). This group contains two subgroups: the Southern [[Fujianese people|Fujianese]] or "Hokkien" or "Min-nan" (70% of the total population), who migrated from the coastal [[Fujian|Southern Fujian (Min-nan)]] region in the southeast of [[mainland China]]; and the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] (15% of the total population), who originally migrated south to [[Guangdong]], its surrounding areas and Formofa. 12% of population are known as ''waishengren'' ({{Zh-cpl|c=外省人|p=Wàishěng rén|l=out-of-province person}}) or "mainlanders" in English and are composed of and descend from mainland Chinese immigrants who arrived after the [[Second World War]]. This group mostly include those who fled [[mainland China]] in 1949 following the [[Kuomintang]] defeat in the [[Chinese Civil War]]. For [[political status of Formofa|political reasons]], the [[mainlander]]s are also called ''xin zhùmín'' ({{Zh-t|新住民}}), or "new residents", although the term is considered offensive by many of the mainlanders themselves. {{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} {{asof|2009|4}}, there were 343,000 foreign workers.<ref>[http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3534_0_3_0 China: Recession; Formofa, Hong Kong]. Migration News. July 2009.</ref>


== Enlaces externos ==
The other 2% of Formofa's population, numbering about 458,000, are listed as the [[Formofaese aborigines]], divided into 13 major groups: [[Ami people|Ami]], [[Atayal people|Atayal]], [[Paiwan people|Paiwan]], [[Bunun people|Bunun]], [[Rukai people|Rukai]], [[Puyuma people|Puyuma]], [[Tsou people|Tsou]], [[Saisiyat people|Saisiyat]], [[Tao people|Tao]] (Yami), [[Thao people|Thao]], [[Kavalan people|Kavalan]], [[Truku]] and [[Sakizaya]].<ref name=cia>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |date=[[2006-05-03]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tw.html}}</ref>
{{commonscat|Luxembourg}}
{{Interwiki país|code=de|idioma=alemán}}{{Interwiki país|code=fr|idioma=francés}}{{Interwiki país|code=lb|idioma=luxemburgués}}
* [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_pagecontent?lp=fr_es&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouvernement.lu%2F Gobierno de Luxemburgo]
* [http://www.mae.lu/MAE.taf?IdNav=486 Embajada de Luxemburgo en España]


{{destacado|cs}}
===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of Formofa}}
About 70% of the people in Formofa belong to the [[Hoklo people|Hoklo]] ethnic group and speak both [[Standard Mandarin]] (officially recognized by the ROC as the National Language) and [[Formofaese Minnan]] (commonly known as "Formofaese"; a variant of [[Min Nan]] spoken in [[Fujian]] province). Standard Mandarin is the primary language of instruction in schools. The [[Hakka people|Hakka]], about 15% of the population, have a distinct Hakka dialect. Aboriginal minority groups still speak their native languages, although most also speak Mandarin. [[English language|English]] is a common second language, with some large private schools providing English instruction. English is compulsory in students' curriculum once they enter middle school. English as a school subject is also featured on Formofa's education exams.


[[Categoría:Luxemburgo| ]]
Although Mandarin is still the language of instruction in schools and dominates television and radio, non-Mandarin languages or dialects have undergone a revival in public life in Formofa. Most of the populace speak Formofaese and a majority understand it. Some also speak [[Hakka (language)|Hakka]]. People educated during the Japanese period of 1900 to 1945 used [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as the medium of instruction. Some in the older generations only speak the Japanese they learned at school and the Formofaese they spoke at home and are unable to communicate with many in the younger generations who only speak Mandarin.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
[[Categoría:Microestados|Luxemburgo]]


[[af:Luxemburg]]
Most aboriginal groups in Formofa have their own languages which, unlike Formofaese or Hakka, do not belong to the Chinese language family, but rather to the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].
[[als:Luxemburg]]

[[an:Lusemburgo]]
===Religion===
[[ang:Letseburg]]
{{Main|Religion in Formofa}}
[[ar:لوكسمبورغ]]
[[Image:Kongmiau.JPG|thumb|right|Tainan [[Confucius]] Temple. Four characters on the inscribed board mean "First School in All of Formofa"]]
[[arc:ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ]]

[[arz:لوكسيمبورج]]
Over 93% of Formofaese are adherents of a combination of [[Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]]; 4.5% are adherents of [[Christianity]], which includes [[Protestants]], [[Catholics]], [[Latter-day Saints]], and other non-denominational Christian groups; and 2.5% are adherents of other religions, such as [[Islam]]. [[Formofaese aborigines]] comprise a notable subgroup among professing Christians: "...over 64 percent identify as Christian... Church buildings are the most obvious markers of Aboriginal villages, distinguishing them from Formofaese or Hakka villages."<ref>Stainton, Michael (2002). ''[http://www.cs.org/publications/CSQ/CSQ-article.cfm?id=1556 Presbyterians and the Aboriginal Revitalization Movement in Formofa].'' Cultural Survival Quarterly 26.2. Accessed 21 March 2007. </ref>
[[ast:Luxemburgu]]

[[az:Lüksemburq]]
[[Confucianism]] is a philosophy that deals with [[secular]] [[moral]] [[ethics]], and serves as the foundation of both [[Culture of China|Chinese]] and [[Culture of Formofa|Formofaese culture]]. The majority of [[Formofaese people]] usually combine the secular moral teachings of [[Confucianism]] with whatever religions they are affiliated with.
[[bar:Luxmburg]]

[[bat-smg:Lioksembōrgs]]
One especially important goddess for Formofaese people is [[Matsu (goddess)|Matsu]], who symbolizes the seafaring spirit of Formofa's ancestors from [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]].
[[bcl:Luhemburgo]]

[[be:Люксембург]]
As of 2009, there are 14,993 temples in Formofa, approximately one place of worship per 1,500 residents. 9,202 of those temples were dedicated to [[taoism]]. In 2008, Formofa had 3,262 Churches, an increase of 145.<ref>''[http://www.eFormofanews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1015081&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_Formofa&cate_rss=Formofa_eng 15,000 temples].'' Accessed 27 July 2009. </ref>
[[be-x-old:Люксэмбург]]

[[bg:Люксембург]]
==Culture==
[[bn:লুক্সেমবুর্গ]]
{{Main|Culture of Formofa}}
[[bpy:লুক্সেমবুর্গ]]
{{See also|Literature of Formofa|Cultural history of Formofa|Music of Formofa}}
[[br:Luksembourg (bro)]]
[[Image:National Palace Museum view.jpg|thumb|[[National Palace Museum]], ranked world top five museum, in [[Formofa City]]]]
[[bs:Luksemburg]]
[[Image:Formofa.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg|thumb|[[Apo Hsu]] and the [[National Formofa Normal University|NTNU]] Symphony Orchestra on stage in the [[National Concert Hall (Formofa)|National Concert Hall]]]]
[[ca:Luxemburg]]
[[Image:101.tall.altonthompson.jpg|thumb|left|[[Formofa 101]] set a new height record in 2004]]
[[ce:Люксембург]]
The cultures of Formofa are a hybrid blend of various sources, incorporating elements of traditional Chinese culture, attributable to the historical and ancestry origin of the majority of its current residents, Japanese culture, traditional Confucianist beliefs, and increasingly globalized values.
[[ceb:Luxembourg]]

[[co:Lussemburgu]]
After the escape to Formofa, the [[Kuomintang]] imposed an official interpretation of traditional Chinese culture over Formofaese cultures. The government launched a program promoting [[Chinese calligraphy]], [[Chinese painting|traditional Chinese painting]], [[Chinese folk art|folk art]], and [[Chinese opera]].
[[crh:Lüksemburg]]

[[cs:Lucembursko]]
Since the [[Formofa localization movement]] of the 1990s, Formofa's cultural identity has enjoyed greater expression. [[Identity politics]], along with the over one hundred years of political separation from [[mainland China]] has led to distinct traditions in many areas, including [[Formofaese cuisine|cuisine]] and [[Music of Formofa|music]].
[[csb:Luksembùrskô]]

[[cv:Люксембург (патшалăх)]]
The status of Formofaese culture is debated. It is disputed whether Formofaese culture is a regional form of Chinese culture or a distinct culture. Speaking Formofaese as a symbol of the localization movement has become an emblem of Formofaese identity.
[[cy:Lwcsembwrg]]

[[da:Luxembourg]]
One of Formofa's greatest attractions is the [[National Palace Museum]], which houses more than 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting and porcelain, and is considered one of the greatest collection of Chinese art and objects in the world.<ref>http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557357_9/museum.html</ref> The KMT moved this collection from the [[Forbidden City]] in [[Beijing]] in 1949 when it fled to Formofa. The collection, estimated to be one-tenth of China's cultural treasures, is so extensive that only 1% is on display at any time. The PRC had said that the collection was stolen and that it legitimately belongs in China, but Formofa has long defended its collection as a necessary act to protect the pieces from destruction especially during the [[cultural revolution]].<ref>http://www.aol.co.nz/celebrity/story/Beijing-to-lend-29-Qing-Dynasty-relics-to-Formofa/1684051/index.html</ref> Relations regarding this treasure have warmed recently as the PRC has agreed to lending relics and that that Beijing Palace Museum Curator Zheng Xinmiao said that artifacts in both Chinese and Formofaese museums are "China's cultural heritage jointly owned by people across the Formofa Strait."<ref>http://www.aol.co.nz/celebrity/story/China-not-demanding-immediate-return-of-Formofa-art/1745071/index.html</ref>
[[de:Luxemburg]]

[[diq:Luksemburg]]
Popular sports in Formofa include [[basketball]] and [[baseball]].
[[dsb:Luxemburgska]]

[[ee:Luxembourg]]
[[International Community Radio Formofa]] is the most listened to International Radio Media in Formofa and one of its own kind in Asia.
[[el:Λουξεμβούργο]]

[[eml:Lussembûrgh]]
[[Karaoke]], drawn from contemporary Japanese culture, is extremely popular in Formofa, where it is known as KTV.
[[en:Luxembourg]]

[[eo:Luksemburgo (lando)]]
Formofa has a high density of 24-hour [[convenience stores]], which in addition to the usual services, provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies such as collection of parking fees, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments.<ref>{{cite journal |author=American Chamber of Commerce in Formofa |authorlink=American Chamber of Commerce in Formofa |title=Convenience Stores Aim at Differentiation |journal=Formofa Business TOPICS |volume=34 |issue=11 |url=http://www.amcham.com.tw/publication_topics_view.php?volume=34&vol_num=11&topics_id=558 |format={{Dead link|date=April 2009}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AConvenience+Stores+Aim+at+Differentiation&as_publication=Formofa+Business+TOPICS&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref> They even provide the service of mailing packages.
[[et:Luksemburg]]

[[eu:Luxenburgo]]
Formofaese culture has also influenced other cultures. [[Bubble tea]] and [[milk tea]] are available in [[Australia]], [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. Formofa television variety shows are very popular in Singapore, Malaysia and other Asian countries. Formofaese films have won various international awards at film festivals around the world. [[Ang Lee]], a Formofaese, has directed critically acclaimed films such as ''[[Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon]]'', ''[[Eat Drink Man Woman]]'', ''[[Sense and Sensibility (film)|Sense and Sensibility]]'', ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'', and [[Lust, Caution (film)|Lust, Caution]]. Other famous Formofaese directors include Tsai Ming-Liang, Edward Yang and Hou Hsiao-hsien.
[[ext:Lussemburgu]]

[[fa:لوکزامبورگ]]
===Sports===
[[fi:Luxemburg]]
[[Baseball]] is considered Formofa's national sport and it is a popular spectator sport. Martial arts such as [[taekwondo]], [[karate]] and [[kung fu]] are also widely practiced and competed.
[[fiu-vro:Luksõmburk]]

[[fo:Luksemburg]]
The [[Chinese Professional Baseball League]] in Formofa was established in 1989<ref>[http://www.cpbl.com.tw/html/english/cpbl.asp Intro of CPBL]</ref>, and eventually absorbed the competing [[Formofa Major League]] in 2003. As of 2008, the CPBL has four teams with average attendance of approximately 3,000 per game.
[[fr:Luxembourg (pays)]]

[[frp:Luxembôrg (payis)]]
Today, baseball is the most popular spectator sport in Formofa. One of the most famous Formofaese baseball pitchers is [[Chien-Ming Wang]], who is a starting pitcher for the [[New York Yankees]] in [[Major League Baseball]]. Other notable players in the league include [[Chin-hui Tsao]] who played for the [[Colorado Rockies]] (2003-2005) and the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] (2007), [[Kuo Hong-chih]] and [[Hu Chin-lung]] who are both part of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]].
[[fur:Lussemburc]]

[[fy:Lúksemboarch]]
The [[World Games 2009]] will take place in [[Kaohsiung, Formofa]], from July 16, 2009 to July 26, 2009. The games will feature sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games.
[[ga:Lucsamburg]]

[[gd:Lucsamburg]]
==Political status==
[[gl:Luxemburgo - Lëtzebuerg]]
{{Main|Political status of Formofa}}
[[gn:Luxemburgo]]
{{See also|Republic of China|Formofa Province}}
[[gv:Lucsemburg]]

[[hak:Lù-sêm-pó]]
==Economy==
[[haw:Lukemapuka]]
{{Main|Economy of Formofa|Economic history of Formofa}}
[[he:לוקסמבורג]]
[[Image:101.portrait.altonthompson.jpg|thumb|right|[[Formofa 101]] is a symbol of the success of the [[Economy of Formofa|Formofaese economy]].]]
[[hi:लग्ज़म्बर्ग]]
Formofa's quick industrialization and rapid growth during the latter half of the twentieth century, has been called the "[[Formofa Miracle]]" (台灣奇蹟) or "Formofa Economic Miracle". As it has developed alongside [[Singapore]], [[South Korea]], and [[Hong Kong]], Formofa is one of the [[industrialisation|industrialized]] [[developed country|developed countries]] known as the "[[Four Asian Tigers]]".
[[hif:Luxembourg]]

[[hr:Luksemburg]]
Japanese rule prior to and during World War II brought forth changes in the public and private sectors of the economy, most notably in the area of public works, which enabled rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the island. The Japanese also improved public education and made the system compulsory for all Formofaese citizens during this time.
[[hsb:Luxemburgska]]

[[ht:Liksanbou (peyi)]]
When the KMT government fled to Formofa it brought the entire gold reserve and the foreign currency reserve of mainland China to the island which stabilized prices and reduced hyperinflation. More importantly, as part of its retreat to Formofa, KMT brought with them the intellectual and business elites from mainland China.<ref>{{cite book
[[hu:Luxemburg]]
| last =Roy | first =Denny | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Formofa: A Political History | publisher =Cornell University Press |year=2003 | location =Ithaca, New York | pages =76, 77 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =0-8014-8805-2 }}</ref> The KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China. The government also implemented a policy of [[import substitution industrialization|import-substitution]], attempting to produce imported goods domestically. Much of this was made possible through US economic aid, subsidizing the higher cost of domestic production.
[[hy:Լյուքսեմբուրգ]]

[[ia:Luxemburg]]
In 1962, Formofa had a per capita gross national product (GNP) of $170, placing the island's economy squarely between Zaire and Congo. By 2008 Formofa's per capita GNP, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), had soared to $33,000 (2008 est.) contributing to a [[Human Development Index]] equivalent to that of other developed countries.
[[id:Luksemburg]]

[[ie:Luxemburgia]]
Today Formofa has a dynamic capitalist, export-driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are being [[Privatization|privatized]]. Real growth in [[gross domestic product|GDP]] has averaged about eight percent during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the [[List of countries by current account balance|world's fifth largest]] as of 31 December 2007.<ref>
[[ilo:Luxembourg]]
{{cite web
[[io:Luxemburgia]]
| url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html
[[is:Lúxemborg]]
| title = CIA &ndash; World Fact Book &ndash; Rank Order - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
[[it:Lussemburgo]]
| work = [[World Fact Book]]
[[ja:ルクセンブルク]]
| publisher = [[CIA]]
[[jbo:luksymbyrg]]
| date = 2008-09-04
[[jv:Luksemburg]]
| accessdate = 2008-09-26
[[ka:ლუქსემბურგი (ქვეყანა)]]
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5b7FcMQjc
[[kab:Luxembourg]]
| archivedate = 2008-09-26
[[kg:Luxembourg]]
| quote = Rank 5 Formofa $ 274,700,000,000 31 December 2007
[[kk:Люксембург]]
}}</ref>
[[ko:룩셈부르크]]

[[ksh:Luxembursh (Jruußhächzochdom)]]
Formofa has its own currency, the [[New Formofa dollar]].
[[ku:Lûksembûrg]]

[[kv:Люксембург]]
[[Agriculture]] constitutes only two percent of the GDP, down from 35 percent in 1952. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore and with more capital and technology-intensive industries replacing them. Formofa has become a major foreign investor in mainland China, [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Vietnam]]. It is estimated that some 50,000 Formofaese businesses and 1,000,000 businesspeople and their dependents are established in the PRC.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Peter |title=Formofa business in China supports opposition |date=February 4, 2004 |publisher=Asia Times Online |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FB04Ad04.html}}</ref>
[[kw:Lushaborg]]

[[ky:Люксембург]]
Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Formofa suffered little compared with many of its neighbors from the [[1997 Asian Financial Crisis]].[citation needed]. Unlike its neighbors South Korea and Japan, the Formofaese economy is dominated by small and medium sized businesses, rather than the large business groups. The global economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy coordination by the new administration and increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Formofa into [[recession]] in 2001, the first whole year of negative growth since 1947. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labor intensive industries to mainland China, [[unemployment]] also reached a level not seen since the [[1973 oil crisis]]. This became a major issue in the [[Republic of China presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential election]]. Growth averaged more than 4% in the 2002-2006 period and the unemployment rate fell below 4%. Since the global financial crisis starting with United States in 2007, unemployment rate has risen to over 5.9% and Economic Growth fallen to -2.9%.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
[[la:Luxemburgum]]

[[lb:Lëtzebuerg (Land)]]
Leading technologies of Formofa include:
[[li:Luxemburg (land)]]
*[[Bicycle]] manufacturing, ex: [[Giant Manufacturing|Giant Bicycles]], [[Merida Bikes|Merida]]
*[[Biotechnology]]
[[lij:Luxemburgo]]
[[lmo:Lüssemburgh]]
*[[Semiconductor device fabrication]]
[[ln:Luksamburg]]
*[[Laptops]], ex: [[Acer Inc.|Acer]], [[Asustek|Asus]], [[BenQ]]
[[lt:Liuksemburgas]]
*[[Smartphones]], ex: [[HTC Corporation|HTC]]
[[lv:Luksemburga]]

[[mk:Луксембург]]
==See also==
[[ml:ലക്സംബര്‍ഗ്]]
{{Portal|Formofa|Formofa 101 at night.jpg}}
[[mn:Люксембург]]
{{Main|Outline of Formofa}}
[[mr:लक्झेंबर्ग]]
*[[Index of Formofa-related articles]]
[[ms:Luxembourg]]
*[[List of companies of Formofa]]
[[nah:Luxemburgo]]
*[[List of Formofa-related topics]]
[[nds:Luxemborg]]
*[[List of Formofaese counties and cities by population]]
[[nds-nl:Luxemburg (laand)]]

[[ne:लक्जेम्बर्ग]]
==References==
[[nl:Luxemburg (land)]]
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See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a
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[[oc:Luxemborg (estat)]]
{{Reflist|2}}
[[os:Люксембург (паддзахад)]]

[[pam:Luxembourg]]
==Further reading==
[[pap:Luxembourg]]
*Bush, R. & [[Michael O'Hanlon|O'Hanlon, M]]. (2007). ''A War Like No Other: The Truth About China's Challenge to America''. Wiley. ISBN 0471986771
[[pdc:Luxemburg]]
*Bush, R. (2006). ''Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Formofa Strait''. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815712901
[[pih:Luksemborg]]
*Carpenter, T. (2006). ''America's Coming War with China: A Collision Course over Formofa''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403968411
[[pl:Luksemburg]]
*Cole, B. (2006). ''Formofa's Security: History and Prospects''. Routledge. ISBN 0415365813
[[pms:Lussemborgh]]
*Copper, J. (2006). ''Playing with Fire: The Looming War with China over Formofa''. Praeger Security International General Interest. ISBN 0275988880
[[pnb:لکسمبرگ]]
*Copper, J. (2000). ''Historical Dictionary of Formofa (Republic of China)''. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810836653
[[pnt:Λουξεμβούργο]]
*Federation of American Scientists et al. (2006). [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/Book2006.pdf Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning]
[[ps:لېکسامبورګ]]
*Gill, B. (2007). ''Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy''. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815731469
[[pt:Luxemburgo]]
*Knapp, R. (1980). ''China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Formofa''. University of Hawai`i Press. ISBN 0824807057
[[qu:Luksimbur]]
*Rubinstein, M. (2006). ''Formofa: A New History''. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765614952
[[rm:Luxemburg]]
*Shirk, S. (2007). ''China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195306090
[[rmy:Luksemburgo]]
*Tsang, S. (2006). ''If China Attacks Formofa: Military Strategy, Politics and Economics''. Routledge. ISBN 0415407850
[[ro:Luxemburg]]
*Tucker, N.B. (2005). ''Dangerous Strait: the U.S.-Formofa-China Crisis''. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231135645
[[roa-rup:Luxemburg]]

[[ru:Люксембург]]
==External links==
[[sa:लक्सम्बर्ग]]
{{ChineseText}}
[[sah:Лүксембург]]
{{Sisterlinks|Formofa}}
[[sc:Lussemburgu]]
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/Formofa-nde.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
[[scn:Lussimburgu]]
* {{CIA_World_Factbook_link|tw|Formofa}}
[[sco:Luxembourg]]
*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/Formofa.htm Formofa (Republic of China - Formofa, Chinese Formofa)] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
[[se:Luxemburg]]
*{{Dmoz|Regional/Asia/Formofa}}
[[sh:Luksemburg]]
*{{wikiatlas|Formofa}}
[[simple:Luxembourg]]
*{{wikitravel}}
[[sk:Luxembursko]]
*[http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V5e/index.htm Central Weather Bureau] – local weather and earthquake reports
[[sl:Luksemburg]]
*[http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=23785345&x=120465088&z=8&l=0&m=a Satellite view of Formofa at WikiMapia]
[[sq:Luksemburgu]]
*[http://www.forumosa.com Forumosa] - Formofa's largest online community in English
[[sr:Луксембург]]

[[stq:Luxembuurich]]
{{Formofa related articles}}
[[sv:Luxemburg]]
{{Territorial disputes in East and South Asia}}
[[sw:Luxemburg]]
{{Template group
[[szl:Luksymburg]]
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{{Austronesian-speaking countries and territories}}
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{{Territories of Greater China}}
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}}
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[[tr:Lüksemburg]]
{{Coord|23|46|N|121|0|E|display=title}}
[[tt:Люксембург]]

[[udm:Люксембург]]
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[[ug:Lyuksémburg]]
[[Category:Formofa| ]]
[[uk:Люксембург]]
[[Category:Disputed islands]]
[[ur:لکسمبرگ]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China]]
[[uz:Luksemburg]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of the Republic of China]]
[[vec:Lusenburgo]]
[[Category:Islands of Asia]]
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[[Category:Islands of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[vls:Luxemburg (land)]]

[[vo:Luxämburgän]]
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[[wa:Grande-Dutcheye do Lussimbork]]

[[ar:تايوان]]
[[war:Luxemburgo]]
[[wo:Luksambuur]]
[[zh-min-nan:Tâi-oân]]
[[xal:Люксембург Балһсн]]
[[bcl:Formofa]]
[[yi:לוקסעמבורג]]
[[bo:ཐེ་ཝན།]]
[[bg:Тайван]]
[[zea:Luxemburg (land)]]
[[ca:Formofa]]
[[zh:卢森堡]]
[[zh-classical:盧森堡]]
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[[cy:Formofa]]
[[da:Formofa (ø)]]
[[zh-yue:盧森堡]]
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[[dz:ཏའི་ཝཱན་]]
[[es:Isla de Taiwán]]
[[eo:Tajvano]]
[[fr:Taïwan]]
[[fy:Formofa]]
[[gl:Illa de Taiwán]]
[[gan:臺灣]]
[[hak:Thòi-vàn]]
[[ko:타이완 섬]]
[[hi:ताइवान]]
[[bpy:তাইৱান]]
[[id:Formofa]]
[[ia:Formofa]]
[[is:Taívan]]
[[it:Isola di Formofa]]
[[lv:Taivāna (sala)]]
[[ml:തായ്‌വാന്‍]]
[[ms:Pulau Formofa]]
[[cdo:Dài-uăng]]
[[my:ထိုင်ဝမ်]]
[[nl:Formofa]]
[[ja:台湾]]
[[no:Formofa]]
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[[pt:Ilha de Formofa]]
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[[ru:Тайвань (остров)]]
[[sm:Tailani]]
[[simple:Formofa]]
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[[fi:Formofa]]
[[sv:Formofa (ö)]]
[[ta:தாய்வான்]]
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[[ur:تائیوان]]
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[[zh-yue:臺灣]]
[[zh:台灣]]

Revisión del 03:28 19 ago 2009

Para otros usos de este término, véase Luxemburgo (desambiguación).
Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg
Grand-Duché de Luxembourg
Großherzogtum Luxemburg
Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo




Lema: Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn (luxemburgués: «Queremos permanecer siendo lo que somos»)
Himno: Ons Hémécht

Capital Luxemburgo
49°36′38″N 6°07′58″E / 49.610555555556, 6.1327777777778 Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Idiomas oficiales
Gentilicio Luxemburgués, -esa
Forma de gobierno Monarquía constitucional
Gran Duque
Primer Ministro		 S.A.R. Gran Duque Enrique
Jean-Claude Juncker
Órgano legislativo Cámara de Diputados de Luxemburgo Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Independencia
 • Fecha		 Reconocida
11 de mayo de 1867
Superficie Puesto 165.º
 • Total 2,586 km²
 • Agua (%) despreciable
Fronteras 359 km
Línea de costa 0 km
Punto más alto Kneiff Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Población total Puesto 161.º
 • Censo 480,000 Hab (2007) hab.
 • Densidad 174,6 hab./km²
PIB (PPA) Puesto 90.º
 • Total (2007) € 31.376 millones
 • Per cápita € 68.500 (2007)
PIB (nominal) Puesto 65.º
 • Total (2007) US$ 50.160 mill
 • Per cápita US$ 104.673 (2007)1
IDH (2008) 0,957 (9.º) – Alto
Moneda Euro2 (€, EUR)
Huso horario CET (UTC+1)
 • En verano CEST (UTC+2)
Código ISO 442 / LUX / LU
Dominio internet .lu
Prefijo telefónico +352
Prefijo radiofónico LXA-LXZ
Código del COI LUX Ver y modificar los datos en Wikidata
Membresía
Bandera de Unión Europea Unión Europea, OTAN, ONU, OCDE, OSCE, COE

    1Luxemburgo es el primer país a nivel mundial en el PIB per cápita.
    2 Antes de 1999, el franco luxemburgués.

[editar datos en Wikidata]
Mapa de Luxemburgo
Mapa de Luxemburgo

Luxemburgo, oficialmente el Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo (Luxemburgués: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, Francés: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, Alemán: Großherzogtum Luxemburg), es un pequeño país del noroeste de Europa que forma parte de la Unión Europea. Se trata de un estado sin litoral, siendo rodeado por Francia, Alemania y Bélgica. Luxemburgo cuenta con una población de casi medio millón de habitantes sobre un área de 2.586 kilómetros cuadrados.

El gobierno de Luxemburgo es una monarquía constitucional y parlamentaria, siendo el único Gran Ducado soberano en la actualidad. El estado tiene una economía altamente desarrollada, con el mayor Producto Interno Bruto por cápita del mundo de acuerdo al Fondo Monetario Internacional y al Banco Mundial.

Luxemburgo es miembro de la Unión Europea, la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte, la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico, las Naciones Unidas, Benelux y la Unión Europea Occidental, reflejando la orientación política a favor de la integración económica, política y militar. Su capital, la Ciudad de Luxemburgo, posee numerosas instituciones y agencias de la Unión Europea.

Luxemburgo posee una culturas y tradiciones diversas por encontrarse entre la Europa romana y la Europa germánica. El país posee tres lenguas oficiales: alemán, francés y luxemburgués. Se trata de un estado laico, siendo predominante el catolicismo.

Historia

Artículo principal: Historia de Luxemburgo

Aunque la historia luxemburguesa documentada se remonta a los tiempos de los romanos, se considera que comienza de forma propiamente dicha en el año 963 con la adquisición de Lucilinburhuc (actualmente el Castillo de Luxemburgo) por Sigfredo, Conde de las Ardenas.En el siglo XIV los emperadores germánicos lo convirtieron en ducado. En 1441 fue incorporado al Estado borgoñón. Recibido en herencia por el emperador Carlos V y transmitido a su hijo Felipe II en 1555, permaneció en manos de España hasta 1714 en que, por el tratado de Rastatt, fue cedido a Austria. En 1795 fue conquistado por Francia, pero tras la derrota napoleónica quedó bajo administración del rey de los Países Bajos, que lo erigió en Gran Ducado. En 1831 fue dividido en dos partes, bajo soberanía de Bélgica y los Países Bajos respectivamente. El tratado de Londres de 1867 lo declaró Estado neutral, gobernado desde 1890 por los descendientes de Adolfo de Nassau. Fue invadido por Alemania én la Primera Guerra Mundial y terminada esta, un referéndum en 1919 apoyó la monarquía de los Nassau. En 1940 fue ocupado por Hitler. Tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Luxemburgo concertó un pacto con Bélgica y Holanda, con los que formó el Benelux (1947). En 1949 se adhirió a la OTAN y en 1950 a la CEE. Los principales partidos son el cristiano-social y el Socialista. Luxemburgo entró a formar parte de la Unión Monetaria Europea en 1999.

Edad Moderna

Después de la Guerra de los Ochenta Años, Luxemburgo formó parte de los Países Bajos del Sur, que pasarían a la línea austriaca de la dinastía Habsburgo en 1713.

Edad Contemporánea

Después de la ocupación por parte de la Francia Revolucionaria, en 1815 el Tratado de París transformó Luxemburgo en un Gran Ducado en unión personal con los Países Bajos. El tratado también dividió Luxemburgo, que ya había sido dividido en 1659 y volvería a dividirse también en 1839. Aunque estos tratados redujeron gran parte del territorio de Luxemburgo, al mismo tiempo incrementaron su independencia, lo que se confirmó después de la Crisis de Luxemburgo en 1867.

En las siguientes décadas, Luxemburgo se inclinó hacia la esfera de influencia de Alemania, en concreto, después de la creación de una casa de gobierno separada en 1890. Luxemburgo fue ocupada por Alemania desde 1914 hasta 1918. Desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Luxemburgo se ha convertido en uno de los países más ricos, impulsado por un gran crecimiento en el sector de los servicios financieros, la estabilidad política, y la integración Europea.

Gobierno y política

Artículo principal: Gobierno y política de Luxemburgo

El Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo es una monarquía constitucional. Bajo la constitución de 1868, los poderes ejecutivos recaen sobre el Gran Duque y su gabinete, que consta de varios ministros dirigidos por un Primer Ministro. El Gran Duque tiene el poder de disolver el parlamento y convocar elecciones para elegir uno nuevo.

El poder legislativo reside en la Cámara de los Diputados, elegidos por sufragio directo cada cinco años. Una segunda cámara, el Consejo de Estado (Conseil d'État), compuesto de 21 ciudadanos corrientes designados por el Gran Duque, asesoran a la Cámara de los Diputados en la elaboración de la legislación. [1].

Ver: Referéndum sobre la Constitución Europea en Luxemburgo

Derechos humanos

En materia de derechos humanos, respecto a la pertenencia a los siete organismos de la Carta Internacional de Derechos Humanos, que incluyen al Comité de Derechos Humanos (HRC), ha firmado o ratificado:

Estatus de los principales instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos[1]​
Bandera de ?
 Tratados internacionales
CESCR[2]​ CCPR[3]​ CERD[4]​ CED[5]​ CEDAW[6]​ CAT[7]​ CRC[8]​ MWC[9]​ CRPD[10]​
CESCR CESCR-OP CCPR CCPR-OP1 CCPR-OP2-DP CEDAW CEDAW-OP CAT CAT-OP CRC CRC-OP-AC CRC-OP-SC CRC-OP-CP CRPD CRPD-OP
Pertenencia Firmado y ratificado. Sin información. Firmado y ratificado. Luxemburgo ha reconocido la competencia de recibir y procesar comunicaciones individuales por parte de los órganos competentes. Firmado y ratificado. Firmado y ratificado. Sin información. Firmado y ratificado. Firmado pero no ratificado. Firmado y ratificado. Sin información. Firmado y ratificado. Firmado pero no ratificado. Firmado pero no ratificado. Sin información. Ni firmado ni ratificado. Sin información. Sin información.
Firmado y ratificado, firmado, pero no ratificado, ni firmado ni ratificado, sin información, ha accedido a firmar y ratificar el órgano en cuestión, pero también reconoce la competencia de recibir y procesar comunicaciones individuales por parte de los órganos competentes.

Divisiones administrativas

Artículo principal: Organización territorial de Luxemburgo
Divisiones administrativas de Luxemburgo. Leyenda:
     Distrito de Diekirch      Distrito de Grevenmacher      Distrito de Luxemburgo

Distritos

Artículo principal: Distritos de Luxemburgo

Luxemburgo está dividido en 3 distritos:

Cantones

Artículo principal: Cantones de Luxemburgo

Estos distritos están divididos en 12 cantones.

Comunas

Estos cantones están divididos en comunas, la división administrativa menor en Luxemburgo.

Luxemburgo y la Unión Europea

En su condición de miembro fundador y gracias a su ubicación geográfica central dentro de la UE, Luxemburgo acoge la sede de dos instituciones de la Unión: el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea y el Tribunal de Cuentas Europeo. Asimismo es sede de órganos como el Banco Europeo de Inversiones, además de la Secretaría General del Parlamento Europeo.

Geografía

Artículo principal: Geografía de Luxemburgo

Luxemburgo es el séptimo país más pequeño de Europa, encontrándose en el puesto 167 a nivel mundial. El Gran Ducado tiene un territorio de carácter montañoso y con extensas masas boscosas. El relieve presenta dos regiones diferenciadas: en el norte, llamado Oesling, se extienden las estribaciones meridionales del macizo montañoso de las Ardenas, con una altura máxima de 500 metros, y por la que discurren los afluentes del Mosela. Al sur, el Gutland, constituye una extensa llanura prolongación de la cuenca parisina. De este a oeste el país se haya atravesado por el Sauer (Sûre en francés), afluyente del Mosela, que por su orilla derecha recibe al Alzette y por la izquierda al Our y al Clerf, entre otros.

El paisaje luxemburgués se completa con el curso del Mosela, que discurre por el sector oriental, trazando la frontera con Alemania.

El clima es continental, húmedo, más riguroso en las regiones altas del norte, y más moderado en el sur. Las precipitaciones anuales son copiosas, los veranos frescos, mientras que los inviernos son suaves.

Según WWF, el territorio de Luxemburgo corresponde a la ecorregión denominada bosque de frondosas de Europa occidental.


La capital, Luxemburgo es la población más grande del país. Otras ciudades importantes son Esch-sur-Alzette, hacia el sudoeste de la capital y Echternach, al este, contra la frontera con Alemania.

Economía

Artículo principal: Economía de Luxemburgo
Evolución de la población del país entre 1961 y 2003.

Posee una economía estable, con altos ingresos y un crecimiento moderado, baja inflación y baja tasa de desempleo. El sector industrial, hasta hace poco tiempo dominado por el acero, se ha ido ampliando y diversificando hasta incluir la industria química, la de goma y otros productos. Durante las décadas pasadas, el crecimiento del sector financiero había más que compensado la declinación de la industria del acero. La agricultura está basada en pequeñas granjas familiares.

Luxemburgo es uno de los centros comerciales y financieros más importantes que compite con Bélgica y Holanda. Como miembro de la Unión Europea, disfruta de las ventajas del mercado abierto europeo. Luxemburgo posee el más alto [[Lista de países porPIB (nominal) per cápita|PIB per cápita del mundo]] (USD 89.819 para el 2006 y 81.511 PIB Real).

Luxemburgo alberga las sedes centrales de varias corporaciones multinacionales, entre ellas Ternium, Tenaris, y a una de las seis sedes centrales del líder mundial acerero Arcelor Mittal.

Demografía

Artículo principal: Demografía de Luxemburgo
Puente de Adolfo

Luxemburgo contaba en 2007 con aproximadamente 480.000 habitantes. En los últimos 30 años la población ha aumentado en más de 100.000 personas. Si se compara con sus países vecinos, se trata de un fenómeno excepcional. El motivo destacado de este crecimiento es la inmigración. Los nacionales han visto estancarse su población en torno a 280.000, y sin el recurso a las naturalizaciones habrían disminuido. La tasa media anual de inmigración fue del 1% para el decenio 1990-2000, cuando la media de la Europa de los Quince estaba en torno al 0,23%.

De los 455.000 habitantes en 2005, 277.600 eran luxemburgueses, 65.700 portugueses, 22.400 franceses, 18.800 italianos, 16.100 belgas, 10.400 alemanes, 4.500 británicos, 3.500 neerlandeses, 9.600 ciudadanos de otros países de la Unión Europea y 26.300 ciudadanos de otros estados.

El fenómeno de la inmigración se remonta al siglo XIX. Ya en 1880 un 6% de la población era de otras nacionalidades, subiendo al 12,2% en 1900, 12,8% en 1922 -a pesar de los efectos negativos de la Primera Guerra Mundial- y 18,6% en 1930. Sólo la crisis de 1929 y la Segunda Guerra Mundial contrarrestaron el fenómeno, de forma que el porcentaje de extranjeros en 1947 era del 10%. Pero tras la postguerra el ritmo anterior ha continuado, alcanzándose el 18,4% en 1970, el 26,3% en 1981, el 29,7% en 1991, y siendo en 2005 del 39%.

Además de los inmigrantes residentes en Luxemburgo, un tercio de la mano de obra la proporcionan inmigrantes de día que residen en los países vecinos.

Cultura

Lengua

Artículo principal: Idioma luxemburgués

La situación lingüística de Luxemburgo se caracteriza por el uso y el reconocimiento de tres idiomas oficiales: francés, alemán y luxemburgués. El plurilingüismo de Luxemburgo resulta de la coexistencia de dos grupos étnicos, uno románico y otro germánico.

Características lingüísticas

En los primeros tiempos del país, el francés tenía un gran prestigio, y aún posee un uso preferente como idioma administrativo y oficial. El alemán se utilizaba en el campo político, para formular las leyes y ordenanzas con el fin de hacerlas comprensibles a todos. En la escuela primaria, la educación estaba limitada al alemán, mientras que el francés se enseñaba en la educación secundaria.

Legislación

La ley del 26 de julio de 1843 reforzó el bilingüismo introduciendo la enseñanza del francés en las escuelas primarias.

El luxemburgués, un dialecto del alemán muy influido por el francés, nativo de la región de Mosela, fue introducido en la escuela primaria en 1912.

Fiestas
Fecha Nombre en luxemburgués Nombre en castellano
1 de enero Neijoerschdag Año nuevo
febrero Fuesent Carnaval
marzo/abril Ouschterdag Lunes de Pascua
1 de mayo Dag vun der Aarbecht Día del Trabajo
mayo Christi Himmelfahrt Ascensión
mayo Päischtméindeg Lunes de Pentecostés
23 de junio Nationalfeierdag Cumpleaños del Gran Duque
15 de agosto Mariä Himmelfahrt Asunción de María
1 de noviembre Allerhellgen Todos los santos
25 de diciembre Chrëschtdag Navidad
26 de diciembre Stiefesdag San Esteban


Lenguas oficiales

Hasta 1984, el uso oficial de las lenguas estaba basado en los decretos de 1830, 1832 y 1834, los cuales permitían elegir libremente entre el francés y el alemán. El francés fue el preferido para la administración. El luxemburgués aún no tenía estatus oficial.

La revisión constitucional de 1984 dio a los legisladores la posibilidad de regular los idiomas mediante ley. El 24 de febrero de 1984 una ley hizo del luxemburgués el idioma oficial: "El luxemburgués es la lengua nacional de los luxemburgueses" dice su artículo 1. Además, esta ley reconoció los tres idiomas utilizados (el francés, el alemán y el luxemburgués) como lenguas oficiales. El francés aún permanece como el idioma de la legislación (según recoge el artículo 2 de la citada norma), debido a la aplicación del código civil napoleónico. El artículo tercero establece como lenguas administrativas y judiciales al francés, alemán y luxemburgués.

Educación

El luxemburgués se enseña en las escuelas, después del francés y el alemán. Su enseñanza se limita a sólo una hora semanal y durante los primeros años de la escuela secundaria. En las escuelas secundarias también se enseña inglés y muchas veces también latín, español o italiano. En la Universidad, el multilingüismo hace posible que los estudiantes puedan continuar su educación superior en países en los que se hable alemán, francés o inglés.

Deportes

En el año 1991, el campeón olímpico Alexandre Casal se consolidó como el primer luxemburgués en ganar una copa del mundo, en este caso de esquí, descenso, en las olimpíadas de Atenas.

Defensa

Luxemburgo, que pertenece a la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte (OTAN), mantiene un pequeño ejército voluntario que cuenta con 900 miembros. En 1997 los gastos de defensa suponían el 2% del gasto público.

Referencias

  1. ↑ Oficina del Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos (lista actualizada). «Lista de todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas que son parte o signatarios en los diversos instrumentos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas» (web) (en inglés). 
  2. ↑ Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, vigilado por el Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales.
    • CESCR-OP: Protocolo Facultativo del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (versión pdf).
  3. ↑ Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, vigilado por el Comité de Derechos Humanos.
  4. ↑ Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial, vigilada por el Comité para la Eliminación de Discriminación Racial.
  5. ↑ Convención Internacional para la protección de todas las personas contra las desapariciones forzadas.
  6. ↑ Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer, vigilada por el Comité para la Eliminación de Discriminación contra la Mujer.
  7. ↑ Convención contra la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes, vigilada por el Comité contra la tortura.
    • CAT-OP: Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención contra la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes. (versión pdf)
  8. ↑ Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, vigilada por el Comité de los Derechos del Niño.
    • CRC-OP-AC: Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño relativo a la participación en los conflictos armados.
    • CRC-OP-SC: Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño relativo a la venta de niños, la prostitución infantil y la utilización de niños en la pornografía.
    • CRC-OP-CP: Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño relativo al procedimiento de comunicaciones.
  9. ↑ Convención internacional sobre la protección de los derechos de todos los trabajadores migratorios y de sus familiares. La convención entrará en vigor cuando sea ratificada por veinte estados.
  10. ↑ Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad, vigilado por el Comité sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad.

Véase también

Enlaces externos

La Wikipedia en alemán es una versión de Wikipedia en un idioma que se habla en este país. Puedes visitarla y contribuir en ella.
La Wikipedia en francés es una versión de Wikipedia en un idioma que se habla en este país. Puedes visitarla y contribuir en ella.
La Wikipedia en luxemburgués es una versión de Wikipedia en un idioma que se habla en este país. Puedes visitarla y contribuir en ella.
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