Alois Hitler
| Alois Hitler | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Nacimiento | 7 de junio de 1837 Imperio Austríaco, Zwettl |
| Fallecimiento | 3 de enero de 1903, 65 años Imperio Austrohúngaro, Linz |
| Nacionalidad | austriaco |
| Ocupación | funcionario de aduanas |
| Cónyuge | Anna Glassl (1873-1883,sep.1880) Franziska Matzelberger (1883-1884) Klara Pölzl (1885-1903) |
| Hijos | Gustav Hitler (1885-1887) Ida Hitler (1886-1888) Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Edmund Hitler (1894-1900) Paula Hitler (1896-1960) |
Alois Hitler (7 de junio de 1837 como Alois Schicklgruber en Strones, Municipio de Döllersheim, Bezirk Zwettl, Niederösterreich - 3 de enero de 1903 en Leonding cerca de Linz) fue un funcionario de aduanas austriaco, conocido por ser el padre de Adolf Hitler.
El 7 de enero de 1885 contrajo matrimonio con su sobrina o sobrina segunda (dependiendo de si el padre de Alois fue Johann Georg o Johann von Nepomuk) Klara Pölzl, con quien tuvo cinco hijos, de los cuales solo dos de ellos llegaron a la edad adulta: Adolf y Paula Hitler.
Contenido |
[editar] Primeros años
Alois Schicklgruber nació en el pueblo de Strones en Waldviertel, una zona de colinas boscosas en el noroeste de Baja Austria, al norte de Viena, como hijo de una campesina soltera de 42 años de edad, Maria Anna Schicklgruber, cuya familia había vivido en esa zona por generaciones. Después de haber sido bautizado en la cercana aldea de Döllersheim, el espacio para el nombre de su padre en el certificado de bautismo se dejó en blanco y el sacerdote escribió Ilegítimo. Alois fue cuidadosamente criado por su madre en una casa que compartía en Strones con su anciano padre, Johannes Schicklgruber.
Algún tiempo después, Johann Georg Hiedler se fue a vivir con los Schicklgrubers y se casó con María cuando Alois tenía 5 años. A la edad de 10 años, Alois había sido enviado a vivir con el hermano de Hiedler, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, que era dueño de una granja en la cercana aldea de Spital. Alois asistió a la escuela primaria y tomó clases en la fabricación de zapatos de un local de zapatero. Cuando tenía 13 años, salió de la granja en Spital y se fue a Viena como un aprendiz de zapatería, trabajando allí durante unos cinco años. En respuesta a una campaña de reclutamiento de la oferta de empleo en el gobierno de Austria en la administración pública a las personas de las zonas rurales, Alois se unió a los guardias fronterizos (Aduanas de servicio) del Ministerio de Hacienda Austriaca en 1855 a la edad de 18 años.
[editar] Avances en su carrera
Alois Schicklgruber realizó un constante progreso en la profesión semimilitar de funcionario de aduanas. Un trabajo que implicaba frecuentes reasignaciones y sirvió en una variedad de lugares a través de Austria. En 1860, después de cinco años de servicio, alcanzó el rango de Finanzwach Oberaufseher (Suboficial). En 1864, tras un entrenamiento especial y algunos exámenes, había avanzado notablemente y estaba sirviendo en Linz. Más tarde se convirtió en un inspector de aduanas en Braunau am Inn en 1875. Aún así, no podía ir más alto, porque carecía de los grados escolares necesarios.
[editar] Cambio de apellido
Como joven funcionario de aduanas, él utilizó su apellido de nacimiento Schicklgruber, pero a mediados de 1876, a los 39 años y bien establecido en su carrera, pidió permiso para usar el de su padrastro. Se presentó ante un párroco en Döllersheim y afirmó que su padre era Johann Georg Hiedler, quien se había casado con su madre y ahora quería que lo legitimar su apellido paterno. Tres familiares aparecieron con él en calidad de testigos, uno de ellos fue Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, el hijo legal. El sacerdote accedió a modificar los registros, las autoridades civiles procesaron automáticamente la decisión de la Iglesia, y Alois Schicklgruber tenía un nuevo apellido. El cambio oficial, registrado en la oficina del gobierno en Mistelbach en 1877 lo transformó en "Alois Hitler". No se sabe quien decidió sobre la ortografía de Hitler en lugar de Hiedler .
Se afirma que Alois Schicklgruber admitió abiertamente haber nacido fuera del matrimonio antes y después del cambio de apellido. Alois puede haber sido influenciado para cambiar su nombre por razones de conveniencia legal. El historiador Werner Maser afirma que en 1876, Franz Schicklgruber, el administrador de la finca de la madre de Alois, transfirió una importante suma de dinero (230 florines ) a él. Supuestamente, Johann Georg Hiedler cedió en su lecho de muerte y dejó una herencia a su hijo ilegítimo (Alois), junto con su apellido. Algunos Schicklgrubers permanecieron en Waldviertel. Aloisia Veit (Pariente de los Schicklgrubers), que era una enferma mental, murió en 1940 a la edad de 49 años, en una cámara de gas nazi de Austria; por lo cual, fue asesinada por su familiar Adolf Hitler, con quien tuvo escasas relaciones.
[editar] Padre biológico
Los historiadores han analizado a tres candidatos como el padre biológico de Alois: Johann Georg Hiedler, Johann Nepomuk Hüttler y el judío Leopold Frankenberger.
La mayoría de los historiadores están convencidos de que el padre de Alois fue Johann Georg Hiedler, quien era su padrastro y después de su muerte cedió legalmente su apellido. Werner Maser suggests that Alois' father was Johann Nepomuk, Georg's brother and Hitler's step-uncle, who raised Alois through adolescence and later willed him a considerable portion of his life savings, but never admitted publicly to be his real father. According to Maser, Nepomuk was a married farmer who had an affair and then arranged to have his single brother Hiedler marry Alois' mother Maria to provide a cover for Nepomuk's desire to assist and care for Alois without upsetting his wife. This assumes Hiedler was willing to marry Maria in this situation, and Adolf Hitler biographer Joachim Fest thinks this is too contrived and unlikely to be true. After the war Hitler's former lawyer, Hans Frank, claimed that Adolf told him in 1930 that one of his relatives was trying to blackmail him by threatening to reveal his alleged Jewish ancestry. Hitler asked Frank to find out the facts. Frank says he determined that at the time Maria Schicklgruber gave birth to Alois she was working as a household cook in the town of Graz, her employers were a Jewish family named Frankenberger, and that her child might have been conceived out of wedlock with the family's 19-year-old son.
Given that all Jews had been expelled from the province of Styria (which includes Graz) in the 15th century and were not allowed to return until the 1860s, there is no evidence of a Frankenberger family living in Graz at that time. Scholars such as Ian Kershaw and Brigitte Hamann dismiss the Frankenberger hypothesis (which had only Frank's speculation to support it) as baseless. Frank's story contains several inaccuracies and contradictions, such as he said "The fact that Adolf Hitler had no Jewish blood in his veins, had, from what has been his whole manner so blatant that it needs no further word", also the statement Frank had said that Maria Schicklgruber came from "Leonding near Linz", when in fact she came from the hamlet of Strones, near the village of Döllersheim.[16] Rosenbaum suggests that Frank, who though he had turned against Nazism after 1945 remained an anti-Semitic fanatic, made the claim that Hitler had Jewish ancestry as way of proving that Hitler was a Jew and not an Aryan.
In 2010 Belgian journalist Jean-Paul Mulders and historian Marc Vermeeren reported tracing the relatives of Adolf Hitler to determine the haplogroup. Among the relatives the E1b1b haplogroup was found.
[editar] Matrimonios e hijos
[editar] Primer matrimonio
Alois was 36 when he married for the first time. Anna Glasl-Hörer was a wealthy, 50-year-old daughter of a customs official. She was sick when Alois married her and was either an invalid or became one shortly afterwards.
Not long after marrying his first wife, Anna, Alois Hitler began an affair with 19-year-old Franziska "Fanni" Matzelsberger, one of the young female servants employed at the Pommer Inn, house #219, in the city of Braunau am Inn, where he was renting the top floor as a lodging. Smith states that Alois had numerous affairs in the 1870s, resulting in his wife initiating legal action; on 7 November 1880 Alois and Anna separated by mutual agreement. Matzelsberger became the 43-year-old Hitler's girlfriend, but the two could not marry since under Roman Catholic canon law, divorce is not permitted.
In 1876, three years after Hitler married Anna, he had hired Klara Pölzl as a household servant. She was the 16-year-old granddaughter of Hitler's step-uncle (and possible father or biological uncle) Nepomuk. If Nepomuk was Hitler's father, Klara was Hitler's half-niece. If his father was Johann Georg, she was his first cousin once removed. Matzelsberger demanded that the "servant girl" Klara find another job, and Hitler sent Pölzl away.
On 13 January 1882, Matzelsberger gave birth to Hitler's illegitimate son, also named Alois, but since they were not married, the child's last name was Matzelsberger, making him "Alois Matzelsberger." Hitler kept Matzelsberger as his wife while his lawful wife (Anna) grew sicker and died on 6 April 1883. The next month, on 22 May at a ceremony in Braunau with fellow custom officials as witnesses, Hitler, 45, married Matzelsberger, 21. He then legitimized his son as Alois Hitler, Jr.
Hitler was secure in his profession and no longer an ambitious climber. Alan described Alois as a "hard, unsympathetic, and short-tempered" man. Matzelsberger went to Vienna to give birth to Angela Hitler. Matzelsberger, still only 23, acquired a lung disorder and became too ill to function. She was moved to Ranshofen, a small village near Braunau. During the last months of Matzelsberger's life, Klara Pölzl returned to Alois' home to look after the invalid and the two children (Alois Jr and Angela). Matzelsberger died in Ranshofen on August 10, 1884 at the age of 23. After the death of his second wife, Pölzl remained in his home as housekeeper.
[editar] Segundo matrimonio
Pölzl was soon pregnant by Hitler. Smith writes that if Hitler had been free to do as he wished, he would have married Pölzl immediately but because of the affidavit concerning his paternity, Hitler was now legally Pölzl's first cousin once removed, too close to marry. He submitted an appeal to the church for a humanitarian waiver. Permission came, and on 7 January 1885 a wedding was held at Hitler's rented rooms on the top floor of the Pommer Inn. A meal was served for the few guests and witnesses. Hitler then went to work for the rest of the day. Even Klara found the wedding to be a short ceremony. Throughout the marriage, she continued to call him uncle.
On 17 May 1885, five months after the wedding, the new Frau Klara Hitler gave birth to her first child, Gustav. A year later, on 25 September 1886, she gave birth to a daughter, Ida. Her son Otto followed Ida in 1887, but he died shortly after birth. Later that year, diphtheria struck the Hitler household, resulting in the deaths of both Gustav and Ida. Klara had been Hitler's wife for three years, and all her children were dead, but Hitler still had the children from his relationship with Matzelsberger, Alois Jr., and Angela.
On April 20, 1889, she gave birth to another son, future Nazi dictator Adolf. He was a sickly child, and his mother fretted over him. Alois was 51 when he was born. Hitler had little interest in child rearing and left it all to his wife. When not at work he was either in a tavern or busy with his hobby, keeping bees. In 1892, Hitler was transferred from Braunau to Passau. He was 55, Klara 32, Alois Jr. 10, Angela 9 and Adolf was three years old. In 1894, Hitler was re-assigned to Linz. Klara had just given birth to Edmund, so it was decided she and the children would stay in Passau for the time being. On 21 January 1896, Paula, Adolf's younger sister, was born. She was the last child of Alois Hitler and Klara Pölzl. Hitler was often home with his family. He had five children ranging in age from infancy to 14; Smith suggests he yelled at the children almost continually and made long visits to the local tavern.
Edmund (the youngest of the boys) died of measles on 2 February 1900. Alois wanted his son Adolf to seek a career in the civil service. However, Adolf had become so alienated from his father that he was repulsed by whatever Alois wanted. Adolf sneered at the thought of a lifetime spent enforcing petty rules. Alois tried to browbeat his son into obedience while Adolf did his best to be the opposite of whatever his father wanted.
Robert G. L. Waite noted, "Even one of his closest friends admitted that Alois was 'awfully rough' with his wife [Klara] and 'hardly ever spoke a word to her at home'." If Hitler was in a bad mood, he picked on the older children or Klara herself, in front of them. William Patrick Hitler says that he had heard from his father, Alois Jr, that Alois Hitler, Sr. used to beat his children. After Hitler and his oldest son Alois Jr. had a climactic and violent argument, Alois Jr. left home, and the elder Alois swore he would never give the boy a penny of inheritance beyond what the law required. According to reports, Alois Hitler liked to lord it over his neighbors.
[editar] Jubilación
En febrero de 1895, Alois compró una casa en una hectárea (36.000 m²), parcela en Hafeld cerca de Lambach , aproximadamente 30 millas (48 km) al suroeste de Linz . La finca se llamaba el Gut Rauscher . Se mudó con su familia a la granja y se retiró el 25 de junio de 1895 a la edad de 58 años tras 40 años en el servicio de aduanas. Encontró difícil la agricultura, perdió dinero, y se redujo el valor de la propiedad.
[editar] Muerte
En la mañana del 3 de enero de 1903, Alois se dirigió a la Gasthaus Stiefler como usualmente lo hacía para beber su copa matutina de vino. Se dispuso a leer el diario, y allí sufrió un colapso. Fue llevado a la habitación adyacente, a la que acudió un doctor, pero Alois Hitler ya había fallecido, probablemente de un derrame pleural, a los 65 años.
[editar] Bibliografía
- Marc Vermeeren, De jeugd van Adolf Hitler 1889–1907 en zijn familie en voorouders. Soesterberg, 2007, 420 blz. Uitgeverij Aspekt. ISBN 978-90-5911-606-1
- Bullock, Alan Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. 1953 ISBN 0-06-092020-3
- Fest, Joachim C. Hitler. Verlag Ullstein, 1973 ISBN 0-15-141650-8
- Kershaw, Ian Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris. W W Norton, 1999 ISBN 0-393-04671-0
- Maser, Werner Hitler: Legend, Myth and Reality. Penguin Books Ltd 1973 ISBN 0-06-012831-3
- Smith, Bradley F. Adolf Hitler: His Family, Childhood and Youth. Hoover Instituted, 1967 ISBN 0-8179-1622-9
- Waite, Robert G. L. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler. Basic Books 1977 ISBN 0-465-06743-3
- Payne, Robert The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler. Praeger Publishers 1973 LCCN 72-92891
- Langer, Walter C. The Mind of Adolf Hitler. Basic Books Inc., New York, 1972 ISBN 0-465-04620-7 ASIN: B000CRPF1K
- August Kubizek: Adolf Hitler mein Jugendfreund. Leopold Stocker Verlag, Graz-Stuttgart 1953, ISBN 3-7020-0971-X
